浙江省岱山县南锋镇人群食品中碘摄入量调查

目的 调查浙江省海岛人群膳食中的碘摄人量(IAC)．分析人群碘营养状况。方法 分层抽样调查海产品供应丰、淡两季海岛人群进食食品的种类和数量、家庭成员连续3d摄人的全部食品。以《食物成分表》及以往报道的有关食物中的含碘量，计算人均每天IAC与ICCⅡ)D每日碘的推荐供给量(RDA)比较。结果 扣除海带碘盐中的获得量，海岛人群从食品中每灭获得的人均IAC，丰季为每人72．46μg／d、淡季每人为68．98μg／d，低于ICCIDD推荐的6岁～成人120～150μg碘的RDA标准。结论 海岛渔区人群仅从普通食品中摄人的碘营养不足，需要从碘盐中补充碘营养。     

浙江省岱山县岱东乡人群食品中碘摄入量分析

目的调查海岛渔区人群从膳食中摄入的碘营养.方法随机抽样调查海岛渔区人群在海产品供应丰、淡2季摄入食物的结构,家庭各成员连续3 d进食的全部食物的品种和数量.以<食物成分表>及以往报道的有关食物中的含碘量,计算全部摄入食物中人均每天碘营养,结果与国际碘缺乏病理事会(ICCIDD)推荐的人群每天碘营养比较,并以SPSS统计软件分析结果.结果海岛渔区人群碘盐食用率为0,扣除少数人从海带中摄入的含碘量,每天人均碘营养,丰季为每人82.95μg/d、淡季为每人100.21μg/d,低于WHO ICCIDD推荐的11岁～成人120～150μg碘的每日应摄入量标准,并且有明显的人群差异和季节差异.结论海岛渔区人群仅从常规食品中摄入的碘营养不足,也需从碘盐中补充.     

浙江省某海岛人群食品中碘摄入量抽样调查结果分析

目的词查浙江省海岛人群膳食中的碘摄入量，分析各类人群的碘营养。方法分层随机抽样调查海岛城区、农区、渔区、盐区不同人群在海产品供应丰、淡两季，家庭每个成员连续3天进食的全部食物的品种和数量，以《食物成分表》及以往报道的有关食物中的含碘量为依据，计算人均每天的碘摄入量，并以SPSS统计软件分析结果，与国际控制碘缺乏病理事会(ICCIDD)推荐的人群每天碘摄入量比较。结果海岛人群从食品中摄入的人均碘营养，有人群差异，无季节差异。扣除少数人从碘盐、海带中获得的碘摄入量，丰季为82．11μg／d．人，淡季为87．45μg/d．人，低于ICCIDD推荐的6岁～成人每日应摄入120～150μg碘的标准。结论海岛人群从常规食品中摄入的碘营养不足，需要食用碘盐补充碘营兼、预防碘缺乏病。     

新疆吐鲁番市少数民族孕妇膳食碘摄入量调查分析

目的 测定吐鲁番市少数民族孕妇主要膳食中的碘含量,了解吐鲁番市妊娠妇女单纯依靠膳食中的碘含量能否满足这一特殊人群生理过程的需要.方法 用亚砷酸-硫酸铈法测定食品的碘含量,分层随机抽样调查,孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期妇女共抽样30户家庭,调查每人连续5 d摄入的食物和数量,以计算人均每天碘摄入量(IAC).结果 采集27种主要饮食食品2 104份标本,吐鲁番市孕妇人均碘摄入量为50.92 μg(不包括碘盐中碘的摄入量).结论 吐鲁番市少数民族孕妇每日每人从食物中摄入的碘量远低于国际控制碘缺乏病理事会(ICCIDD)推荐的6岁至成人每日应摄入碘120～150 μg 的标准,建议这些特殊人群补充碘制剂,预防碘缺乏病.     

哈尔滨市城区居民膳食碘摄入量的调查分析

目的　测定哈尔滨市城区居民 39种主要食品的碘含量 ,从而推断哈尔滨市居民人均每日每人从饮食中摄入碘的量。方法　用亚砷酸 -硫酸铈法测定食品的碘含量 ,根据 1992年黑龙江省营养调查推算出哈尔滨市市区人均日碘摄入量。结果　哈尔滨市市区人均日碘摄入量为 147.7μg(不包括碘盐中碘的摄入量 )。结论　哈尔滨市市区居民每日每人从食物中摄入的碘量达到中国营养学会推荐的营养素摄入量 (RDA)成人水平     

