新分离的无乳鼠神经毒力的登革2型病毒福建株基因组结构特征的研究

目的 测定对乳鼠不致病登革2型病毒福建株（DEN2－FJ11）全基因组序列，探讨其基因组结构与功能关系。方法 采用RT－PCR和5′、3′端RACE方法测定病毒基因组的全序列，并运用DNASTAR软件的Clustal法将该毒株的序列与其它6株登革2型病毒进行比较，分析其进化关系。结果 DEN2－FJ11株基因组全长10723个核苷酸，含有1个单一的读码框架，编码3391个氨基酸。5′、3′端非编码区（NCR）长度分别为96和454个核苷酸。DEN2－FJ11与同时分离的对乳鼠致病的FJ10株之共有32个核苷酸不同及13个氨基酸的变化，其中8个氨基酸是其极性或电荷的改变。3′端非编码区134位的单个核苷酸变化导致其二级结构改变。DEN2－FJ11与FJ10株的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为99.7%和99.6%，这2株病毒与印度尼西亚株亲缘关系最近，同为Ⅳ基因型。结论 DEN2－FJ11株基因组与FJ10株及其它登革2型病毒株类似。位于病毒编码区的8个氨基酸差异及3′端非编码区134位的核苷酸可能与病毒的乳鼠神经毒力有关。     

乙型肝炎病毒全基因克隆及序列分析发现一D/C基因型重组株

目的 构建含有adr、adw、ayw3个血清型的HBV全基因组质粒，并进行测序及序列分析。方法 从HBsAg携带者的血清中扩增出S区克隆，筛选出adr、adw、ayw血清型的血清，然后扩增HBV的全基因组，对扩增产物进行克隆测序。利用DNAStar的MegAlign，Phylogenetic tree对HBV全基因序列以及分段序列进行比较和进化树分析。结果 构建了含有adw、adr、ayw 3种血清型的HBV全基因组质粒，代码分别为：H1、H2、H3，对3株完成序列测定，按照S区核苷酸顺序划分基因型分别为B、C、D，全序列分型显示H1、H2为B、C基因型，与按S区的分型一致，但H3为C基因型，与按S区的分型不同，进一步的序列分析表明H3为一株异常的基因型，按照S区和preS2区分型为D基因型，但是全基因组／C／P／X区的进化树分析，H3株均位于C基因型，提示该异常的基因型可能是由于D／C基因型间基因重组引起，对重组位点进行了分析：3181nt-10nt、799-834nt为可能的重组位点所在区。结论 H3病毒株的发现进一步证明了HBV基因型间的基因重组，但澄清该问题需要在HBV感染的高流行区进一步的积累HBV异常基因型的全序列，以及发现新的基因型资料。     

麻疹病毒CC-47株非编码区核苷酸序列测定与比较

目的 测定麻疹病毒疫苗株长－47（CC－47）的非编码区核苷酸序列,并和其他麻疹病毒比较,为利用疫苗株病毒进一步研究奠定基础。方法 用RT－PCR分段扩增并克隆麻病毒CC－47株基因组全序列,用基因特异引物测定非编码区的核苷酸序列。结果 CC－47疫苗株非编码区在基因级上为7个不连续的片段,总计1791个核苷酸。与其他野毒株及Edmonston衍生5株疫苗株非编码区序列比较发现,CC－47疫苗株具有Edmonston凤苗株系列相同的4个特殊性的核苷酸替代位点,分别位于基因组3′末端第26位（U→A）、42位（U→G）和M／F基因间隔区FmRNA5′非翻译区的4978位（A→G）、5349位（A→G）,这些位点的改变可能会影响病毒mRNA的合成、加工和翻译次效率以及基因组的复制和包装。结论 不同基因型麻疹病毒具有同样的位点改变可能与病毒在半许可细胞中适应或减毒有关,多区域的核苷酸改变参与病毒的减毒过程。     

