吸入低浓度一氧化氮治愈22例高原肺水肿血流动力学前后对比观察

高原肺水肿是最严重的急性高原病之一,一氧化氮(NO)已成为当前的一个医学研究热点,应用NO治疗高原肺水肿的研究国内未见报道。1997年4～7月,我们对喀喇昆仑山海拔3700m处收治的22例高原肺水肿患者应用NO吸入治疗,并对入院时及治愈后血流动力学进行对比观察,旨在探讨NO在高原肺水肿治疗中的应用价值。1 对象与方法1.1 对象 22例高原肺水肿患者均来自海拔3900～5400m边防哨卡的官兵和新藏公路沿线施工现场的民工。均为汉族男性,平原     

高原紧急情况下对大批急进高原人群急性重症高原病的现场救治

目的：对高原紧急情况下大批急进高原人群急性重症高原病的现场救治进行探讨。方法：对＂4.14＂玉树抗震救灾期间在结古镇救治的18例急性重症高原病（高原肺水肿、高原脑水肿）患者的高原现场治疗情况进行分析。结果：现场救治18例急性重症高原病患者（其中高原肺水肿17例、高原肺水肿合并脑水肿1例）,治愈17例,现场治愈率94.44%,好转后送1例,好转率5.56%,无一例死亡。结论：高原紧急情况下大批急进高原人群因高原低压缺氧等引起的急性重症高原病,在高原现场救治的基础上,并积极地实施综合的救治措施,对有效地提高治愈率,降低死亡率具有重要的意义。     

海拔5390m重症急性高原病46例护理体会

我院于2006、2009、2010年3次伴随保障海拔2组5 390m地区施工部队,共救治重症急性高原病46例,现将护理体会报道如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组患者46例,均为汉族男性,年龄17~34岁,平均(23.0±3.4)岁。出生于平原,进驻高原前体检确认健康。均在海拔5 390 m处发病,其中高原肺水肿(high altitude pulmonary oedema,HAPE)40例、高原脑水肿(high altitude cerebral     

部队经过阶梯适应性训练后急性高原反应发生情况调查

本文对482人由平原(海拔1400m)进驻海拔3700m,在该处适应性训练40d,然后快速(4h)进驻海拔5270m,随访7d,急性高原反应的发生率最高为32.3％.另一支部队134人在同一季节,同一路线,由平原途经5d到达海拔5010、5200和5380m,随访10d,急性高原反应的发生率最高为85.7％,有2人发生高原脑水肿合并高原肺水肿.作者认为,部队进入海拔5000m以上地区前应在海拔3700m左右进行1个月的阶梯适应性训练     

高原昏迷及肺水肿的血液流变学变化探讨

本文在喀喇昆仑山(3800m),对9例高原昏迷,7例高原肺水肿患者,进行了全血比粘度(ηb)、血浆比粘度(ηb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)检测。结果:高原昏迷和肺水肿患者的各项指标(除ESR外)均增高,ESR均减慢,与健康移居者(26例)相比较,相差不显著(P>0.05),同海拔1400m健康者(20例)相比较,相差非常显著(P<0.01)。经治疗后,接近健康移居者的指标值。认为,血液流变学指标变化与急性高原病有一定关系。     

小剂量多巴胺对高原老年慢性肺心病患者呼吸肌疲劳治疗作用的研究

高原急性肺水肿是发生于海拔3000m以上最重要的疾病之一，它的发病机理复杂，但在发病的过程中有一共同的特征就是肺动脉高压。作者在海拔4600m～4800m高原，应用彩色多普勒测定了22例发生急性肺水肿患者的肺动脉平均压，分别在治疗前后对肺动脉压进行比较，同时与未发生肺水肿组人群进行比较，采用成组设计的两样本均数t检验，以了解高原急性肺水肿发生时及治疗好转后肺动脉平均压的变化。     

L-精氨酸对高原肺水肿患者血液流变学的作用

高原肺水肿(HAPE)是严重的急性高原病亚型之一,是因急性缺氧引起肺动脉高压和肺血流量增加,血管收缩不平衡,结果收缩较弱的区域出现激流,造成周围组织水肿而形成的。一氧化氮(NO)是一种内皮依赖性血管舒张因子,对救治高原肺水肿已取得了肯定的疗效。通过雾化吸入NO的前体—左旋精氨酸(L-Arg),来调节内源性NO的合成和释放,比直接吸入NO安全且无毒副作用。本文旨在探讨雾化吸入左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)对高原肺水肿患者血液流变学的影响。作者在海拔3700m选取HAPE患者17例,均系平原出生,进入海拔(3700~5400)m的汉族男性,年龄(19~40)岁。随机…     

