兔LQT2模型时空复极异质性变化与室性心律失常发生的关系

为探讨心室跨壁复极离散度(TDR)和动作电位时程(APD)恢复性质的变化在LQT2室性心律失常发生中的作用,笔者采用冠状动脉灌注的兔左室肌楔形组织块制备LQT2模型。标本随机分四组:对照组(标准台氏液灌注);LQT2模型(简称模型)组(100μmol/Ld,l-sotalol灌流);模型+低钾(3mmol/L)组和模型+低钾+维拉帕米(2μmol/L)组。观察不同基础周长(BCL)刺激(500,1000和2000ms)条件下,四组标本APD90、TDR和APD恢复性质的变化与室性心律失常发生的关系。结果:①在不同BCL条件下,与对照组相比,模型组、模型+低钾组及模型+低钾+维拉帕米组的内外膜心肌细胞的APD90均增大,以内膜心肌细胞的APD90增大显著,导致TDR增加。②BCL为500和1000ms时,与对照组相比,模型组、模型+低钾组的APD恢复曲线斜率显著增加,而模型+低钾+维拉帕米组,差异无显著性。③在BCL为1000和2000ms时,给予S1S2程序刺激,模型+低钾组尖端扭转性室性心动过速发生率为5/7。结论:TDR增大和APD恢复性质的变化在室性心律失常的发生中均起着重要的作用。     

兔肥厚左心室跨壁复极离散度和室性心律失常发生机制

目的 探讨肥厚左心室跨壁复极离散度变化及室性心律失常发生机制.方法 制作压力超负荷兔模型,分别记录对照组、肥厚组心室肌内、外膜动作电位并同步记录跨室壁心电图,比较两组动作电位时限（APD90）、跨心室壁复极离散度（TDR）和室性心律失常发生率、尖端扭转性室性心动过速（Tdp）危险度评分.结果 （1）与对照组相比,肥厚组内、外膜APD90显著延长,以内膜层心肌更为明显;TDR显著增大（P＜0.01）;上述变化呈现显著慢频率依赖性;（2）肥厚组室性心律失常发生率、Tdp危险度评分明显高于对照组.结论 动作电位时限延长、跨心室壁复极离散度增大基础上的早期后除极和跨室壁折返激动是肥厚心室心律失常的主要机制.     

β受体激动剂对LQT1模型的电生理影响

目的探讨LQT1患者在交感神经兴奋时发生室性心律失常的机制。方法实验切取犬楔形心室肌组织块,用30μmol/L chromanol 293B(I_(Ks)阻断剂)灌流该标本模拟LQT1,采用玻璃微电极和特制的金属电极,同步记录造模前后的中层和外层心室肌细胞的跨膜动作电位(TAP)和跨壁心电图(TECG),并观察异丙肾上腺素(Iso,100 nmol/L)对造模后的TAP和TECG的影响。结果chro- manol 293B使中层和外层心室肌细胞动作电位时限(APD_(90))均匀延长[中层：(287±12)ms vs(362±18)ms,P＜0．05；外层：(229±13)ms vs(303±20)ms,P＜0．05],跨壁复极离散度(TDR)增加不明显[(46±5)ms v8(49±7)ms,P＞0．05],TECG示QT间期延长[(314±13)ms vs(389±16)ms,P＜0．05]。加入Iso后,中层心室肌细胞APD_(90)延长[(362±18)ms vs(388±14)ms,P＜0．05],并出现早期后除极(EAD),外层心室肌细胞APD_(90)缩短[(303±20)ms vs(285±12)ms,P＜0．05],TDR明显增加[(49±7)ms vs(87±11)ms,P＜0．05],TECG示QT间期延长[(389±16)ms vs(405±15) ms,P＜0．05],并能自发产生室性早搏和室性心动过速。结论在LQT1模型中,Iso对中层和外层心室肌细胞TAP的影响不一致,引起TDR增加,这可能是交感神经兴奋使LQT1患者发生室性心律失常的机制。     

