Superficial femoral artery occlusion: Observations that influence patient selection criteria for angioplasty

The length of an arterial occlusion is one criterion for selection of patients for transluminal angioplasty. A technique is described to fully evaluate the length of a superficial femoral artery occlusion during diagnostic peripheral arteriography.     

Aneurysm of a persistent sciatic artery

Angiographic examination in a patient with sciatic-like pain on the right side and a firm, pulsatile, non-tender mass in the right buttock revealed a large sciatic artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully resected at surgery. The primitive sciatic artery is the main arterial supply to the lower extremities in the 9-mm embryo. Its persistence, while very rare, is of clinical significance because of the tendency for aneurysms to develop in the artery. Surgical resection is indicated in sciatic artery aneurysms because of the danger of rupture or embolic occlusion of arteries distal to the aneurysm.     

小型猪冠状动脉造影方法的建立

目的建立小型猪的冠状动脉造影的方法,为小型猪的冠状动脉造影术方法提供依据。方法20头小型猪,采用动脉直视下插管以及利用人的左冠和右冠导管进行小型猪的冠状动脉造影术。分别于正位、左前斜位、右前斜位下造影。结果股动脉通路置管成功率高。正位下易对右冠进行超选,右前斜位下易对左冠进行超选。结论本文提供了小型猪冠状动脉造影的方法。     

Coronary artery to pulmonary artery collaterals in nonspecific aortoarteritis involving the pulmonary arteries

We report a patient with nonspecific aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease) in whom occlusion of the right upper lobe pulmonary artery was associated with collateral flow from the left circumflex coronary artery. Coronary to pulmonary artery collaterals are rare in this disease but have important clinical implication because of their ability to produce coronary steal and myocardial ischemia. Awareness of these pathways is essential for their detection in patients with angina-like symptoms and for differentiation of myocardial ischemia due to direct coronary artery involvement by this disease.     

Three-dimensional MR imaging of the coronary arteries: Preliminary clinical experience

A three-dimensional (3D) magnetization-prepared (MP) rapid gradient-echo (RAGE) and 3D RAGE technique was used to image the coronary arteries in healthy volunteers and patients with known disease. Each sequence produced images of volumes partitioned into 16 thin sections with differing blood-fat-myocardium contrast. The two types of images were subtracted to null fat signal, thus producing a third image set that showed flowing blood. Total imaging time was about 17 minutes. In the volunteers, the 3D MP-RAGE and subtraction images consistently showed the morphology of the right coronary artery. The left main and left anterior descending arteries were also well seen. The circumflex artery was less consistently identified. Of the 17 diseased coronary artery segments identified at catheterization, 16 had altered signal intensity (narrowing, occlusion, reduced contrast-to-noise ratio, irregularity) on the subtraction images, while 13 had altered signal intensity on the 3D MP-RAGE images. The results indicate that this 3D MP-RAGE and 3D RAGE technique has potential utility as a screening method for coronary heart disease.     

64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉狭窄诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉狭窄诊断中的优势及临床应用价值。方法:选择2008年10月～2009年3月间收集可疑冠心病患者40例;所有患者行64层螺旋CT(MSCT)回顾性心电门控冠状动脉造影检查。扫描模式为常规冠状动脉检查模式;所有患者心率控制在45～70次/min之间。检查数据传输至AW4.3工作站,应用冠状动脉分析软件对图像进行处理;分析采用容积重建(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及曲面重建(CPR)等技术对冠状动脉进行分析、评价。结果:40例中冠状动脉狭窄37例,其中轻度狭窄18例(狭窄率<50%),中度狭窄14例(狭窄率50%～75%之间),重度狭窄乃至闭塞5例(狭窄率>75%),无狭窄3例。狭窄区斑块分别为软斑块、纤维斑块、钙化斑块及混合斑块,其中单一成分斑块14例,多种成分斑块同时存在23例。结论:64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉狭窄的诊断及临床应用上可作为一种可靠的检查手段,可替代传统X线冠状动脉造影检查,并作为冠心病、冠状动脉狭窄的筛查及诊断的首选检查方法。     

