大鼠皮动脉外径与其营养范围的定量测量和回归分析

目的:探索皮动脉外径与其营养皮肤范围之间的关系,并研究皮动脉从源动脉上分出的角度和其在皮肤内的分布形态对这两者之间关系的影响.方法:SD大鼠30只,行一次性全身血管造影并配合电脑图像处理技术,观测皮动脉外径、行程及分布面积与体积,经SPSS进行统计学处理,求证出皮动脉的外径与其营养面积和体积之间的线性关系.结果:大鼠周身体被组织内共有血管区域16个,其皮动脉外径(0.53±0.12)mm,营养皮瓣而积(22.32±10.04)cm2,营养皮瓣体积(4.88±3.02)cm3,皮动脉外径与其营养面积、体积之间均呈正相关,其回归方程分别为:y=72.702x-15.928和y=20.359x-5.833.结论:(1)通过测量皮动脉外径和了解其分布情况,就可以计算出其营养的面积和体积;(2)外径相同情况下,皮动脉从源动脉上分出的角度越大,其血管内压力越大;(3)相同外径的分支型皮动脉较轴型皮动脉的营养范围大.     

腓肠神经的血供

观察了15具(30例)成年尸体的腓肠神经的血供。对腓肠神经及其根(腓肠内侧皮神经和腓神经交通支)的营养动脉及其来源动脉的数目、外径及来源动脉的类别等进行了观察。吻合型腓肠神经、非吻合型腓肠神经、腓肠内侧皮神经和腓神经交通支来源动脉平均支数分别为2.55±0.31支,3.31±0.39支,1.75±0.27支和2.20±0.24支;它们的外径平均数分别为0.63±0.04、0.75±0.10、0.66±0.08和0.58±0.05毫米。还讨论了吻接血管的神经移植问题,认为腓肠神经、腓神经交通支是较理想的带蒂移植供体。     

(膕)窝中间皮动脉岛状皮瓣的解剖研究

目的:设计以(膕)窝中间皮动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣.方法:通过对10侧新鲜成人下肢标本的显微解剖研究,系统观测(膕)窝中间皮动脉及其上行支的起始、走行、外径、分支、伴行静脉及供血范围.结果:(膕)窝中间皮动脉均起自朋动脉;起始点位于股骨内外髁连线中点上方(28.50±4.92)mm;起点外径(1.92±0.12)mm;上行支长度(250.03±9.24)mm;末端外径(0.33±0.09)mm;皮支(21±3)条;供血范围在股后区25cm×10cm.有两条伴行静脉,外径(1.41±0.1)mm.结论:(膕)窝中间皮动脉上行支起点、走行恒定,外径较粗,有较多皮支和恒定的供血范围,可设计以股后为供区的逆行岛状皮瓣.     

小腿部主要穿支的形态学分析与皮瓣设计

目的:探讨小腿部穿支的出现规律,为临床提供良好的皮瓣切取部位、简单易行的皮瓣切取方法。方法:(1)6具(12侧)动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本,解剖取下整个下肢被覆组织拍摄X线片,观测皮动脉的数量以及彼此间的吻合情况等。利用Photoshop与ScionImage分析穿支供血的趋向性,血管密度变化趋势及每个分支的供血面积等。(2)红色乳胶灌注的下肢标本26侧,解剖观测外径≥0.5mm的穿支,测量其管径及其走行,分支、分布情况等。结果:每侧小腿部有外径≥0.5mm的穿支(30±13)支。其被覆组织内有4条明显的营养血管链沿皮神经及浅静脉分布。其中小腿内侧穿支的外径为(0.8±0.2)mm,供血面积为(32.6±13.3)cm2,总供皮面积可达293cm2。结论:小腿部单个穿支的供血面积较小,但由于血管链的存在而可以极方便的拓展小腿部皮瓣的裁取面积;小腿内侧及后部营养血管链紧邻,可互为解剖学供区与动力学供区。     