鼻塞式持续呼吸道正压通气治疗小儿高原肺水肿12例临床分析

目的：探讨鼻塞持续气道正压（CPAP）对小儿高原肺水肿的治疗作用,观察其在治疗小儿高原肺水肿中的临床效果。方法：分析以鼻塞持续气道正压通气治疗12例由内地进入海拔2 200m以上高原的急性高原性肺水肿患者与既往12例同类患者的临床资料。结果：治疗组12例患儿应用NCPAP治疗的疗效显著,疗程较对照组明显缩短。结论：鼻塞式CPAP治疗小儿高原肺水肿,疗效肯定,是一种无创、安全、有效的通气方式。     

吸氧及药物综合疗法治疗高原肺水肿的临床经验

目的:观察吸氧及药物综合疗法(呋塞米、氨茶碱、山莨菪碱、酚妥拉明)治疗急性高原肺水肿患者的疗效.方法:对146例急性高原性肺水肿患者(来自海拔3 000m～5 072m),在高流量吸氧(6～8)L/min治疗基础上给予呋塞米、氨茶碱、山莨菪碱、酚妥拉明联合治疗.观察治疗前后患者临床症状、X线胸片指标和动脉血气分析等指标的变化.结果:四联药物治疗后,临床症状明显改善,各参数比较差别有显著性(P<0.05).结论:对高原性肺水肿患者采用四联疗法,能有效提高抢救成功率,缩短住院时间.     

高原肺水肿与自由基损伤

目的:探讨高原肺水肿与自由基损伤的关系.方法:在海拔3700m对14例高原肺水肿患者治疗前和临床治愈后检测了血中抗氧化酶、抗氧化物和脂质过氧化物等,并以高原健康青年作对照.结果:高原肺水肿组治疗前RBC-SOD和血清VitC较健康青年组明显降低,LPO明显增高(P均<0.01).临床治愈后RBC-SOD、MDA和LPO较治疗前降低(P<0.05或<0.01).健康青年较治疗后的高原肺水肿患者RBC-SOD、VitC和总抗氧化能力有非常显著性增高(P<0.01).结论:高原低氧环境对人体造成的自由基损伤在高原肺水肿发病机理中有一定作用.     

高原环境下高原病再发的流行病学研究

目的了解在高原环境下住院高原病患者的预后。方法以医院(海拔3658m)40年间收治、并符合筛选标准的19118例住院病历为样本,随访1～15年,样本中以高原病首次住院为病例组,以非高原病首次住院者为对照组。随访两组高原病的发病情况,并进行临床流行病学的分析。结果(1)对照组的急性高原病发病率、总体发病率随观察年限延长而增加且呈正相关(r急=08259,P<001,r总=06815,P<005);急性高原病组和慢性高原病组的慢性高原病发病率随观察年限延长而减低,且呈负相关(r急1～7=08993,P<001;r慢1～9=09068,P<0001)。(2)病例组总体高原病逐年发病率在急性高原病组和慢性高原病组均显著高于对照组(P<001),RR=1129。(3)各型高原病发病率在急性高原病组和慢性高原病组均显著高于对照组(P<001)。急性高原病组以急性轻型高原病和高原肺水肿发病率最高,达1712%和2766%,RR=759;慢性高原病组以急性轻型高原病和Monges病发病率最高,达1284%和1119%,RR=531。结论高原病患者再发生高原病的风险显著增加,不适宜长期滞留高原地区。     

急进高原新兵对高原及急性高原病的认知调查及防病建议

目的 调查新兵对高原地理及急性高原病（AHAD）认知情况,为降低新兵AHAD发病率、提高高原适应能力和作战能力提供建议和参考.方法 对急进海拔3650 m高原地区的280名新兵进行平原及高原跟踪问卷调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 新兵对高原地理及AHAD的认知率普遍较差,只有18.92%的新兵了解,71.79%的新兵渴望了解.结论 应该采取多种措施,加强对新兵高原地理及AHAD的认知教育.     