Quantification of myocardial hypoperfusion with 99m Tc-sestamibi in patients undergoing prolonged coronary artery balloon occlusion

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the location and quantity of hypoperfusion during sudden complete occlusion of one of the major coronary arteries. Thirty-five patients referred for elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were injected intravenously with 99mTc-sestamibi during balloon inflation. To visualize and quantify the hypoperfused region, a map of perfusion was constructed from that occlusion study and from the control study performed on the following day. Patients were divided into groups according to proximal or distal occlusion within each of the three coronary arteries. The region of myocardium supplied by each coronary artery varied in location and extended outside the typical borders for all arteries, but most prominently for the left circumflex coronary artery. The quantities of hypoperfusion varied within each artery group, but the average hypoperfusion was greater for the left anterior descending coronary artery than for either the right coronary artery or the left circumflex coronary artery. It is concluded that the quantities of hypoperfusion were highly variable within each artery group. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was associated with the largest ischaemic region. The area of hypoperfusion extended outside the typical borders, most prominently for the left circumflex coronary artery.     

38例冠状动脉心肌桥飞行员病例分析

目的：探讨冠脉心肌桥飞行员的临床特征以及飞行人员冠脉心肌桥与航空卫生安全的关系。方法：152例运动平板心电图为阳性或可疑阳性的飞行员经冠脉CTA检查,发现38例为冠状动脉心肌桥。将38例冠状动脉心肌桥的飞行员根据有无伴随症状、冠脉心肌桥变异位置、心电图有无异常、有无伴随心血管疾病易患因素及有无伴发冠脉粥样硬化病变作回顾性统计分析。将同在左前降支存在心肌桥变异的冠脉与无心肌桥变异的冠脉分组作对比,比较两组冠脉中出现冠状动脉粥样硬化的病例数,并作统计学分析。结果：38例冠脉心肌桥飞行员中,临床上无症状,其多数静息心电图正常,大多属Nobte分级Ⅰ级,且心肌桥均为表浅型;部分心肌桥合并存在冠心病危险因素;左前降支心肌桥所在动脉及其近端动脉出现动脉粥样硬化者占30.3%（A组）,左前降支无心肌桥冠脉出现动脉粥样硬化者占13.2%（B组）,两组存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：冠状动脉心肌桥的飞行员,目前多数无临床症状,心肌桥变异位置多数在左前降支中段,多为表浅型,Nobte分级为I,临床上无需治疗;对于存在冠心病危险因素的飞行员应积极预防及控制这些冠心病危险因素;但心肌桥可继发冠脉的粥样硬化,对于存在冠脉心肌桥的飞行员应引起足够的重视。     

先天性心脏病冠状动脉瘘的介入治疗

目的：评价经皮穿刺栓塞术治疗冠状动脉瘘的疗效。材料与方法：１９９５年６月至１９９６年８月，对４名冠状动脉瘘患儿实施了经皮穿刺冠状动脉瘘栓塞术，采用８ｍｍ、１０ｍｍ、１２ｍｍ及１５ｍｍ直径（Ｃｏｏｋ公司产品）弹簧栓子，手术前、后进行左、右心导管检查及冠状动脉造影，以进一步诊断和评价治疗效果。结果：４例操作技术全部成功，通过手术前后心导管检查及选择性冠状动脉造影，证明栓塞效果可靠，术后心电图无异常，其中３例随诊半年，１例随诊２个月，效果良好。结论：经皮穿刺栓塞术是治疗冠状动脉瘘的有效方法。     

双源CT冠状动脉成像评价冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管通畅情况

目的探讨双源 CT 冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管通畅状况的诊断价值.资料与方法38例患者于冠状动脉搭桥术后行双源 CT 冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影检查,以冠状动脉造影作为“金标准”,对双源 CT 冠状动脉成像结果进行分析.结果38例患者共检出桥血管92支,其中内乳动脉桥31支,大隐静脉桥61支;31支内乳动脉桥中,26支(83.9%)桥血管通畅,5支(16.1%)管腔狭窄、闭塞;61支大隐静脉桥血管中35支(57.4%)桥血管通畅;26支(42.6%)管腔狭窄、闭塞.大隐静脉桥血管狭窄、闭塞的发生率明显高于内乳动脉桥血管(P<0.05).双源 CT 冠状动脉成像评价桥血管狭窄、闭塞的敏感性为93.9%,特异性为100.0%.结论双源 CT 冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管通畅状况的评价有较高的诊断价值,是一种快速、无创、准确、安全的检查方法.     