髂嵴前部的血液供应

本文观察了126具成年尸体(男84,女42)髂嵴前部的血管,主要结果如下: 1.旋髂浅动脉外径平均为1.45±0.41毫米,主要分布于腹股沟区及髂前上棘附近的皮下结构。 2.旋股外侧动脉升支外径平均为2.62±0.51毫米,主要分布于阔筋膜张肌及髂前上棘外侧缘。 3.臀上动脉(深)上支外径平均为2.87±0.56毫米,主要分布于臀中、小肌及髂嵴前部外侧缘。 4.旋髂深动脉外径平均为2.77±0.47毫米,分别在腹股沟韧带上方(18.0％)、深面(41.5％)及下方(40.5％)发出,主要分布于髂嵴前部内侧缘及其相连的肌肉。本文还着重观察了旋髂深动脉的行径、分支、吻合及其与髂嵴之间的血供关系。 5.根据本文研究所见,提示旋髂深血管适于作髂骨显微血管游离移植的营养血管蒂。     

股后皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 4侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,解剖观测了股后皮神经及其营养血管的走行、分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜标本墨汁灌注 ,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :股后皮神经由臀大肌下缘中点入股后沿中线下降 ,其主要营养血管上段系臀下动脉的股后皮神经伴行动脉 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,下段系动脉的升皮支 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,营养血管沿途发出众多皮支与股后部其他血管的皮支形成网状吻合 ,营养股后部皮肤。结论 :以股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支,起始处外径为0.8mm,穿出筋膜前长度为1.1cm;中段主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支,起始处外径均为0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长度均为1.0cm;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支,起始处外径为0.9mm,穿出深筋膜前长为2.6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮(穿)支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论:可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的:为腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提出解剖学依据.方法:30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测腓动脉肌间隔穿支、腓肠外侧动脉肌皮穿支与腓肠神经-小隐静脉、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌以及腓骨营养血管的关系;小隐静脉浅深交通支.结果:腓动脉肌间隔穿支6～10支,外径0.5～1.6 mm,最远的动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.穿支分出骨膜动脉、肌支,营养腓骨和比目鱼肌外侧半.穿支穿深筋膜时,发深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经浅静脉血管,构成腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管链.腓肠外侧动脉发2～5支外径0.2～1.2 mm肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及相应区域皮肤.小隐静脉浅深交通支距外踝尖上(3.4±0.9)cm,外径(1.7±0.5)mm.结论:腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以腓动脉的肌间隔动脉终末穿支远端蒂复合瓣,旋转点近外踝尖平面,可覆盖前足创面.     

股部皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为股部皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：８侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本，解剖观测股部主要皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围；２侧成人新鲜下肢标本经墨汁灌注，皮肤脱水透明后观测各皮神经营养血管的分支分布及吻合。结果：①股外侧皮神经有营养动脉２～６支，超始外径１．０±０．４ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧４．１ｃｍ，外侧５．９ｃｍ；②股前皮神经有营养动脉１～５支，外径１．０±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧２．４ｃｍ，外侧３．４ｃｍ；③股后皮神经有营养动脉１～３支，外径０．９±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧３．９ｃｍ，外侧３．２ｃｍ。结论：以股部各主要皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可沿其皮神经走行设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带尺神经手背支营养血管的皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测尺神经手背支营养血管及其与周围皮肤的供血情况。结果 :尺神经手背支的血供近侧端来自尺动脉腕上皮支降支 ,起始处外径为 ( 0 .9± 0 .3 )mm ;远端为第 4或第 3掌背动脉。起始处外径分别为 ( 0 .6± 0 .2 )mm和 ( 0 .7± 0 .2 )mm。其神经支在神经束间和神经旁相互吻合成纵行血管网 ,并借分支与筋膜皮支构成丰富的皮下筋膜血管网。结论 :以尺神经手背支及其营养血管为蒂可形成手背尺侧筋膜皮瓣 ,可顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的组织缺损。     

Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in thick cutaneous malignant melanoma

The prognostic value of the extent of neovascularization in cutaneous melanoma is a highly controversial issue. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether the morphometric analysis of tumor vascularity may be helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with thick cutaneous melanomas. A series of 15 patients with melanoma (>3 mm in thickness) who did not experience disease progression after long-term follow-up (10 years) and 30 matched controls who underwent recurrence and/or metastases were selected for the study. Microvessels were immunohistochemically stained with anti-CD31 antibody. Several parameters, including vessel number, vascular density, vessel area, equivalent circle diameter, perimeter, shape factor, compactness, and the number of vascular ramifications per 100 vessel sections, were quantitatively assessed by a computer-aided semi-automatic image analysis system. Mean vessel area was 341.69 microm2 in cases without progression and 512.55 microm2 in the progressed melanomas (P=0.008, Mann-Whitney U test). The mean equivalent circle diameter was 18.95 microm in non-progressed melanomas and 22.57 microm in progressed melanomas (P=0.009). The mean number of ramifications was 0.8 in cases without progression and 1.9 in the controls (P=0.03). Microvessel count and vascular density were higher in progressed cases (17.37 vs. 11.73 and 28.94/mm2 vs. 19.55/mm2, respectively), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.06). Our results suggest that neovascularization is a critical event in the progression of thick melanoma. Its prognostic significance is better assessed by quantification of vessel area, equivalent circle diameter, and microvessel branching, whereas microvessel count and vascular density do not provide significant prognostic information.     

