抑郁症患者护理中共情护理的实施效果

目的：分析共情护理在抑郁症患者中的实施效果。方法我院2011年1月~2013年12月收治的抑郁症患者80例,按照护理方案分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组实施共情护理,比较两组汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分及护理满意度。结果护理后观察组患者HAMD评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者护理满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论抑郁症患者护理中实施共情护理可有效改善患者抑郁症状,提高患者护理满意度。     

康复护理路径对急性脑梗死患者神经功能恢复和负性情绪的影响

目的：探讨康复护理路径对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者神经功能恢复及负性情绪的影响。方法2012年1月~2014年1月选取本院神经内科收治的84例ACI患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表将患者分为观察组及对照组各42例,对照组给予常规性护理,观察组在对照组基础上应用康复护理路径。结果两组患者干预后HAMA、HAMD评分较治疗前显著下降,观察组患者干预后HAMA、HAMD评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对急性脑梗死患者应用康复护理路径可有效改善患者负性情绪,促进患者肢体及神经功能恢复,有利于患者预后。     

专项护理干预在晚期癌症姑息治疗患者家属上的临床应用

目的：探讨专项护理干预在晚期癌症姑息治疗患者家属上的应用效果。方法：选择自2014年3月至2015年6月在我院治疗的临床上被确诊为癌症晚期且接受姑息治疗的101例患者及其家属101例作为研究对象,按照入院治疗的先后顺序进行分组。其中对照组患者共52例,仅给对照组患者进行姑息治疗;观察组患者共计49例,在对照组姑息治疗的基础上同时对其家属进行专项护理干预。观察分析两组患者家属的焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)评分,并对两组患者在干预前后的焦虑及郁闷指数情况和两组患者在干预后的QLQ-C30量表中各项功能得分情况进行分析对比。结果：观察组家属的SDS、SAS两项评分均显著低于对照组,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对比两组患者干预前后的焦虑、郁闷指数,干预前,两组患者无明显差异(P>0.05);干预后,观察组的指数显著低于对照组,对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的QLQ-C30各项功能得分均显著高于对照组,差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：针对癌症晚期姑息治疗患者家属的专项护理干预效果显著,不仅对患者家属的焦虑和抑郁有缓解,更能够影响患者的情绪并提高患者的生活质量,值得在临床上推广应用。     

心理护理干预对抑郁症患者康复的影响

目的 观察心理护理干预对抑郁症患者康复的影响.方法 将86例抑郁症患者按入院的先后顺序随机分为两组,对照组给予常规的治疗护理.研究组在常规治疗护理外进行8周系统的护理干预.采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评定.出院1年进行随访.结果 心理干预前两组(HAMD)评分无统计学差异(P＞0.05),护理干预8周末,研究组HAMD评分明显低于对照组,服药依从性明显高于对照组,具有非常显著的统计学意义(P＜0.01).1年后研究组复发率明显低于对照组.结论 住院期间对患者实施相应的心理护理干预可提高疗效及服药的依从性,降低复发率.     

综合心理干预对产后抑郁患者的疗效评价

目的:探讨综合心理干预对改善产后抑郁患者的负性心理情绪及疗效评价。方法:选取2016年12月至2017年12月于我院分娩的80例产妇产后合并抑郁患者的临床资料,采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为干预组和对照组,给予对照组实施单纯心理干预治疗,干预组给予综合心理干预治疗,观察并比较两组患者治疗前和治疗8周后汉密尔顿焦虑量表评分(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分(HAMD)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale,EPDS)评分情况,比较两组患者治疗前和治疗8周后血雌二醇和孕酮水平变化情况。结果:比较两组患者治疗前HAMA评分和HAMD评分,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后干预组HAMA评分和HAMD评分均显著低于对照组治疗后水平,差异具有统计学意义(t=-5.706,-4.748;P0.05);比较两组患者治疗前EPDS评分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后干预组患者EPDS评分低于对照组治疗后水平,差异具有统计学意义(t=-11.26,P0.05);比较两组患者治疗前血雌二醇和孕酮水平,差异均无统计学差异(P0.05);治疗后观察组血雌二醇和孕酮水平均低于对照组治疗后水平,差异比较具有统计学差异(t=-12.19,-7.404;P0.05)。结论:综合心理干预对治疗产后抑郁疗效显著,并且能够促进产妇恢复激素水平。     

