多发性硬化与视神经脊髓炎视神经病变MRI对比研究

目的比较多发性硬化(MS)和视神经脊髓炎(NMO)视神经病变的MRI表现差异,探讨其在诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法利用3.0 T磁共振仪对伴有视神经损害的20例MS患者及11例NMO患者行视神经MRI检查,比较MS和NMO视神经病灶断面分布位置,受累视神经的病变节段分布和视神经病变长度的差异。结果MS组视神经病灶周边型的发生率高于NMO,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NMO受累视神经管内段和颅内段病变发生率高于MS组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);NMO组的视神经病变长度大于MS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 MS与NMO视神经病变影像上存在明显的差异,视神经MRI在NMO与MS视神经病变的诊断及鉴别诊断方面有较大的临床价值。     

磁共振成像在视神经脊髓炎中的应用进展

视神经脊髓炎（neuromyelitis optica,NMO）是一种特异性累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病,也称为Devie病或Devic综合征。以亚洲和非洲人群发病率较高。NMO主要见于青壮年人,大部分病例具有反复发作的特点,致残率和致死率较高。由于NMO与多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis,MS）的临床表现及疾病经过存在较大重叠,因此长期以来NMO一直被认为是MS的变异型,在日本被称为视神经脊髓型MS。     

视神经脊髓炎脑部异常的MRI表现及相关危险因素分析

目的 分析视神经脊髓炎(NMO)脑部异常的MRI表现及特征,探讨脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.方法 对符合2006年Wingerchuk诊断标准的54例NMO患者行脑部MR检查,分析脑部MRI异常患者病灶的分布及信号特点.采用Logistic回归分析评估脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.结果 54例NMO患者脑部MRI正常24例(44.4%),MRI表现异常30例(55.6%),以多发的皮层下和皮髓质交界区白质小病灶最常见(13/30,43.3%).典型的NMO脑内病灶位于胼胝体、脑室室管膜下、下丘脑及脑干等部位,表现为斑点、斑片及线状异常信号.16例脑部增强检查均未见异常强化病灶.Logistic回归分析显示病程以及合并自身免疫病或前驱感染史与脑部MRI异常有关联(OR=3.519,P＜0.05).结论 NMO患者脑部MRI出现异常信号较常见并有较特异的好发部位.合并系统性自身免疫病或有前驱感染史的NMO患者容易出现脑部MRI异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the MRI features of the brain in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and to evaluate the correlation between the brain abnormalities and related risk factors.Methods Fifty-four patients with definite NMO according to 2006 Wingerchuk diagnosis criteria were enrolled in this study. MRI scanning of the brain was performed in these patients. Distribution and signalfeatures of all the lesions were analyzed. A Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors of brain abnormalities. Results Twenty-four NMO patients (44. 4%) showed unremarkable findings and thirty (55.6%) showed abnormalities on brain MRI. Multiple and non-specific small lesions in the subcortical white matter and grey-white matter junction were the most frequent abnormalities on brain MRI (13/30, 43. 3%). Typical lesion locations included corpus callosum, subependyma of ventricles,hypothalamus and brain stem. The lesions showed punctate, patchy and linear abnormal signals. Postcontrast MRI showed no abnormal enhancement in 16 cases. Logistic regression analysis showed that coexisting anto-immune disease or infection history had correlations with abnormalities of the brain on MRI (OR=3.519,P ＜0.05). Conclusions There was a high incidence of brain abnormalities in NMO.Subependymal white matter, corpus callosum, hypothalamus and brain stem were often involved in NMO.NMO patients with coexisting anto-immune disease and infection history had higher risk of brain abnormalities.     

视神经脊髓炎患者视神经扩散张量成像研究

目的 探讨DTI在视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者视神经病变中的诊断价值.方法 选取28例NMO患者和38名健康志愿者进行视神经DTI扫描,并对视神经眶内段前部、中部及后部进行各向异性分数(FA值)测量.将NMO患者根据视力是否受损及视觉诱发电位(VEP)是否异常分为单眼受累组(10只眼)、双眼受累组(36只眼)及看似正常组(10只眼),所有患者进行扩展残疾状况量表(EDSS)评分.采用单因素方差分析、ROC曲线分析及Spearman相关分析,对各组间FA值及FA值与病程、EDSS评分等的相关性进行分析.结果 各组间FA值比较差异有统计学意义(F=43.54,P＜0.01).其中,单眼受累组(0.29±0.08)、双眼受累组(0.27±0.08)及看似正常组视神经(0.35±0.13)FA值较正常对照组(0.45±0.07)减低,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01),双眼受累组FA值较看似正常组FA值减低(P＜0.01).ROC曲线分析显示正常对照组与单眼受累组、双眼受累组、看似正常组以及全部NMO患者组曲线下面积分别为0.92、0.95、0.74及0.91,其诊断视神经受损的敏感度分别为80％、86％、50％及79％,特异度均为95％.相关性分析显示FA值与NMO患者各组EDSS评分均无相关性,FA值与双眼受累组病程呈负相关(r=-0.371,P＜0.05).结论 NMO患者视神经均存在不同程度的损害,视神经DTI可以简单有效地定量评估NMO患者视神经的损害.     

