低热量肠内营养联合生长激素在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后的应用

目的探讨低热量肠内营养联合重组人生长激素(rhGH)对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后蛋白质代谢的影响及其治疗效果。方法将2003年1月～2005年7月在我科行胃肠道肿瘤根治术的40例患者随机分成两组:低热量肠内营养支持 安慰剂为对照组(n=20);低热量肠内营养支持 rhGH为研究组(n=20)。rhGh在术后第3天开始应用,连续应用7天。观察患者术后蛋白质代谢和血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的变化情况。结果研究组术后第5天恢复正氮平衡。两组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、纤维连接蛋白、IGF-1在术后第3天均显著下降,治疗后有不同程度的恢复。研究组术后第10天前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、纤维连接蛋白和IGF-1显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论低热量肠内营养支持联合rhGH能促进胃肠道肿瘤患者术后的蛋白质合成,改善患者营养状况。     

纤维连接蛋白和前清蛋白在营养支持效果评价中的作用

目的:评价纤维连接蛋白和前清蛋白作为腹部外科术后营养支持效果指标的意义.方法:测定腹部外科术后病人行营养支持前后的血清清蛋白、转铁蛋白、前清蛋白和纤维连接蛋白水平,并测定营养支持期间每天氮平衡.结果:与营养支持前相比,血清转铁蛋白、前清蛋白和纤维连接蛋白水平在营养支持后明显升高(P＜0.05),前清蛋白与纤维连接蛋白水平的升高呈正相关.结论:血清纤维连接蛋白和前清蛋白对评价术后营养支持效果有一定的参考价值.     

肠道术后早期低热量肠外营养支持

目的 :探讨低热量肠外营养支持对肠道手术后的早期应用。　方法 :选择 4 0例肠道手术病人 ,随机分为两组 ,低热量组 (n =2 0 )在术后 2 4h后开始给予 6 2 .76kJ/ (kg·d)加 3g/d氮的低热量低氮肠外营养支持 ,持续 5天 ;对照组 (n =2 0 )给予普通补液 ,观察两组病人术后氮平衡、血清蛋白质及机体组成的变化。　结果 :与对照组相比 ,低热量组氮平衡改善 ,血清蛋白质下降减少 ,机体组成中的蛋白质群丢失较少。　结论 :术后早期低热量肠外营养支持是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

肝大部切除术病人围手术期肠外营养支持

目的 :探讨肝大部切除术病人围手术期肠外营养支持的作用。　方法 :72例行肝大部切除术的病人给予围手术期肠外营养支持 ,术前营养支持 (7.2± 3.2 )天 ,术后 (10 .3± 2 .9)天。观察病人血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、纤维连接蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度变化及术后并发症和死亡率。　结果 :术前肠外营养支持后血清白蛋白无变化 ,而前白蛋白、纤维连接蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度显著增高 ;术后病死率和并发症发生率分别是 4 .2 %和 2 5 %。　结论 :肝大部切除术的病人围手术期肠外营养支持有助于营养状况改善 ,降低术后病死率和并发症发生率。     

不同营养支持方法在胃癌病人术后的应用

目的:探讨不同营养支持方法在胃癌术后病人中的应用价?方法:将60例胃癌根治术后病人随机分为三组,分别进行肠外营养支持(PN组)、肠内营养支持(EN组)和肠外联合肠内营养支持(PN-EN组).观察在治疗过程中三组病人并发症的发生率、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖及营养评定等各项指标,进行对比分析.结果:三组病人术后并发症的发生率、平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖无明显差异;EN组病人术后胃肠道功能恢复时间明显早于PN组和PN-EN组(P＜0.05).各组术后血清清蛋白、前清蛋白和转铁蛋白在营养支持后均明显升高(P＜0.05),负氮平衡均得到有效纠正.结论:三种营养支持方法均能明显改善胃癌术后病人机体营养状况,肠外联合肠内营养尤其适用于不能耐受术后早期肠内营养的病人.     

