GZMA、GZMB、TSP-1、TLR和IL-15条细胞凋亡通路基因在肝再生中的表达变化

目的探讨颗粒酶A(GZMA)、颗粒酶B(GZMB)、血小板反应蛋白-1(TSP-1)、Toll样受体(TLR)和白细胞介素-1(IL-1)5条细胞凋亡通路基因在肝再生(LR)过程中的表达变化。方法大鼠随机分为33组,每组6只,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测大鼠部分肝切除(PH)后不同恢复时间点5条细胞凋亡通路基因的表达情况,采用Real-time PCR和Western blotting技术对芯片结果进行验证,并用生物信息学方法对凋亡通路基因在肝再生中的表达变化进行分析。结果 Real-time PCR和Western blotting均与Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片的检测结果趋势一致;GZMA、GZMB、TSP-1、TLR和IL-1 5条细胞凋亡通路中9、8、24、31和34个基因与肝再生相关。它们主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在细胞增殖阶段表达的基因数最多。表达的相似性分为均上调、上调占优势、均下调、下调占优势、上调和下调相近等5类,大多数基因表达加强,少数基因表达降低。它们表达的时间相关性分为13组。基因协同作用模型(Et)分析表明,GZMA介导的细胞凋亡通路在肝再生后期促进细胞凋亡;TLR介导的细胞凋亡通路几乎均在整个肝再生中促进细胞凋亡;GZMB、TSP-1和IL-1介导的细胞凋亡通路可能在肝再生中不发挥细胞凋亡作用。结论 GZMA和TLR两条通路调控肝再生中的细胞凋亡。     

PPAR-γ偶联的信号通路可能参与大鼠肝再生

目的 了解PPAR-γ偶联的信号通路在大鼠肝再生(LR)中作用.方法 用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得上述通路相关基因,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠肝再生中表达情况,用真手术与手术对照比较方法确定肝再生相关基因.结果 初步证实上述基因中64个基因与肝再生相关.肝再生启动、Go/G1 过渡、细胞增殖、细胞分化和组织结构功能重建等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为28、4、34和2,基因总表达次数为72、41、247和90,表明相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用.它们共分为11种表达方式,表明肝再生中这些基因表达变化多样和复杂.结论 PPAR-γ偶联的信号通路在肝再生早期、前期和后期促进糖元合成;在整个肝再生中抑制炎症反应,促进细胞增殖和迁移.     

细胞核结构与发生相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达模式的分析

目的了解大鼠肝再生中细胞核结构与发生相关基因的表达动态。方法用查阅网站资料和相关论文等方法获得上述基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,用比较手术和假手术组中基因的有意义表达异同,确定肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中406个基因与肝再生相关。部分肝切除(PH)后,肝再生早期(0.5~4h)、前期(6~12h)、中期(12~66h)、后期(72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为200、29、179和5;基因的总表达次数为374、290、1 876和603。共上调1 224次,下调496次。肝再生前期和中期核形成与发生相关基因表达增强;中期核被膜、核基质和核质相关基因表达增强;中期和后期核染色体、核仁和核功能蛋白复合体相关基因表达增强。结论细胞核结构与发生相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达活跃,并与肝再生密切相关。     

核糖体相关基因在大鼠再生肝及肝肿瘤中表达异同的比较

目的在基因转录水平了解核糖体相关基因在大鼠再生肝(RL)和肝脏肿瘤(LT)中的表达异同。方法用搜索网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得核糖体发生、组装和功能相关基因及它们在肝脏肿瘤中的表达变化,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,用统计学方法比较上述基因在再生肝和肝脏肿瘤中的表达异同。结果初步证实上述基因中75个基因与肝再生相关。其中,18个基因在再生肝和肝脏肿瘤中表达上调,6个基因在两者中表达下调,51个基因在肝脏肿瘤中未发生有意义的表达变化。结论再生肝的核糖体相关基因表达谱与肝脏肿瘤有相同之处,也有不同之处,前者的基因表达更具阶段性和复杂性。     

肝干细胞的生长和分化与大鼠肝再生的相关性分析

目的在基因转录水平了解肝干细胞在大鼠肝再生中的作用。方法用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得参与肝干细胞生长和分化的基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠部分肝切除(PH)后肝再生中的表达情况,用比较真、假手术中基因表达差异性确定上述基因中的肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中50个基因与肝再生相关。肝再生启动(PH后0.5~4h)、G0/G1过渡(PH后4~6h)、细胞增殖(PH后6~66h)、细胞分化和组织结构功能重建(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为24、10、21和2;基因总表达次数为242、3、46和26,表明相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用。它们共表达上调153次、下调123次,分为6种表达方式,表明肝再生中细胞生理生化活动多样和复杂。结论肝再生中肝脏干细胞的生长和分化活动加强,与某些基因表达状态和方式有关。     