基于体素的形态测量学技术在视神经脊髓炎脑改变中的初步应用

目的 通过基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)技术研究视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者的脑体积变化情况,初步从结构方面探讨NMO的脑损害模式.方法 对23例NMO患者和15名健康志愿者进行脑部3D快速扰相梯度回波(FSPGR)序列扫描.原始数据用统计参数图(SPM)5软件进行处理.采用t检验比较两组全脑体积的差别,应用Pearson相关分析评价全脑体积和年龄的相关性.结果 NMO组患者的全商灰质体积[(610.2±55.0)ml]明显小于健康对照组[(657.2±36.3)ml],差异有统计学意义(t=-2.915,P＜0.05).NMO患者的年龄[(40±9)岁]与脑灰质分数[(42.5±2.6)%]呈负相关(r=-0.673,P＜0.05).局部脑体积分析结果显示,与健康对照组相比,NMO灰质体积减少主要集中在左侧岛叶和双侧后扣带回,白质体积减少区主要位于左侧额叶和左侧顶叶皮层下白质.结论 VBM技术可以敏感地检测NMO的脑体积变化情况.NMO患者的脑体积较健康对照组有减少的趋势,以灰质萎缩更明显.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changes of brain volumes in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)patients using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method, and preliminarily explore the pattern of cerebral anatomical impairment. Methods Twenty-three clinically defined NMO patients and 15 gender and age matched healthy volunteers underwent 3-dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence scanning on 3.0 Tesla MR systen. Raw data was processed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 5. Whole brain volumes included grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), total intracranial volume (TIV), grey matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF),brain tissue fraction (BTF) and regional brain volumes between the two groups were compared by independent samples t-test and an Pearson were performed to compare the regional brain volumes and the ages. Results GMV of NMO group[(610. 2 ± 55.0) ml] was significantly decreased comparing to healthy control group[(657. 2 ± 36. 3) ml] (t = - 2. 915, P ＜ 0. 05). The age of NMO patients [(40 ± 9) years old] showed negative correlation with GMF [(42. 5 ± 2. 6) %] (r = - 0. 673, P ＜ 0. 05). Regional brain volume analysis showed decreased GMV in left insula and bilateral posterior cingutates in NMO patients,while decreased WMV was found in left frontal and left parietal white matter. Conclusion VBM could detect brain volume changes sensitively. Total grey matter volume in NMO patients was decreased comparing to HC group. Regional grey matter atrophy in NMO patients occurred in left insular and bilateral posterior cingutates, regional white matter atrophy occurred in left frontal and left parietal lobe.     

视神经脊髓炎脑部及脊髓影像学特征

目的探讨视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica,NMO)患者脑部及脊髓MRI影像学表现及特征。方法回顾性分析符合2006年Wingerchuk诊断标准23例NMO患者的脑部、脊髓MRI表现,分析NMO患者脑部及脊髓病灶的分布及信号特点。结果典型的NMO脑内病灶位于脑室室管膜下、下丘脑及脑干等部位,表现为斑点、斑片及线状异常信号。5例脑部增强检查均未见异常强化病灶。NMO患者脊髓常呈长节段横贯性或次横贯性损伤,且以脊髓中央灰质受累为主,可见线样征。结论 NMO患者脊髓及脑部MRI出现异常信号有较特异的好发部位,病灶的分布有其自身特征。     

