计算机X线摄影的初步临床评价

<正> 本文通过计算机X线摄影(Computer Radioghraphy,CR)与常规X线照像术的胸部后前位和侧位片比较,介绍CR并评价其临床应用价值。     

卫生部发布乳腺X线摄影、计算机X线摄影（CR）质控检测规范

据卫生部《卫通[2007]6号》通告批准发布《乳腺X射线摄影质量控制检测规范》（GBI186-2007）及《计算机X线摄影（CR）质量控制检测规范》（GBI187-2007）等质控检测规范。上述两项质控检测规范的发布有利于目前X线摄影中量大面广的相关技术工作有章可循，对我国影像质量的管理起到有益的作用。     

卫生部发布乳腺X线摄影、计算机X线摄影（CR）质控检测规范

据卫生部《卫通（2007）6号》通告批准发布《乳腺X射线摄影质量控制检测规范》（GB1186—2007）及《计算机X线摄影（Ca）质量控制检测规范》（GB1187—2007）等质控检测规范。上述两项质控检测规范的发布有利于目前X线摄影中量大面广的相关技术工作有章可循，对我国影像质量的管理起到有益的作用。     

计算机X线摄影质量控制

计算机X线摄影(Computed Radiography,CR)具有操作简单、数字影像清晰度高、曝光宽容度大、后处理功能强等优点,现已在临床广泛应用.我院自2002年引进美国柯达CR-900系统以来,开展了一系列质量控制工作.如针对IP对CR影像质量的影响、CR伪影的认识和处理、激光打印机对CR影像质量的影响等问题开展工作,积累了一些直接认识和体会,现小结归纳如下.     

数字X线摄影的技术现状

数字X线摄影技术在目前已经有了很大的发展,本文着重介绍了影象收集、显示、影象处理、影象传送、硬拷贝记录和存贮等方面的技术现状,及其显示出的优越性和广阔的发展前景。     

计算机X线摄影应用体会

CR（计算机X线摄影）是20世纪70年代研发，90年代广泛应用于临床的数字X线成像技术。该技术的应用极大的提高影像质量和诊断水平，以照射X线剂量低、图像质量佳、数字化X线图像为突出优点，改变了X线摄影的传统模式，使放射摄影检查进入数字化时代。     

胸部X线摄影

本文描述当前放射摄影技术方面的研究状况,如：胸部Ｘ线摄影的技术问题,传统胸部Ｘ线摄影,新的屏一片系统,光束均衡的Ｘ线摄影,数字Ｘ线摄影,荧光储存系统,硒探测器系统等,并讨论有关选择和应用市场上已有的产品的实际问题。     

Optimizing digital radiography of children

Pediatric projection imaging differs from imaging of the adult patient. Children are smaller, more radiosensitive, and less compliant than their adult counterparts. Their characteristics affect the way projection imaging is practiced and how dose is optimized.Computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) have been embraced by pediatric practitioners in order to reduce dose and improve image quality. Unfortunately, dose optimization with CR and DR has been hampered by a lack of definition of appropriate exposure levels, a lack of standardization in exposure factor feedback, and a lack of understanding of the fundamentals of CR and DR technology. The potential for over-exposure exists with both CR and DR. Both the Society for Pediatric Radiology and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine recognize the promise and shortcomings of CR and DR technology and have taken steps to join with manufacturers in improving the practice of CR and DR imaging. Although the risks inherent in pediatric projection imaging with CR and DR are low, efforts to reduce dose are worthwhile, so long as diagnostic quality is maintained. Long-standing recommendations for limiting radiation dose in pediatric projection imaging are still applicable to CR and DR.     