Energy at high altitude

For the military doctor, an understanding of the metabolic effects of high altitude (HA) exposure is highly relevant. This review examines the acute metabolic challenge and subsequent changes in nutritional homeostasis that occur when troops deploy rapidly to HA. Key factors that impact on metabolism include the hypoxic-hypobaric environment, physical exercise and diet. Expected metabolic changes include augmentation of basal metabolic rate (BMR), decreased availability of oxygen in peripheral metabolic tissues, reduction in VO2 max, increased glucose dependency and lactate accumulation during exercise. The metabolic demands of exercise at HA are crucial. Equivalent activity requires greater effort and more energy than it does at sea level. Soldiers working at HA show high energy expenditure and this may exceed energy intake significantly. Energy intake at HA is affected adversely by reduced availability, reduced appetite and changes in endocrine parameters. Energy imbalance and loss of body water result in weight loss, which is extremely common at HA. Loss of fat predominates over loss of fat-free mass. This state resembles starvation and the preferential primary fuel source shifts from carbohydrate towards fat, reducing performance efficiency. However, these adverse effects can be mitigated by increasing energy intake in association with a high carbohydrate ration. Commanders must ensure that individuals are motivated, educated, strongly encouraged and empowered to meet their energy needs in order to maximise mission-effectiveness.     

Delirium at high altitude

A 35-year-old man on a trek to the Mount Everest region of Nepal presented with a sudden, acute confusional state at an altitude of about 5000 m. Although described at higher altitudes, delirium presenting alone has not been documented at 5000 m or at lower high altitudes. The differential diagnosis which includes acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral edema is discussed. Finally, the importance of travelling with a reliable partner and using proper insurance is emphasized in treks to the Himalayas.     

Sleep at high altitude

New arrivals to altitude commonly experience poor-quality sleep. These complaints are associated with increased fragmentation of sleep by frequent brief arousals, which are in turn linked to periodic breathing. Changes in sleep architecture include a shift toward lighter sleep stages, with marked decrements in slow-wave sleep and with variable decreases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Respiratory periodicity at altitude reflects alternating respiratory stimulation by hypoxia and subsequent inhibition by hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia. Increased hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness and loss of regularization of breathing during sleep contribute to the occurrence of periodicity. Interventions that improve sleep quality at high altitude include acetazolamide and benzodiazepines.     

Ketamine anesthesia at high altitude

There is a clinical need for a safe and effective anesthetic technique in high altitude and remote areas. This report presents a series of 11 consecutive cases documenting the use of ketamine anesthesia in a remote hospital at an altitude of 3,900 m, by primary-care physicians without specialist training in anesthesia. The method of administration is fully described. At a low dose of 2.0 mg/kg, ketamine produces a dissociative anesthesia that does not depress the hypoxic drive, or interfere with the pharyngeal or laryngeal reflexes. Although supplemental oxygen is useful in the recovery phase for less acclimatized individuals, it is usually not required as reductions in oxygen saturation can be raised by physical stimulation that encourages the patient to breathe faster and deeper. The common side effect of emergent nightmares was avoided using midazolam as premedication and a quiet recovery area. This study offers the first available evidence that ketamine with midazolam offers a safe and effective means of anaesthesia at very high altitude, without the need for specialist equipment or training, by careful clinicians experienced in basic airway management.     

Transient high altitude expressive aphasia

Transient focal neurological deficits have been described in sojourners to high altitude. We present two cases of transient expressive aphasia in well-acclimatized high altitude climbers. We speculate that this type of transient focal neurological impairment may represent migraine aura, and we discuss other reports of transient focal neurological deficit at high altitude.     

The placenta at high altitude

The influence of oxygen pressure on placental and villous vascular development is reviewed and considered relative to the natural experiment afforded by residence at high altitude. Data obtained from normal high altitude pregnancies are compared with those from IUGR and preeclampsia, conditions believed to be caused by placental hypoxia. High altitude placentas are characterized by increased villous vascularization, thinning of the villous membranes, proliferation of the villous cytotrophoblast, and reduced perisyncytial fibrin deposition relative to low altitude placentas. The significance of reduced fibrin deposition is unknown; it could be explained by less apoptosis along the barrier membrane, less syncytiotrophoblast turnover, or altered ratios of local proversus anticoagulant production. Increased villous capillary density and thinning of the villous membranes increases oxygen diffusion capacity and is generally considered a beneficial adaptation. Nonetheless, there is evidence that hypoxia and/or reduced blood flow reduce placental nutrient transporter densities, and this may act in additive or synergistic fashion to reduce birth weight at high altitude. The available literature on high altitude placentas derives from less than 100 pregnancies from three different continents and six different ethnic groups, and were acquired in pregnancies ranging from 2500 to 4300 m in altitude. Thus differences between studies are likely to be due to variation in altitude and/or to ethnic variation, which in turn may be due to differences in population history of residence at high altitude (e.g., Andeans vs. Europeans). Nonetheless, systematic examination of human placental development under conditions of lowered maternal arterial oxygen pressure (high altitude > 2700 m) may provide useful insights into the etiology of pathological conditions believed to be associated with placental hypoxia.