基于体素的形态测量学技术在视神经脊髓炎脑改变中的初步应用

Objective To investigate the changes of brain volumes in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)patients using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method, and preliminarily explore the pattern of cerebral anatomical impairment. Methods Twenty-three clinically defined NMO patients and 15 gender and age matched healthy volunteers underwent 3-dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence scanning on 3.0 Tesla MR systen. Raw data was processed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 5. Whole brain volumes included grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), total intracranial volume (TIV), grey matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF),brain tissue fraction (BTF) and regional brain volumes between the two groups were compared by independent samples t-test and an Pearson were performed to compare the regional brain volumes and the ages. Results GMV of NMO group[(610. 2 ± 55.0) ml] was significantly decreased comparing to healthy control group[(657. 2 ± 36. 3) ml] (t = - 2. 915, P ＜ 0. 05). The age of NMO patients [(40 ± 9) years old] showed negative correlation with GMF [(42. 5 ± 2. 6) %] (r = - 0. 673, P ＜ 0. 05). Regional brain volume analysis showed decreased GMV in left insula and bilateral posterior cingutates in NMO patients,while decreased WMV was found in left frontal and left parietal white matter. Conclusion VBM could detect brain volume changes sensitively. Total grey matter volume in NMO patients was decreased comparing to HC group. Regional grey matter atrophy in NMO patients occurred in left insular and bilateral posterior cingutates, regional white matter atrophy occurred in left frontal and left parietal lobe.     

基于体素的形态测量学技术在视神经脊髓炎脑改变中的初步应用

Objective To investigate the changes of brain volumes in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)patients using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method, and preliminarily explore the pattern of cerebral anatomical impairment. Methods Twenty-three clinically defined NMO patients and 15 gender and age matched healthy volunteers underwent 3-dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence scanning on 3.0 Tesla MR systen. Raw data was processed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 5. Whole brain volumes included grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), total intracranial volume (TIV), grey matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF),brain tissue fraction (BTF) and regional brain volumes between the two groups were compared by independent samples t-test and an Pearson were performed to compare the regional brain volumes and the ages. Results GMV of NMO group[(610. 2 ± 55.0) ml] was significantly decreased comparing to healthy control group[(657. 2 ± 36. 3) ml] (t = - 2. 915, P ＜ 0. 05). The age of NMO patients [(40 ± 9) years old] showed negative correlation with GMF [(42. 5 ± 2. 6) %] (r = - 0. 673, P ＜ 0. 05). Regional brain volume analysis showed decreased GMV in left insula and bilateral posterior cingutates in NMO patients,while decreased WMV was found in left frontal and left parietal white matter. Conclusion VBM could detect brain volume changes sensitively. Total grey matter volume in NMO patients was decreased comparing to HC group. Regional grey matter atrophy in NMO patients occurred in left insular and bilateral posterior cingutates, regional white matter atrophy occurred in left frontal and left parietal lobe.     

放射性脊髓炎MRI诊断

探讨放射必 髓炎的ＭＲＩ表现特点。材料与方法，本组１６例中，鼻咽癌１０例，肺癌４例，食管癌２例。均采用钴＾６０放射治疗，每一疗程剂量６０００－７０００ＣＧＹ。结果１６例中，颈髓１０例，胸髓６例。脊髓增粗８例，边缘不规整３例，大小正常５例。     

复发性视神经脊髓炎脑扩散张量成像研究

目的利用扩散张量成像（DTI）探讨复发性视神经脊髓炎（RNMO）患者是否存在隐匿性脑组织损伤及其发生机制。方法对16例RNMO患者和16例性别和年龄匹配的正常志愿者脑组织的平均扩散系数（ND）和部分各向异性（FA）进行直方图和感兴趣区（ROI）分析，以P≤0．005为差异有统计学意义。结果与志愿者比较，RNMO患者脑的平均MD升高[脑组织：RNMO患者（0．95±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．91±0．03）×10^-3mm^2，t=3．940，P〈0．001；脑白质：RNMO患者（0．82±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．80±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=3．117，P=0．004；脑灰质：RNMO患者（1．06±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．88±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．031，P〈0．001]、脑白质的FA直方图峰高抬高[RNMO患者（2．61±0．18）‰，志愿者（2．38±0．18）‰，t=3．627，P=0．001]及脑灰质的MD直方图峰高降低[RNMO患者（7．37±0．89）‰，志愿者（8．91±1．71）‰，t=3．210，P=0．003]和峰位置抬高[RNMO患者（0．83±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．81±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．373，P〈0．001]；与脊髓和视神经有直接联系ROI的平均MD升高[延髓：RNMO患者（1．27±0．11）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（1．11±0．10）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．260，P〈0．001；大脑脚：RNMO患者（1．01±0．11）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．87±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．391，P〈0．001；内囊：RNMO患者（0．74±0．01）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．72±0．01）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．683，P〈0．001；视放射：RNMO患者（0．88±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．82±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．619，P〈0．001）、平均FA降低（延髓：RNMO患者0．27±0．01，志愿者0．29±0．03，t=2．996，P=0．005；大脑脚：RNMO患者0．49±0．04，志愿者0．54±0．03，t=4．280，P〈0．001；内囊：RNMO患者0．66±0．02，志愿者0．69±0．02，t=3．953，P〈0．001；视放射：RNMO患者0．53±0．04，志愿者0．59±0．03，t=4．705，P〈0．001）；而与脊髓和视神经无直接联系的胼胝体的平均MD[膝部：RNMO患者（0．76±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．73±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s；压部：RNMO患者（0．77±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．73±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s]和FA值（膝部：RNMO患者0．82±0．03，志愿者0．82±0．03；压部：RNMO患者0．83±0．03，志愿者0．83±0．02）差异无统计学意义（P值均〉0．005）。结论RNMO患者存在隐匿性脑组织损伤，这可能与继发于脊髓和视神经病灶的顺行和逆行性变性有关。     