LQT2模型尖端扭转型室性心动过速的发生机制

目的探讨LQT2模型早期后除极(EAD)、跨壁折返以及尖端扭转型室性心动过速(Tdp)的发生机制。方法采用冠状小动脉灌注兔左室心肌楔形组织块标本,应用浮置玻璃微电极动作电位及ECG同步记录技术,以IKr阻断剂d-sotalol作为工具药模拟LQT2,并与延迟整流钾电流IK阻滞剂azimilide对比,观察两者对兔心内膜和外膜层心肌细胞动作电位时程(APD)、跨壁复极离散度(TDR)、EAD、R-on-T早搏和Tdp的作用。结果d-sotalol和azimilide均显著延长心内膜和外膜层心肌细胞APD和QT间期;d-sotalol显著增加TDR,诱发EAD、R-on-T早搏和自发性Tdp的发生率分别为7/7,7/7和3/7;azimilide不增加TDR和不形成跨壁折返,但可诱发EAD和R-on-T早搏。结论通过冠状小动脉灌注兔左室心肌组织块LQT2模型,发现整体心室肌组织在QT延长的条件下,2相EAD是触发并引起Tdp的机制;TDR增加是产生EAD和形成折返的基础。     

钠通道阻断剂对模拟在体犬LQT3跨室壁复极离散影响的实验研究

目的:观察心率减慢时模拟体内长QT综合征第3型(LQT3)动作电位时程(APD)和跨室壁复极离散(TDR)的变化及钠通道阻断剂美西律对这种变化的影响,为先天性LQT3室性心律失常的防治提供实验依据。方法:采用自制电极记录犬体内左心室前壁跨室壁单相动作电位,静脉注射海葵毒素(ATX-Ⅱ)模拟LQT3,消融窦房结后改变心房起搏周长(PCL)控制心室率。结果:静脉注射ATX-Ⅱ(3μg／kg)后成功模拟出LQT3模型; PCL为500 ms和1000 ms时ATX-Ⅱ使TDR均显著性增加[分别为(20±4)ms:(41±9)ms和(39±5)ms:(83 ±10)ms,均P<0．05],但PCL为1 000 ms比500 ms时TDR的增加幅度(ATDR)更为明显[(44±13);(20± 12)ms,P<0．05],伴随起源于中层心肌细胞的早期后除极和自发性室性心动过速发生;美西律(20μg／kg)能逆转ATX-Ⅱ的这种电生理作用。结论:LQT3室性心律失常的发生呈慢心室率依赖性,美西律可能对先天性 LQT3猝死的防治有一定的作用。     

卡维地洛对慢性压力超负荷兔左心室跨壁复极离散度的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛长期干预对慢性压力超负荷兔左心室跨壁复极离散度的影响。方法慢性压力超负荷兔模型随机分为结扎组和卡维地洛干预组（CVD组）；分别记录两组左心室心肌内、外膜动作电位并同步记录跨壁心电图，比较两组动作电位时限（APD90）、跨心室壁复极离散度（TDR）、室性心律失常发生率、超声心动图指标和左心室质量与体重比值。结果（1）CVD组左心室射血分数高于结扎组（P〈0．05），左心室质量与体重比值低于结扎组（P〈0．01），差异均有统计学意义。（2）CVD组左心室内、外膜APD90、TDR、QT间期、心律失常发生率较结扎组降低（P〈0．05）。结论卡维地洛长期干预能有效改善肥厚左心室结构和收缩功能；能显著降低动作电位时限、跨壁复极离散度和室性心律失常发生率，改善肥厚左心室结构重构和电重构。     

盐酸咪达普利对扩张型心肌病跨室壁复极不均一性的影响

目的 :探讨咪达普利 (IMI)对扩张型心肌病 (DCM )心室肌跨室壁复极不均一性的影响及其与抑制室性心律失常的关系。方法 :32只家兔 ,随机分为DCM加IMI组、DCM组、IMI组及正常对照组 ,每组 8只。然后测定其心室颤动阈值 (VFT)以及心外膜、中层心肌和心内膜心肌细胞的单相动作电位复极 90 %时程 (APD90 )、跨室壁复极离散度 (TDR)。结果 :DCM加IMI组与DCM组相比 ,前组VFT升高 ,三层心肌APD90 均缩短 ,以中层心肌APD90 缩短更为明显 ,TDR减小。IMI组与正常对照组相比 ,VFT、三层心肌的APD90 、TDR差异均无显著性意义。结论 :IMI能抑制DCM室性心律失常的发生 ,间接地减小三层心肌跨室壁复极不均一性是重要机制     