Image quality of supine chest radiographs: intra-individual comparison of computed radiography and low-dose linear-slit digital radiography

The purpose of this retrospective study was to intra-individually compare the image quality of computed radiography (CR) and low-dose linear-slit digital radiography (LSDR) for supine chest radiographs. A total of 90 patients (28 female, 62 male; mean age, 55.1 years) imaged with CR and LSDR within a mean time interval of 2.8 days ± 3.0 were included in this study. Two independent readers evaluated the image quality of CR and LSDR based on modified European Guidelines for Quality Criteria for chest X-ray. The Wilcoxon test was used to analyse differences between the techniques. The overall image quality of LSDR was significantly better than the quality of CR (9.75 vs 8.16 of a maximum score of 10; p < 0.001). LSDR performed significantly better than CR for delineation of anatomical structures in the mediastinum and the retrocardiac lung (p < 0.001). CR was superior to LSDR for visually sharp delineation of the lung vessels and the thin linear structures in the lungs. We conclude that LSDR yields better image quality and may be more suitable for excluding significant pathological features of the chest in areas with high attenuation compared with CR.     

床旁DR与CR胸部摄影质量的对比研究

目的通过床旁数字化X线摄影(digitalradiography,DR)系统与计算机X线摄影(computedradiography,CR)系统胸部摄影图像质量的对比分析,探讨床旁DR摄影的优势。方法随机抽取2010年拍摄的DR床旁X线胸片1000份和既往CR床旁X线胸片1000份进行对比分析。结果床旁DR摄影的应用提供了更加优良的图像质量,明显减少了放射技师的工作量,同时还降低了患者接受的辐射剂量。结论床旁DR胸部摄影比CR胸部摄影有着明显的优势,对手术患者和危重患者的诊治起到了积极作用。     

Gadolinium sheet converter for neutron radiography

This work describes a methodology developed for the confection of gadolinium sheet converter for neutron radiography using the gadolinium chloride (GdCl₃) as material converter. Though manufactured at a relatively low cost, they are as good as the sheet converter on the market. Here, we present neutron radiography of the penetrameter, the edge spread function, the modulation transfer function and characteristic curves for each set sheet-AA400 Kodak film.     

Computed radiography versus indirect digital radiography for the detection of glass soft-tissue foreign bodies

AimThe principle aim of this study was to compare computed radiography (CR) and indirect, flat-panel, digital radiography (DR) for the visibility of radio-opaque glass foreign bodies.MethodsAn image-quality study was undertaken using a chicken thigh, as the soft-tissue model, implanted with varying sizes of glass particles (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm) which were imaged using CR and DR. Observers rated the acquired images based on the presence or absence and conspicuity of the foreign body. Ratings were then analysed in order to identify significance of any findings.ResultsCR (median = 4, interquartile range (IQR) = 1.0, n = 240) was found to be superior to DR (median = 3, IQR = 3.0, n = 240) in the detection of glass foreign bodies in soft-tissue (p = 0.001). Decreasing size of foreign bodies did not affect the performance of CR (p = 0.298), but did for DR with x² (2, n = 240) = 12.22, p = 0.002. The selected exposure factors were a limiting factor for DR but not for CR.ConclusionFor the systems used in the current study, CR should be considered ahead of DR for glass particles less than 3 mm while for the larger glass particles either CR or DR is appropriate. Finally, careful consideration should be taken when selecting exposure factors for imaging foreign bodies.     

Comparison of visual grading analysis and determination of detective quantum efficiency for evaluating system performance in digital chest radiography

A study was conducted to compare physical and clinical system performance in digital chest radiography. Four digital X-ray modalities, two storage-phosphor based systems and two generations of a CCD-based system, were evaluated in terms of both their imaging properties (determination of presampling MTF and DQE) and clinical image quality (grading of the reproduction of anatomical details of 23 healthy volunteers using both absolute and relative visual grading analysis). One of the two storage-phosphor systems performed best in both evaluations and the first generation of the CCD-based system was rated worst; however, the other two systems were ranked differently with the two methods. The newest CCD-based system yielded a higher clinical image quality than the second storage-phosphor system, although the latter presented a DQE substantially higher than the former. The results show that clinical performance cannot be predicted from determinations of DQE alone, and that a system with lower DQE, under the quantum-saturated conditions in chest radiography, can outperform a system with higher DQE if the image processing used on the former is more effective in presenting the information in the image to the radiologist.     