前瞻性心电门控在64层CT冠状动脉成像的初步应用

目的 评价前瞻性心电门控64层CT冠状动脉成像的可行性和临床应用价值.方法 60例患者进行前瞻性心电门控64层CT冠状动脉成像检查,分析有效辐射剂量,并采用多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、曲面重组(CPR)及容积再现(VR)技术显示冠状动脉,评价其成像质量.结果 平均辐射剂量(2.7±0.2)mSv;符合诊断标准的冠状动脉节段为93.3%(720/772),44.2%(341/772)质量优秀,49.1%(379/772)质量中等,6.7%(52/772)质量较差.冠状动脉重度狭窄(＞75%)或闭塞5例(8.3%),中度狭窄(50%～75%)17例(28.4%),管腔不规则或轻度狭窄(＜50%)18例(30.0%),冠状动脉正常者20例(33.3%).结论 前瞻性心电门控64层CT冠状动脉成像的影像质量能达到诊断标准,大大降低了辐射剂量,具有很好的临床应用价值.     

周围动脉疾患合并冠心病的介入治疗

目的：探讨周围动脉疾患合并冠心病的介入治疗安全性和临床效果。方法：13例患者均施行了选择性冠状动态造影及胸或腹主动脉造影。18支周围动脉疾患中采用单纯球囊扩张术（PTA）11支,支架置入术5支,溶栓术2支。结果：血管造影发现肾动脉狭窄3例（4支）,髂动脉狭窄6例（7支）,右锁骨下动脉狭窄、右锁骨下动态伴双肾动脉狭窄、左锁骨下动脉狭窄伴左骼动脉阻塞、左股动脉阻塞各1例。合并冠心病左主干伴3支病变2例,3支病变9例,2支病变和单支病变各1例。技术成功17例,其中单纯球囊扩张术11支,支架置入术5支,溶栓术1支。临床治愈－改善12例。除1例冠状动脉造影后发生急性肾功能不全外,余无心脏并发症及与操作有关的并发症发生。     

First pass of an MR susceptibility contrast agent through normal and ischemic heart: Gradient-recalled echo-planar imaging

Gradient-recalled echo-planar magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to monitor the first pass of a magnetic susceptibility contrast agent through the heart of normal rats and rats subjected to 60-minute occlusion of the anterior branch of the left main coronary artery. Each animal (six normal and six ischemic) received four doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mmol/kg) of Dy-DTPA-BMA [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–bis(methylamide)] administered as a bolus volume of 1.0 mL/kg. In both normal and ischemic rats, signal intensity in nonischemic myocardium was reduced by the contrast agent in a dose-dependent manner. Signal intensity in the ischemic zone was reduced much less, so that at a contrast agent dose of 0.1 mmol/kg or greater the ischemic zone was clearly defined as a high-intensity zone on echo-planar images. Plots of the change in the apparent T2* relaxation rate (ΔR2*) during the peak bolus effect versus injected dose were well fit by straight lines for normal, nonischemic, and ischemic myocardium but not for blood in the left ventricle. No difference was seen between myocardial response in normal animals and in nonischemic regions in animals with coronary artery occlusion. These findings suggest that the contrast agent–induced changes in tissue T2* are monoexponential and support the idea that data derived from contrast transit studies may be useful for calculation of myocardial blood flow.     

A new model for occluding the left coronary artery in the rabbit without thoracotomy

A small, nonmagnetic coil was fluoroscopically guided into the left circumflex coronary artery (LCXA) at the midventricular level via the left femoral artery in seven rabbits. Coronary artery occlusion was confirmed by intracoronary contrast injection, electrocardiographic changes, akinesis of the posterolateral wall distal to the occluded area, and histopathological staining of the myocardium. This new model of a closed-chest coronary artery occlusion in the rabbit may be suitable for acute ischemic myocardium studies that do not require reperfusion.     