西藏牧区居民膳食碘及营养素摄入量调查

目的调查西藏牧区居民膳食碘和其他与碘缺乏病相关的营养素摄入量,评价人群碘营养状况。方法在研究点当雄县牧区和对照点曲水县农区各抽取30户家庭,采用24 h回顾法对成年男子、育龄妇女及8~10岁儿童进行连续3天的膳食调查,采集家庭饮用水、食用盐、主要食物样品检测碘含量,计算每日碘摄入量和蛋白质、维生素等营养素摄入量。结果西藏牧区和对照农区每人每日饮水碘摄入量的中位数分别为2.5μg、2.1μg,经检验无统计学显著差异;牧区人均每日膳食碘摄入量高于农区（Z=-8.242,P〈0.001）,但低于推荐摄入量;牧区人群膳食中,除碳水化合物外,其他营养素的摄入均高于农区人群,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论外环境缺碘的西藏牧区人群膳食碘摄入量不足,但蛋白质、热量、维生素A、铁和硒等营养素供给相对充足,膳食营养因素是牧区碘缺乏病患病率低的一个重要原因。     

哈尔滨市城区居民膳食磺摄入量的调查分析

目的 测定哈尔滨市城区居民３９种主要食品的碘含量，从而推断哈尔滨市居民人均每日每人从饮食中摄入碘的量。方法 用亚砷酸－硫酸铈法测定食品的碘含量，根据１９９２年黑龙江省营养２调查推算出哈尔滨市区人均日碘摄入量。结果 哈尔滨市市区人均日碘摄入量为１４７．７μｇ（不包括碘盐中碘的摄入量）。结论 哈尔滨市市区居民每日每人从食物中摄入的碘量达到中国营养学会推荐的营养素摄入量（ＲＤＡ）成人水平。     

东山岛碘盐干预效果调查报告

目的为了解实施碘盐干预6年来,东山海岛人群碘营养水平以及碘缺乏病状况的变化,为今后东山海岛碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据.方法把碘盐干预前1995年和干预后1999年及2001年的调查资料做对比分析.结果碘盐干预前8～10岁学生尿碘中位数为73.2μg/L;8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率达25.0%.经过6年的碘盐干预后,8～10岁学生尿碘中位数上升到137.7μg/L,8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率下降到10%;尿碘＞500μg/L的人群比例从0上升到1.9%.非碘盐高达48.58%.结论碘盐干预效果显著.碘盐干预过程中出现1个有趣的现象,一方面少数人群碘营养过高,一方面近一半人群食用非碘盐,并且6年来居高不下,这2种现象既对立又统一.     

2021年天津市西青区碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解本辖区人群碘营养状况,适时采取针对性防治措施为科学调整干预策略提供依据。方法 依据《天津市碘缺乏病监测方案》分别对辖区216名8～10岁儿童的盐碘、尿碘和甲状腺肿大情况和106名孕妇及42名成人的盐碘、尿碘情况进行监测。结果 监测的216名儿童家庭食用盐碘盐覆盖率为58.3%,合格碘盐食用率为37.5%,碘盐中盐碘均数为21.0 mg/kg; 216名儿童尿碘中位数为135μg/L,甲状腺肿大率为1.9%;监测的106名孕妇家庭食用盐碘盐覆盖率为70.8%,碘盐中盐碘均数为23.7 mg/kg,孕妇的尿碘中位数为153μg/L;42名成人的碘盐覆盖率为69.0%,碘盐中盐碘均数为23.5 mg/kg,尿碘中位数为155.5μg/L,尿碘浓度在100～299.9μg/L有27人,占比64.3%。结论 按照重点地方病控制和消除评价办法(2019版),西青区碘缺乏病消除技术指标达标。按照WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD推荐的人群碘营养状况评价标准,本区抽检的儿童、孕妇和成人的碘营养状况水平均为适宜。     

江苏省镇江市居民最适宜食盐加碘量的研究

目的研究江苏省镇江市居民最适宜的食盐加碘量,为国家局部调整盐碘水平提供科学依据。方法在镇江市下辖的句容市6个社区中,以0～5、6～12岁,>12岁儿童 成人、孕妇 乳母共4组人群作为调查对象。每个季度1次,过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘;用记账法调查每日盐食用量,用直接滴定法测定碘盐含碘量;以世界卫生组织等推荐的孕妇和乳母的碘摄入量为基准推算最适宜的碘盐加碘量。结果上述4组人群的尿碘中位数为276.3μg/L,推算的碘摄入量为337.4μg/d;居民盐食用量平均为9.7g/d,碘盐含碘量为28.4mg/kg;尿中由碘盐供给的碘为220.4μg/d,环境来源碘为117.0μg/d。结论镇江地区居民最适宜的食盐加碘量为(25±10)mg/kg,现行国家标准(35±15)mg/kg尚有下调的空间。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.