计算机X线摄影能量减影与直接数字摄影对胸部软组织病变检测能力比较

目的 比较计算机X线摄影能量减影技术(ES-CR)与直接数字摄影技术(DR)对肺内软组织信号的探测能力。方法 应用胸部放射学体模和X线摄影统计学体模摄取ES-CR和DR影像,由6位放射科医师用5等级判别法各自独立阅读影像,编写程序对观察结果进行受试者操作特性曲线(ROC)分析。收集28例病理证实小肺癌患者的胸部DR影像和ES-CR影像,由3位放射科医师一起做出诊断,分析其真阳性率的差异性。结果 体模影像的ROC分析,ES-CR和DR的 Az 值分别为0.727和0.827,差异有统计学意义( Z =2.96, P<0.05)。28例小肺癌两成像系统的差异也有统计学意义(χ²=5.14, P<0.05)。结论 用DR诊断的真阳性率要高于ES-CR。ES-CR对胸部软组织信号的检出能力尚不如DR。     

Digital radiography: The balance between image quality and required radiation dose

Although the transition from conventional screen-film imaging to digital image acquisition has been almost completed during the last couple of years, examination parameters, such as tube voltage, tube current, and filtration have been adopted from screen-film technology without further adjustments.Digital systems, however, are characterised by their flexibility: the acquisition dose can be reduced at the expense of image quality and vice versa. The imaging parameters must be optimised according to the best performance of a particular system. The traditional means of dose containment, such as positioning and collimation, are as valid for digital techniques as they were for conventional techniques. Digital techniques increasingly offer options for dose reduction. At the same time, there is a risk of substantially increasing the patient dose, possibly unawares, due to the lack of visual control. Therefore, implementation of dose indicators and dose monitoring is mandatory for digital radiography. The use of image quality classes according to the dose requirements of given clinical indications are a further step toward modern radiation protection.     

数字X线摄影系统中低剂量应用的探讨

目的 通过数字X线摄影系统（DR）在胸部摄影检查中的应用评价DR的低剂量的优越性。方法 利用CDRAD 2.0低对比细节体模评价计算机X线摄影（CR）和DR的影像质量和表面空气吸收剂量（ESD）关系,分别利用两个系统（DR使用ESD约为CR的1/3）得到成人胸部30幅影像。由6位影像科医生来评价以上两者的影像系统对于肩胛骨内侧边缘等胸部结构的清晰程度。结果 CR影像和减少ESD的DR影像在影像诊断质量上差异没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 DR的较好的分辨率和低噪声特性,以及高DQE有助于减少患者接受的辐射剂量,而不影响诊断质量。     

Pediatric digital chest radiography, comparison of grid versus non-grid techniques

Introduction

The usefulness of anti-scatter grid in digital pediatric chest radiography was investigated by a phantom study assessing image quality using subjective evaluations and dose measurements.

Method

A contrast detail study was undertaken. Images were taken with and without anti-scatter grids (grid ratio 15:1), for PMMA phantom thickness ranging from 1 to 15 cm. Fourteen radiographers, experienced in digital pediatric and/or skeletal radiography, read 96 images. At each thickness, the image with and without grid technique was read three times, and in random order. Correct Observation Ratio (COR) and Image Quality Figures (IQF) were calculated. Dose Area Products were measured with DAP-meter.

Results

The COR and IQF values indicated statistically significant (p < 0.05) enhanced image quality when using anti-scatter grid for all thicknesses 5 cm and more. The DAP values increased significantly by grid techniques (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Grid techniques may be beneficial to image quality for PMMA objects over 5 cm, but this leads to a higher dose. Although the magnitude of dose may be low, the dose should be kept at a minimum. In conclusion, improving image quality should be based on optimizing post-processing settings and image evaluation conditions.