吻合臂内侧皮神经及其血管筋膜皮瓣的解剖与临床

目的:为带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:臂内侧皮神经的血供为尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为1.0mm、0.6mm和0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长为1.5cm、1.1cm和1.2cm。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论:可设计成带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

The arterial supply to the brain of the yak (Bos grunniens)

Fifteen head specimens of the yak were dissected to study the arterial supply to the brain. The supply comes from the internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries. Except for the internal carotid artery, the branches of the above-mentioned arteries contributed in the formation of the rete mirable of which the vascular diameter was larger and the wall was thinner. The brain was mainly supplied by branches from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries in which the blood is oxygenated. These branches joined to form the circle of Willis (Circulus arterious cerebri) in the region of the pituitary gland. The arterial supply to the cerebrum was mainly provided by the middle and rostral cerebral arteries, which arose from the internal carotid. The basilar, cerebellar and caudal cerebral arteries came from the vertebral artery. However, the adult yaks do not have the rostral communicating artery. The outer diameter at the origin of the vessels ranged from 0.40 to 2.60 mm. The outer diameter of the left arterial vessel at its origin was larger than the same vessel of the right by about 0.20 mm in the all samples.     

大鼠腹壁浅动脉皮瓣游离移植至腋窝模型的构建技巧

目的 推介将大鼠腹壁浅动脉皮瓣游离移植至腋窝的具体操作步骤。 方法 选取体重420 ~ 450 g的清洁级SD雄性大鼠20只,麻醉成功后备皮,设计以腹壁浅血管为蒂的4 cm × 2 cm腹股沟皮瓣,游离移植至腋窝,以胸外侧血管为受区血管,重点观察：股血管及胸外侧血管的起源、走行与分支,测量其外径和长度;大鼠生存状态;术后第7 d皮瓣存活情况。 结果 股动、静脉的管径分别为（0.72± 0.08）mm及（1.29±0.17）mm,胸外侧动、静脉的管径分别为（0.59±0.18）mm及（1.04±0.12）mm,两者适合做端端吻合。术后有2只大鼠死亡,另有3只大鼠皮瓣完全坏死,皮瓣存活率达75%。由于股动脉的破坏,患肢术后会出现跛行,1周后,随着血供的代偿,大鼠的步态逐渐恢复正常。 结论 大鼠腹壁浅动脉游离皮瓣是超级显微外科的基础研究与临床前操作练习的有效模型之一。     

肱三头肌长头重建肩外展功能的应用解剖

目的研究肱三头肌长头血管神经蒂特点为以其重建肩外展功能提供解剖学基础。方法对44侧固定尸体的肱三头肌长头肌肉起点及血管神经蒂进行解剖与测量。结果肱三头肌长头起点背侧为肌性,腹侧为腱性,腱性起点长度(9.9±1.5)cm,宽度(2.4±0.4)cm。神经支配来自桡神经的分支,可分离长度(6.8±2.7)cm,直径(2.0±0.4)mm。血供来自①肱动脉肱三头肌支,长度(3.4±1.4)cm,外径(2.0±0.3)mm;②肱深动脉的分支,长度(2.5±0.9)cm,外径为(1.6±0.5)mm,分离至肱动脉长度为(3.9±1.3)cm。血管神经蒂以多级分支为主。结论依据肱三头肌长头及其血管神经蒂的特点,可作为肩外展功能重建术中的动力肌。     