应用基于体素的形态测量学方法分析视神经脊髓炎患者的脑体积变化

目的 应用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)比较视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者和正常志愿者局部脑灰质和白质的体积差异,并分析脑体积变化与临床指标的相关性.方法 对20例NMO患者和20例性别、年龄匹配的健康志愿者进行常规MRI和三维结构像扫描,采用统计参数图(SPM)5的VBM工具对NMO组及对照组数据进行分析,比较两组之间脑灰质和白质体积的差异.利用Pearson相关分析脑灰、白质异常的区域与患者病程和临床评分的相关性.结果 与对照组相比,NMO患者右侧额下回(体素数514)、左侧颞上回(282)、右侧颞中回(229)及右侧岛叶(211)等多个灰质脑区体积减小(t值为3.58～5.11,P值均＜0.05);NMO患者右侧中央前回、后回(体素数457、110)、左侧额中回(285)及右侧顶下小叶(231)等多个皮层下白质脑区体积减小(t值为2.90～4.25,P值均＜0.05).NMO脑灰、白质体积异常的区域与临床病程及残疾状态评分均无明显相关性.结论 应用VBM方法能发现NMO患者灰、白质局部脑区的萎缩,为NMO脑结构异常提供影像证据.     

视神经脊髓炎视觉通路损害的影像研究

视神经脊髓炎（NMO）是以复发性炎性脱髓鞘为特征的中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病,主要累及视神经和脊髓。视神经炎是NMO病人典型的临床表现之一,其视觉损害通常很严重且复发率高,预后很差。多项研究显示,NMO病人存在视觉通路多个部位广泛受累,而损伤机制目前仍不十分明确。NMO视觉通路的影像研究有助于对该病损伤机制的理解,现对NMO视觉通路的传统MRI、多种MRI新技术及光学相干断层成像等方面的研究进展予以综述。      

多发性硬化及视神经脊髓炎患者颈髓的扩散张量成像定量研究

目的 运用3.0 T MR DTI技术探讨复发-缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者及复发型视神经脊髓炎(RNMO)患者颈髓结构的改变,以及与临床评分的相关性.方法 应用3.0TMR对30例RRMS(MS组)、28例RNMO患者(NMO组)及20名健康志愿者(对照组)行颈髓DTI,分别测量C2 ～6颈髓中央灰质、右侧索、左侧索和后索等部位的平均扩散率(MD)和部分各向异性分数(FA),并对各测量值和扩展残疾状况量表(EDSS)评分进行相关性分析.统计学分析采用单因素方差分析及Spearman秩相关分析等.结果 (1)3组间MD值在C3水平后索和左侧索、C4水平中央灰质和后索、C5 ～6水平各部位差异具有统计学意义(F值为4.006 ～ 36.814,P值均＜0.05),3组间FA值在各层面差异均具有统计学意义(F值为5.561 ～98.128,P值均＜0.05).(2)MS组、NMO组和对照组两两比较:MS组、NMO组较对照组MD值升高,FA值降低,差异有统计学意义(t值为-0.320～3.138,P值均＜0.05);MS组和NMO组比较,MD值的差异无统计学意义(t值为-1.183 ～0.069,P值均＞0.05);NMO组在C4水平中央灰质、后索、右侧索、左侧索FA值分别为0.57±0.09、0.56±0.11、0.54±0.10、0.57±0.09,C5水平分别为0.55 ±0.11、0.52±0.13、0.55±0.11、0.54±0.13,C6水平分别为0.54±0.10、0.54 ±0.11、0.53 ±0.13、0.52 ±0.11;相对应MS组C4水平FA值为0.67 ±0.10、0.68±0.10、0.68 ±0.10、0.70±0.12,C5水平为0.68 ±0.11、0.69 ±0.10、0.68 ±0.11、0.69 ±0.12,C6水平为0.67±0.14、0.68 ±0.15、0.69±0.14、0.69±0.16,两组间C4 ～6水平FA值差异均有统计学意义(t值为-0.011 ～0.169,P值均＜0.05).(3)除C2及C4水平侧索外,其余各层面MD值同EDSS评分呈正相关(r值为0.324 ～0.541,P值均＜0.05),FA值同EDSS评分呈明显负相关(r值为-0.632 ～-0.294,p值均＜0.05).结论 DTI定量指标对颈髓的脱髓鞘病变敏感,在鉴别MS与NMO上具有潜在的应用价值;并可作为脱髓鞘病变临床监测的重要生物学指标.     