重组人生长激素与不同负荷营养支持对腹部大手术后病人代谢的影响

目的:观察不同营养负荷下重组人生长激素(rhGH)对腹部大手术后病人机体代谢所产生的影响.方法:将32例病人随机分为三组:即A组(低热量组)11例,用83.68 kJ/(kg·d)营养支持;B组(低热量加rhGH组)10例,术后第1～7天用83.68 kJ/(kg·d)﹢rhGH 4 U/d营养支持;C组(高热量加rhGH组)11例,术后第1～7天用125.52 kJ/(kg·d)﹢rhGH 4 U/d营养支持.术后观察病人尿氮排出量的变化、血清清蛋白和前清蛋白水平.结果:术后第8天B组和C组血清前清蛋白明显高于A组(P＜0.05),其中C组明显高于B组(P＜0.05).术后第1～8天各组尿氮排出量均大于术前.术后第4天开始,B组和C组尿氮排出量减少,与A组比差异有显著性意义.术后第8天C组尿氮排出较B组下降更明显.结论:在腹部大手术后应用rhGH的条件下,适度地增加营养负荷,可以达到较好的效果.     

低热量营养支持对肝癌术后营养和免疫功能的影响

目的:比较低热量肠内、外营养支持对肝癌术后营养和免疫功能的影响.方法:将49例可切除肝癌的病人随机分为两组,术后第2 d始分别接受低热量肠内营养(HEN组)和低热量肠外营养(HPN组),比较两组术后的免疫和营养指标.结果:HEN组术后前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、IgA、IgG、IgM下降幅度小,CD3和CD4/CD8易恢复至术前水平,与HPN组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论:HEN支持有利于肝癌术后营养和免疫功能的改善.     

重组人生长激素在外伤性呼吸困难老年病人肠内营养中的应用

目的:研究重组人生长激素(rhGH)对胸部外伤限制性呼吸困难老年病人的应用.方法:选择多发性肋骨骨折(＞3根)病人16例,年龄均＞70岁,随机分为两组,每组8例.治疗组采用肠内营养 GH,其中GH每天12U,共计8天.对照组仅采用肠内营养.治疗前和治疗后第8天,分别测定血清清蛋白、转铁蛋白、前清蛋白浓度和双手握力试验,观察坠积性肺炎的发生情况.结果:治疗组病人第8天的血清清蛋白、转铁蛋白和前清蛋白水平比对照组明显升高(P＜0.01),双手握力试验较治疗前明显提高(P＜0.01);治疗组病人坠积性肺炎的发生率较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05).结论:rhGH 肠内营养支持可以明显改善老年病人蛋白质合成代谢,增加肌肉的收缩力,增强排痰力度,减少了坠积性肺炎的发生率.     

重组人生长激素对肝硬化大鼠IGF-1、清蛋白mRNA的影响

目的:探讨重组人生长激素(rhGH)对肝硬化后蛋白质代谢的影响. 方法:正常大鼠(A组)、肝硬化(B组)、肝硬化大鼠使用rhGH(C组),每组各30只,rhGH按1 U/(kg*d)皮下注射.于实验第14天取门静脉血测定胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白浓度,取肝组织做清蛋白mRNA定量测定. 结果:A、C组IGF-1、血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白明显高于B组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).C组清蛋白mRNA表达量明显高于B组. 结论:rhGH具有刺激产生IGF-1和增加清蛋白mRNA表达量的作用,从而能明显改善肝硬化引起的低蛋白质血症.     

重组人生长激素对外科低蛋白血症治疗作用的临床研究

目的 :探讨重组人生长激素 (rh GH)对外科低蛋白血症病人的治疗效果。　方法 :71例术后低蛋白血症的外科病人随机分为实验组 (rh GH +低热量肠外营养支持 )和对照组 (低热量肠外营养支持 ) ,术后 1～ 9天进行临床实验研究和病人恢复情况的观察。　结果 :1外科手术病人术后 5天内血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白都进行性下降 ,rh GH加低热量肠外营养支持组随后血浆蛋白浓度迅速回升 ,与治疗前和对照组相比都有显著差异。 2对照组术后病人免疫球蛋白 Ig G、Ig A、Ig M明显下降 ,rh GH治疗组下降不明显 ,术后第 9天 Ig G、Ig A、Ig M与术后第 1天相比明显升高 ,且与对照组有显著性差异。 3rh GH组术后并发症发生率 (17.6 % ) ,康复时间 (14.3± 4.7天 ) ,明显低于对照组 (并发症发生率 5 9.5 % ,康复时间 2 4.5± 12 .1天 )。　结论 :外科病人术后血浆蛋白浓度和免疫功能下降 ,重组人生长激素加低热量肠外营养支持 ,可显著提高外科病人血浆蛋白浓度 ,对术后低蛋白血症有明显的治疗作用 ,并能改善术后病人的免疫功能 ,降低术后并发症发生率 ,缩短康复时间。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.