经桡动脉微导管联合对侧造影技术在冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变介入治疗中的应用

目的：评价冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变（CTO）介入术中微导管联合双侧造影技术的有效性。方法：选择2009-06～2010-06对28例CTO病变患者,应用微导管联合双侧造影技术使侧支循环及闭塞远端显影,增加导丝支撑力,行球囊扩张及支架置入术。结果：28例患者,成功介入治疗20例,手术成功率为71.4%。结论：微导管联合双侧冠脉造影技术提高CTO病变介入成功率。     

Renal arterial encasement: An unusual cause

Renal artery encasement has been noted in association with a variety of neoplastic and inflammatory lesions. We report a case of renal arterial encasement resulting from previous trauma with chronic intrarenal hematoma formation.     

Arteriographic study of variant arterial anatomy of the upper extremities

Anatomic variations in the major arteries of the upper extremities have been reported in 11–24.4% of individuals. In a review of 100 upper extremity arteriograms, we found an overall incidence of 9%. High origin of the radial artery from the brachial artery was the most frequently encountered anomaly occurring in 7% of individuals and accounting for 78% of all anatomic variations. Origin of the radial and ulnar arteries from the axillary artery was an infrequent finding occurring in only 2% of extremities.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian artery: Early and late results

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of 23 subclavian arteries was attempted in 22 patients. Dilatation was successful in 3 of 4 right subclavian artery stenoses and 18 of 19 left subclavian artery stenoses. The primary clinical indication was posterior fossa ischemia in 11 patients, upper limb ischemia in 14 and both symptoms in 6. In 2 patients, dilatation of an asymptomatic high-degree left subclavian artery stenosis was performed before coronary artery bypass surgery using the internal mammary artery. Eighteen patients on follow-up over 6–60 months (mean 25 months) are free of symptoms with equivalent systolic blood pressures in both arms. Three patients showed relapse of the stenosis after 8, 12, and 15 months; one was successfully treated with a second dilatation. Complications consisted of an occlusion at the left axillary artery puncture site and a distal embolus to a finger artery. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty appears safe and efficient therapy for subclavian artery stenoses with excellent short- and long-term results.     

Coronary vascular patterns during occlusion arteriography.

The arteriograms from 18 studies in which the catheter accidentally occluded the right coronary artery were analyzed and compared with successful studies in 25 patients with normal coronary arteries and 20 patients with coronary artery stenosis. The occlusion arteriograms showed distinct early filling of the anterior cardiac veins and occasionally retrograde filling of the left circumflex artery. Although there were no serious complications due to occlusion arteriography in our patients, the potential for producing ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest must be borne in mind. Angiographers should be aware of these filling patterns in order to recognize them as artifacts of the technique and not as manifestations of disease.     

Value of tomographic thallium-201 imagining in patients with chest pain following coronary artery bypass grafting

To determine whether thallium-201 washout profile analysis can detect regional myocardial ischemia caused by coronary artery bypass graft occlusion or progression of disease in nonbypassed coronary arteries, 19 consecutive patients with chest pain following bypass grafting were evaluated with coronary arteriography and thallium-201 scintigraphy. Twenty of the 55 coronary artery regions were perfused by an occluded bypass graft or a significantly stenosed (greater than or equal to 70% diameter narrowing) nonbypassed coronary artery, while 35 coronary regions were perfused by patent bypass grafts or insignificantly diseased coronary arteries. The tomographic thallium-201 washout profile results correlated with the bypass graft and coronary arteriographic findings (k = 0.67, P less than 0.001). The sensitivity of tomographic thallium-201 washout profile abnormalities for arteriographic abnormalities was 75%, while the specificity was 86%. The authors conclude that tomographic thallium-201 washout profile analysis may be very useful in the evaluation of patients with chest pain following coronary artery bypass grafting by detecting regional myocardial ischemia caused by occlusion of specific bypass grafts or progression of disease in nonbypassed coronary arteries.