大部分肝切除模型大鼠肝再生组织中CD34蛋白及Delta-like-1蛋白的表达

背景：当肝脏受到严重损伤或肝脏大部分缺失时,肝干细胞迅速分裂增殖向成熟肝细胞分化修复肝组织,但肝再生是一个复杂的多信号分子调控的过程,参与调控的相关基因及蛋白质目前尚不十分清楚。 目的：观察大部分肝切除后大鼠肝再生组织中CD34蛋白、Delta-like-1蛋白的表达变化。 方法：切除2/3肝脏建立大鼠肝再生动物模型,应用苏木精-伊红染色、酶组织化学染色、免疫组织化学染色方法在不同时间点检测肝再生组织中ATP酶、增殖细胞核抗原、CD34、Delta-like-1蛋白的表达情况。 结果与结论：在肝再生的启动阶段ATP酶表达下调,CD34、Delta-like-1表达上调;在肝再生的持续增殖阶段,ATP酶表达上调到正常水平,CD34、Delta-like-1表达下调;增殖细胞核抗原表达为持续上调。说明ATP酶、CD34、Delta-like-1在不同阶段表达不同,提示在肝再生过程中各信号分子的协同作用及Notch- Delta信号通路参与其作用机制。     

肝细胞生长和分化相关基因在大鼠肝再生中的表达方式及作用分析

目的在基因转录水平了解肝再生中肝细胞的生长和分化情况。方法用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得参与肝细胞生长和分化基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠肝再生(LR)中的表达情况,通过比较手术组和假手术组中基因表达差异性以确定上述基因中的肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中110个基因与肝再生相关。肝再生启动(PH后0.5~4h)、G0/G1过渡(PH后4~6h)、细胞增殖(PH后6~66h)、细胞分化和组织结构功能重建(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为63、11、43和3,基因总表达的次数为63、43、101和80,表明相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用。它们共表达上调488次,下调248次,分为6种表达方式,表明肝再生中细胞生理生化活动的多样性和复杂性。结论肝细胞生长和分化贯穿于整个肝再生中。     

AKT、ATM、D4-GDI和p53 4条细胞凋亡通路基因在大鼠肝再生过程中的表达变化

目的探讨AKT、ATM、D4-GDI和p53 4条细胞凋亡通路基因在肝再生(LR)过程中的表达变化。方法将大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组6只,雌雄各半,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测大鼠部分肝切除(PH)后不同恢复时间点4条细胞凋亡通路基因表达情况,并用生物信息学方法对其进行分析。结果 AKT、ATM、D4-GDI和p53 4条细胞凋亡通路中63、8、6和7个基因与肝再生相关。它们主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达。表达的相似性分为均上调、上调占优势、均下调、下调占优势、上调和下调相近等5类,大多数基因表达加强,少数基因表达降低。它们表达的时间相关性分为11组。基因协同作用模型(Et)分析表明,AKT通路几乎在整个肝再生中抑制细胞凋亡;ATM、D4-GDI和p53 3条细胞凋亡通路几乎在整个肝再生中促进细胞凋亡。结论 AKT、ATM、D4-GDI和p53 4条细胞凋亡通路与再生肝生长、发育和肝量控制密切相关。     

细胞凋亡相关基因表达谱与大鼠再生肝的细胞凋亡关系

目的在基因转录水平探讨细胞凋亡相关途径对大鼠肝再生的作用。方法采用大鼠2/3部分肝切除(PH)方法,制备再生肝模型,同时设对照手术(假手术)。用查阅网站资料和相关论文等方法获得凋亡相关基因,用大鼠基因230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,通过比较真、假手术中上述基因的表达差异性确定肝再生相关基因。结果细胞凋亡相关基因中,252个基因与肝再生相关。在肝再生启动(PH后0.5~4h)、G0/G1过渡(PH后4~6h)、细胞增殖(PH后6~66h)、细胞分化和结构功能重建期(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为81、231、55和16,总表达的基因数为161、100、733和192,表明相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用。它们共上调795次,下调291次,表明肝再生中大部分基因表达增强。它们的表达模式分为35种,表明肝再生中细胞凋亡相关基因的表达情况多样和复杂。结论15条细胞凋亡途径参与肝再生调控。     

大鼠肝再生中糖代谢相关基因的表达变化

目的了解糖类代谢相关基因在大鼠肝再生中的表达变化。方法本研究用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得糖类代谢相关基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,用比较手术组和假手术组中基因表达的差异性确定肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中118个基因与肝再生相关。肝再生早期[部分肝切除(PH)后0.5~4h]、前期(PH后4~12h)、中期(PH后16~66h)和后期(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为33、6、68和7;基因的总表达次数为68、44、210和83。表明肝再生相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用。它们共上调205次,下调200次,分为12种表达方式,表明肝再生中糖代谢活动多样和复杂。其中,单糖和糖原代谢、糖蛋白和糖脂(主要为神经节苷脂)合成相关基因几乎在整个肝再生中表达增强,寡糖和糖胺聚糖合成及糖蛋白和糖脂分解相关基因表达下调。结论肝再生与糖代谢密切相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.