2a型丙型肝炎病毒5′非编码区的RACE扩增及二级结构的分析

目的获得真全长中国大陆2a型丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)5′非编码区 (5′UTR)cDNA,并分析其一级结构和二级结构,为进一步研究其在HCV复制、翻译中的调控机制、开发新的抗HCV药物奠定基础.方法利用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)联合限制性内切酶长度多态性分析(RFLP)初步筛选出1例2a型HCV感染者,采用cDNA 末端快速扩增技术(RACE)扩增出一条约800 bp的cDNA片段,A-T克隆,用RFLP与PCR鉴定重组子,全自动序列分析仪测定插入子序列,RNAdraw预测二级结构.结果 RACE法获得真全长2a型HCV 5′端序列.5个克隆中,3个克隆含全长5′UTR序列,与HCV-1,HC-C2,HC-J6,HC-J8相比,同源性分别为93.6%～94.4%, 92.1%～93.0%, 98.8%～99.7%,96.2%～96.5%,与2a型标准株HC-J6相比,21,170,222,247,339位不同,分别为G,A,C,C,T,但这些突变不影响其二级结构.另外2个克隆为5′端缺失突变株,分别缺失54 bp和144 bp.结论 RACE技术快速、有效、实用,可有效获得病毒基因组的末端序列;依此获得中国大陆2a型HCV的5′UTR cDNA;在感染者血液中存在5′端部分缺失的HCV基因片段.     

猪戊型肝炎病毒株swGX32全基因组序列分析

目的 分析从广西地区分离的1株猪戊型肝炎病毒swGX32全基因组序列并比较其与其他分离株的差异.方法 设计PCR引物,用巢式反转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-nPCR)分段扩增戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)株swGX32全基因序列,用cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)扩增其末端序列,对扩增产物进行克隆和测序,并对拼接后的基因组进行序列和进化分析.结果 除3′polyA尾巴外,swGX32全长7240 nt, ORF1与ORF2重叠4 nt, ORF3包含在ORF2序列中.swGX32全基因序列与HEV1～4型核苷酸序列的同源性分别为:73%～74%、73%、74%～75%,83%～94%,其中与中国人源HEV株JKO-ChiSai98C同源性最高,达94%.全基因序列进化分析显示,swGX32位于HEV基因4型分枝上,ORF2部分核苷酸序列进化分析显示,swGX32与JKO-ChiSai98C同在HEV 4a亚型分枝上.结论 猪HEV swGX32在全基因组结构及分子进化上均与人HEV JKO-ChiSai98C有密切关系,为揭示戊型肝炎是一种人兽共患病提供了分子生物学依据.     

新分离登革2型病毒福建株基因组全序列的测定

目的 对新近分离的导致1999年福建省登热流行的登革2型病毒FJ－10株进行基因组全序列测定及系统发生树分析。方法 利用RT－PCR和5′、3′RACE法扩增FJ－10株cDNA,并进行克隆测序,利用DNASTAR折Clustal方法绘制系统发生树。结果 JF－10株基因组全长10723个核苷酸,有1个单一开放读码框架（ORF,第97－10269nt）,编码3391个氨基酸,5′和3′非编码区长度分别为96和454个核苷酸,通过与标准株NGC株和我国其他地区分离株DEN2－04、43、44株比较,核苷酸同源性分别为94.0%、92.8%、93.9%和93.9%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.9%、97.2%、97.7%和97.9%。以47株登革2型病毒E／NS1连接区240个核苷酸序列进行发生树分析,福建株与印度尼西亚和斯里兰卡分离株亲缘关系较近,同属第Ⅳ基因型。结论 FJ－10株基因组全序列一级结构与其他登革2型病毒类似,其基因型不同于我国其他地区分离株DEN2－04、43和44株。     