多发性硬化与视神经脊髓炎影像对比研究

目的 比较多发性硬化(MS)与视神经脊髓炎(NMO)的影像特点,以提高对MS与NMO的临床鉴别诊断能力.方法 回顾性分析60例MS及48例NMO患者的头颅及脊髓MRI的影像特点,包括对发病部位、形态特点以及增强扫描表现等进行对比分析,采用SPSS 13.0软件包对所有数据进行统计学处理.统计学方法采用t检验和x2检验.结果 (1)发病部位:MS脑内好发部位依次为:侧脑室旁(34/60)、皮层下白质(27/60)、脑干(23/60),还可累及基底节区、小脑、胼胝体与丘脑,而皮层受累(9/60)也较为常见;59.4％ (19/32)的NMO患者脑内发现病灶,而NMO好发部位依次为:脑干(13/19)、侧脑室周围(12/19)、皮层下白质(7/19),特别是NMO第三脑室周围受累(6/19)以及脑干被盖导水管周围(8/19)病灶在MS未见类似影像,而脑干及丘脑病灶NMO也较MS更为常见(x2值分别为5.267、6.004,P值均＜0.05).(2)形态特点:脊髓MR扫描发现,MS病灶形态以卵圆形居多,并多靠周边且不对称,而NMO则以纵向融合及居中病灶多见;同时在脊髓MS的受累平均节段数为2.2个,显著少于NMO的7.3个(t=-9.288,P＜0.01);而其脊髓病灶数为2.0个,显著多于NMO的1.3个(t=4.565,P＜0.01),差异均有统计学意义;58.3％ (28/48)的NMO脊髓发生肿胀,较MS(21.9％,7/32)更为多见(x2=10.370,P＜0.01).(3)增强扫描表现:头部MS主要表现为环状强化(7/42)、卵圆形强化(6/42)、不规则边缘强化(4/42),而NMO则主要表现为浅淡片状强化(5/11);脊髓MS主要表现为卵圆形强化(16/26)与线状强化(8/26),而NMO病灶较长,以条索状强化(26/35)、淡线状强化(12/35)较常见.结论 NMO与MS影像特点差异显著,有助于两者的临床鉴别.     

Brain MRI abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore brain MRI findings in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and to investigate specific brain lesions with respect to the localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4).

Materials and methods

Forty admitted patients (36 women) who satisfied the 2006 criteria of Wingerchuk et al. for NMO were included in this study. All patients received a neurological examination and MRI scanning including brain and spinal cord. MRIs were classified as normal, nonspecific, multiple sclerosis-like, typical abnormalities. MS-like lesions were too few to satisfy the Barkhof et al. criteria for MS. Confluent lesions involving high AQP-4 regions were considered typical. Non-enhancing deep white matter lesions other than MS-like lesions or typical lesions were classified as nonspecific.

Results

Brain MRI lesions were delineated in 12 patients (25%). Four patients (10%) had hypothalamus, brainstem or periventricle lesions. Six (15%) patients were nonspecific, and 2 (5%) patients had multiple sclerosis-like lesions.

Conclusion

Brain MRIs are negative in most NMO, and brain lesions do not exclude the diagnosis of NMO. Hypothalamus, brainstem or periventricle lesions, corresponding to high sites of AQP-4 in the brain, are indicative of lesions of NMO.