改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指术的解剖学基础

目的为改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指手术提供解剖学基础。方法对10例20侧红色乳胶灌注的成人足标本(其中新鲜足标本5例10侧)进行显微解剖,观测营养趾甲皮瓣、第2足趾骨皮瓣血供。结果趾甲皮瓣的血供为多源性,主要为趾腓侧趾底动脉和趾趾背动脉,二者外径分别为(1.5±0.3)mm、(0.9±0.2)mm;趾甲皮瓣静脉为大隐静脉-第一跖背静脉-趾腓侧趾背静脉;神经为趾腓侧固有神经和腓深神经。剔除第2足趾甲皮瓣的第2足趾骨皮瓣血供为第2足趾胫侧趾底、趾背动脉,外径分别为(0.7±0.1)mm、(0.3±0.1)mm;静脉为大隐静脉-第一跖背静脉-第2足趾胫侧趾背静脉;神经为第2足趾胫侧趾底固有神经。结论趾腓侧趾底动脉、趾趾背动脉及第2足趾胫侧趾底、趾背动脉起始、走行恒定,外径较粗,有较多皮肤穿支和恒定血供范围,可为改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指手术提供理想的血供。     

基底动脉的活体解剖学

目的 应用3.0 T磁共振血管成像(MRA)技术对基底动脉进行活体观察和测量.方法 对108例受试者行MRA及常规MRI检查,男58例,女50例,年龄4～63岁.观察颅内段椎基底动脉形态分型,测量基底动脉长度及管腔直径,并进行统计学分析.结果 基底动脉常见类型依次为ⅠⅠ型、ⅡRⅢ型、ⅡRⅠ型或ⅡLⅠ型.基底动脉平均直线...     

Mechanical properties of biodegradable small-diameter chitosan artificial vascular prosthesis

Initial clinical feasibility with the small-diameter chitosan artificial vascular prosthesis has been reported previously. Here, we present the results of mechanical properties of artificial vascular prosthesis with 2, 3, and 4 mm inner diameter (ID) and compare some of the properties with the native blood vessel of dog femoral artery. Thickness wall measurement demonstrated the average wall thickness of the artificial vascular prosthesis with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID and the native blood vessel of the dog femoral artery with 3 mm ID were 0.54 ± 0.022 mm, 0.71 ± 0.032 mm, 0.79 ± 0.026 mm, and 0.67 ± 0.22 mm (n = 20). Water absorption rate of 226.02% ± 8.17%, 216.13% ± 4.86%, and 205.69% ± 4.34% were obtained from 2-, 3-, and 4-mm-diameter artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 12), respectively. Water osmotic pressure of the 2-, 3-, and 4-mm-diameter artificial vascular prosthesis was 39.25 ± 3.35 mmHg, 34.2 ± 4.54 mmHg, and 28.00 ± 2.72 mmHg (n = 20), respectively. Water osmotic amount of the 2-, 3-, and 4-cm-diameter artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 20) was 4.90 ± 0.47 mL/(min cm(2) ), 5.51 ± 0.21 mL/(min cm(2) ), and 6.24 ± 0.71 mL/(min cm(2) ), respectively. The ruptured stretching rate of the artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 20) with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID and the native blood vessel was 1.59% ± 0.14%, 1.99% ± 0.24%, 2.52% ± 0.21%, and 32.16% ± 2.15%, respectively. The longitudinal tensile strength of the artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 20) with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID and the native blood vessel was 8.58 ± 1.98 N, 19.75 ± 4.07 N, 22.92 ± 3.85 N, and 18.76 ± 2.05 N, respectively. The suture retention of the artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 20) with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID and the native blood vessel in dry condition is 5.80 ± 0.51 N, 7.01 ± 0.32 N, 8.49 ± 0.56 N, and 7.92 ± 0.39 N, respectively. The suture retention of the artificial vascular prosthesis (n = 20) with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID in wet condition is 3.87 ± 0.43 N, 4.73 ± 0.37 N, 5.63 ± 0.36 N, and 7.92 ± 0.39 N, respectively. The compliance of the artificial vascular prosthesis with 2, 3, and 4 mm ID and the native blood vessel was 6.5% ± 2.6%/100 mmHg, 5.2% ± 1.5%/100 mmHg, 4.7% ± 1.3%/100 mmHg, and 10.3% ± 2.3%/100 mmHg, respectively. The data reported here fulfill the quality requirement of clinical use of this kind of biodegradable small diameter artificial vascular prosthesis.     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂的前臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法　在 32侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的血供情况。结果　前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .8mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度为 1.1cm ;中部主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支 ,起始处外径均为 0 .7mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长为 2 .6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮穿支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论　可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜上瓣 ,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。