探讨心理护理在血液净化护理中的作用

目的：研究心理护理在血液净化护理中的应用价值。方法本组抽取我院于2011年9月~2013年9月血液净化治疗患者60例,将患者随机均分为两组,其中对照组行常规护理,观察组患者在对照组的基础上行心理护理,观察两组患者的焦虑、抑郁症状评分以及护理满意度。结果观察组患者的HAMA评分、HAMD评分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(<0.05)。观察组护理满意率为96.67%,对照组护理满意率为66.67%,观察组患者的护理满意率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论加强心理护理在血液净化护理中的应用,能够改善消除的消极心理,促使其积极参与至临床治疗中,值得推广使用。     

人文关怀模式护理对乳腺癌根治术后心理障碍患者治疗效果的影响

目的:探讨人文关怀模式护理对乳腺癌根治术后心理障碍患者治疗效果的影响。方法:选取2014年6月—2016年6月于我院行乳腺癌根治术合并有抑郁症的患者80例,随机分成人文关怀组及对照组两组,对照组患者进行常规的护理模式,人文对照组患者在常规护理模式的基础上,加以人文关怀护理模式,对比两组患者治疗1个月后及治疗2个月后的抑郁症治愈率、治疗前后HAMD评分对比及对护理工作的满意度。结果:两组患者治疗1月后及治疗2月后的HAMD评分均比治疗前降低(t=7.021,4.536,15.41,8.340;P0.05),人文关怀组患者治疗后1月的HAMD评分低于对照组患者的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分(t=-2.553,P0.05);人文关怀组患者治疗后2月的HAMD评分明显低于对照组患者的HAMD评分(t=-6.158,P0.05)。人文关怀组患者对护理满意度高于对照组患者(t=2.251,2.093,2.955,2.481,2.683,2.771,2.013,2.137;P0.05)。结论:大力提倡实施人文关怀组护理模式,有利于降低乳腺癌根治术后患者的抑郁程度。     

心理干预对乳腺癌根治术后焦虑抑郁情绪及生活质量的影响

目的:观察探讨心理干预对乳腺癌患者术后焦虑抑郁情绪及生活质量的影响。方法:选取2015年11月-2017年10月在我院行乳腺癌根治术的患者140例,根据干预方式不同分为观察组和对照组,每组70例,给予对照组常规治疗干预,观察组在对照组基础上实施心理康复干预,比较干预前后两组患者汉密尔顿焦虑量表评分及汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分情况和生活质量评分情况。结果:干预后,观察组患者汉密尔顿焦虑量表评分(HAMA)明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=5.654,P0.05);观察组患者汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分(HAMD)明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.314,P0.05);干预后,观察组患者生理功能、精神状态、社会功能、一般健康评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=6.453,6.504,13.720,11.690;P0.05)。结论:心理干预可缓解乳腺癌根治术患者焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪,有利于提高她们的生活质量。     

探讨集体心理干预对中央型肺癌患者的临床效果

目的:研究集体心理干预应用于中央型肺癌患者的临床效果。方法:选择2016年3月-2017年5月在我院接受住院治疗的中央型肺癌患者138例,按照随机数表法分为对照组、观察组各69例,对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组患者在常规护理基础上加入集体心理干预措施。干预结束3个月比较两组患者汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、心理痛苦温度计(DT)、生活质量核心问卷(QLQ-C30)调查评分。结果:心理干预前,观察组和对照组DT评分、HAMD评分相似,具有可比性(P0.05),心理干预后,观察组DT评分、HAMD评分明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.740,-5.289;P0.05),干预后生活质量评分比较,各个方面观察组得分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.948,5.561,4.985,5.145,6.669;P0.05),尤其是日常生活、情绪功能、认知功能、社会功能4个方面差异较大。结论:集体心理干预应用于晚期中央型肺癌患者可以提高患者生存质量,减少抑郁心理,痛苦心理。     

综合心理护理干预对抑郁症康复的影响

目的探讨综合心理护理干预对抑郁症患者康复的影响。方法对60例住院抑郁症患者随机分为实验组和对照组,2组患者均接受常规治疗和护理,实验组在常规治疗的基础上,由护士对患者进行综合心理护理干预,内容包括集体心理护理、个别心理护理、认知干预、行为干预、家庭干预等,应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)量表,比较2组患者评分差异。结果治疗前2组HAMD、HAMA评分差异与对照组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗4、8周时,2组HAMD、HAMA评分均比治疗前显著下降(P<0.05),实验组下降更明显(P<0.05)。结论综合心理护理干预对抑郁症患者的抑郁、焦虑情绪有改善作用,能够促进疾病的早日康复。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.