2015—2022年江苏省柯萨奇病毒A10型全基因组序列特征分析

目的对江苏省2015—2022年柯萨奇病毒A10型(CVA10)分离株全基因组序列特征进行分析, 阐明其分子流行病学特征。方法选取2015—2022年间江苏省地区流行的45株CVA10分离株进行全基因组测序, 基于CVA10全基因组、VP1、P1、P2和P3区序列分别构建系统进化树, 运用DNAStar、MEGA7.0和Similarity plots3.5.1等生物信息学软件对获取的全基因组序列进行比对, 分析同源性、基因重组情况和主要氨基酸变异位点。结果 45株CVA10分离株全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为90.3%～99.1%和97.9%～99.8%;各区段比对发现, P1区核苷酸序列同源性最高, 为92.1%～100.0%;P3区段序列同源性差异较大为84.7%～100.0%, 但相比于核苷酸序列的多样性, 各区段氨基酸序列均较为保守。基于VP1序列的系统进化树将CVA10分为A～H共8个基因型, 其中江苏与其他国内大部分流行株均属于C基因型, 全基因组进化树和VP1进化树分析结果接近一致。基于基因组各区段序列的系统进化与Simplot重组分析结果显示, 江苏分离株GD...     

用RACE技术对一株肠道病毒3''端进行扩增和序列分析

目的 应用3′RACE技术对一株本室分离肠道病毒基因组3′末端进行扩增，并对其核苷酸序列进行比较分析。方法 提取病毒总RNA，以锚定oligdT（17）引物进行逆转录，用特异引物及锚定引物进行3′RACE扩增，将PCR产物进行克隆、测序和序列分析。结果 获得了该病毒的3′端核苷酸序列，同源性分析结果显示该肠道病毒的核苷酸序列与肠道病毒76、89、90、91型的同源性最高为90％左右，而与其他型别的肠道病毒的同源性均小于80％；推导的氨基酸同源性与肠道病毒76、89、90、91型均在90％以上。结论 用RACE技术对肠道病毒3′端进行扩增及序列分析，证明该病毒属新型肠道病毒类，为进一步研究该病毒的分子生物学特性奠定了基础。     

广州检出星状病毒4型的全基因组序列测定及分析

目的 探讨广州地区儿童感染的星状病毒基因组分子结构特点和基因型.方法 参考GenBank上的星状病毒基因组设计分段扩增引物,进行RT-PCR分段扩增星状病毒基因组,克隆于T载体上,序列测定,用Clustal W和DNAStar软件分析基因组序列.结果 星状病毒HASTVgz01全基因组为6721 bp,提交到GenBank上的序列号为DQ344027,其中5＇端非编码区（5＇UTR）长82bp,3＇端非编码区末端长81 bp,病毒基因组编码区全长6558个核苷酸,分别编码ORF1a、ORF1b、ORF2,ORF1a基因长2763 bp（83～2845 nt）,ORF1b基因长1557bp（2785～4332 nt）,其中ORF1a、ORF1b两基因有71个核苷酸的重叠区;ORF2全长2316 nt,位于基因组中4325～6640 nt.ASTVgz01与GenBank中8种基因型星状病毒的ORF2基因氨基酸序列同源性比较发现,HASTVgz01与4型的同源性为93%,其他的同源性在61%～70%之间.结论 广州地区儿童腹泻感染的星状病毒HASTVgz01全基因组为6721bp,GenBank序列号为DQ344027,HASTVgz01与4型星状病毒的ORF2基因氨基酸序列比较同源性为最高,确认HASTVgz01是4型星状病毒.     

甲型肝炎病毒中国流行株5′ NCR核苷酸序列异质性研究

目的 了解甲型肝炎病毒中国流行株5′非编码区（5′NCR）核苷酸序列的异质性。方法 选择浙江、江苏、安徽、云南等地的甲肝病人粪便或血清标本，以逆转录-套式聚合酶链反应（RT-nPCR)，扩增合成5′NCR高变区基因片段，并进行直接核苷酸序列分析和差异比较。结果 所有甲型肝炎病毒株间5′NCR高变区核苷酸差异≤3nt；与美国株LA差异≥4nt；与澳大利亚株HM175差异≥11nt；差异的大小与基因型无关。结论 甲肝病毒基因结构非常稳定，变异率极低。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.