左心室M层起搏对犬跨室壁复极离散的影响

目的 研究心室M层起搏对犬跨室壁复极离散(TDR)的影响,探讨采用心室M层起搏技术防治跨室壁复极离散增大相关性心律失常的可行性.方法 制作犬左心室楔形心肌组织块模型,观察心内、外膜及M层起搏时,各层心肌动作电位时限(APD)及TDR的变化.结果 分别行心室肌内、外膜和M层起搏,心肌各层APD差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；但M层起搏时,TDR较外膜起搏明显减小[(34.9±5.4)ns对(71.5±6.1)ms,P＜0.01]；与内膜起搏相比差异无统计学意义[(34.9±5.4)ms对(35.9±5.4)ms,P＞0.05].结论 与心外膜起搏相比,M层起搏可有效减小TDR；但与心内膜起搏相比,差异无统计学意义.     

长QT综合征复极化离散与早期后除极致心律失常机制的跨壁光学标测研究

目的　尖端扭转性室性心动过速 (室速 )是长QT综合征 (LQTS)的致命性心律失常 ,相关机制的细胞学水平研究还不十分清楚。本文报道对复极化离散和触发机制在尖端扭转性室速发生中的作用的研究结果。方法　动脉灌注的犬左心室楔形心肌块 ,经电压敏感性荧光染色后 ,行跨壁包括百余位点跨膜动作电位的同步光学标测研究。d 索他洛尔、海银花 (ATX Ⅱ)分别用来模拟LQT2和LQT3。对照组、LQT2组、LQT3组各 6块。结果　正常对照组的平均动作电位时限 (APD)为 (2 91± 2 7)ms,跨壁复极化的离散(DOR)为 (2 4± 6 )ms;LQT2组APD为 (35 6± 2 0 )ms,DOR为 (35± 9)ms,与对照组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;LQT3组APD为 (6 0 9± 92 )ms,DOR为 (12 1± 85 )ms,与对照组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。在LQT3组 ,早期后除极现象可见于所有类型的心肌细胞 ,但以心内膜和中层心肌细胞多见。触发活动常常起源于中层心肌细胞部位。结论　在LQT条件下 ,跨壁动作电位不均一地延长是导致复极化离散的重要原因 ,为心律失常的发生提供了基质。早期后除极诱导的触发活动触发了尖端扭转性室速     

胺碘酮对家兔急性心肌缺血左室跨壁复极离散度的影响

目的:探讨胺碘酮对家兔急性缺血左室心肌楔形组织块电生理特性和跨壁复极离散度（TDR）的影响及其抗缺血心律失常的机制。方法: 建立冠状小动脉灌注家兔左室心肌楔形组织块模型,应用浮置玻璃微电极和心电图同步记录技术,观察急性无灌流心肌缺血时,胺碘酮对内外层心肌细胞的动作电位时程（APD）、TDR和心律失常的影响。结果: ①左心室楔形组织块停止灌注后,胺碘酮组内、外膜心肌细胞的APD较对照组明显延长[(228±19) ms vs.(212±6) ms,P<0.05］,且外膜APD的延长更明显[(203±15) ms vs.(180±5) ms,P<0.05］。②急性缺血各时间段,APD较缺血前均缩短,以外膜APD缩短更明显,导致TDR增大。用药后TDR明显短于对照组。结论: 胺碘酮可延长内、外膜心肌细胞的APD,且外膜APD的延长明显,并可减小急性缺血心肌的TDR,这可能是其抗心律失常机制的细胞电生理基础。     

Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To define the cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of life-threatening arrhythmias in response to sympathetic activity in the congenital and acquired long QT syndromes (LCQTS). METHODS: Transmembrane action potentials (AP) from epicardial (EPI), M and endocardial (ENDO) cells and a transmural electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded from an arterially perfused wedge of canine left ventricle. We examined the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on action potential duration (APD90), transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and the development of Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in models of LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 forms of LQTS. RESULTS: I(Ks) block with chromanol 293B (LQT1) homogeneously prolonged APD90 of the three cell types without increasing TDR. Addition of isoproterenol prolonged QT and APD90 of M but abbreviated that of EPI and ENDO, causing a persistent increase in TDR; Torsade de Pointes developed or could be induced only in the presence of isoproterenol. I(Kr) block with d-sotalol (LQT2) and augmentation of late I(Na) with ATX-II (LQT3) prolonged APD90 of M more than EPI and ENDO, causing increases in QT and TDR. TdP developed in the absence of isoproterenol. In LQT2 isoproterenol initially prolonged, then abbreviated, the APD90 of M but always abbreviated EPI, thus transiently increasing TDR and the incidence of TdP. In LQT3, isoproterenol always abbreviated APD90 of the three cell types, causing a persistent decrease in TDR and suppression of TdP. The arrhythmogenic as well as protective actions of isoproterenol were reversed by propranolol. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that beta-adrenergic stimulation induces TdP by increasing transmural dispersion of repolarization in LQT1 and LQT2 but suppresses TdP by decreasing dispersion in LQT3. The data indicate that beta-blockers are protective in LQT1 and LQT2 but may facilitate TdP in LQT3.     

Antiarrhythmic peptide AAPl0 prevents ventricular arrhythmia in rabbit LQT2 model

Background and Objective Increased transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) has been shown to contribute toinitiation and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmia in long QT syndromes(LQTS).Intercellular uncoupling through gap junctions isan important mechanism for maintaining TDR in both intact and diseased heart.The present study was to test the hypothesis thatimproving gap junction communication reduces TDR and prevents ventricular arrhythmia in rabbit LQT2 model.Methods Anarterially perfused rabbit left ventricular preparation and E-403 (0.5μmol/L)were used to establish a model of LQT2.Preparationswere randomly assigned to control(n=10),AAP-100nmol/L(n=10),AAP-500nM(n=10)groups.Transmural ECG as well as actionpotentials from both endocardium and epieardium was simultaneously recorded. Resuits In LQT2 model.presence of 500nmol/LAAP10 reduced endocardial action potential and TDR and prevented ventricular arrhythmia comparing with the control and AAP 100nmol/Lgroups(P＜0.05).Conclusions The presence of 500 nmol/LAAP10 reduces TDR and prevents ventricular arrhythmia in rabbitventricular model of LOT2.This study suggests a possible role of GJs in TDR in rabbit LQT2 model and indicates a new clinicalapproach to the management of LQTS.     

胺碘酮对肥厚心肌钙调蛋白激酶活性的影响

目的观察口服胺碘酮对肥厚心肌细胞钙调蛋白激酶(CaMK)活性的影响,探讨胺碘酮抗心律失常的作用机制。方法30只家兔随机分为假手术组、心肌肥厚组和胺碘酮组,每组10只,喂养3个月,制备兔左室楔形心肌块。同步记录楔形心肌块容积心电图和内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位(TAP),程序电刺激诱发室性心律失常,并观察各组QT间期、跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)、早期后除极(EAD)和尖端扭转型室性心动过速(Tdp)的诱发率。利用放射免疫法测定心肌细胞CaMK活性。结果胺碘酮组和心肌肥厚组QT间期、内外膜心肌细胞TAP复极90%时程(APD90)和TDR均较假手术组明显延长(P<0.01),胺碘酮组QT间期和内、外膜心肌细胞APD90与心肌肥厚组相比进一步延长(P<0.05),但对TDR无明显影响。与假手术组比较,心肌肥厚组EAD和Tdp的发生率较假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),胺碘酮组EAD和Tdp的发生率较心肌肥厚组降低(P<0.05)。心肌肥厚组心肌细胞CaMK活性较假手术组明显升高,胺碘酮组CaMK活性较心肌肥厚组降低(P均<0.05)。结论胺碘酮抗心律失常的作用机制可能部分与抑制CaMK活性有关。     

Sodium pentobarbital reduces transmural dispersion of repolarization and prevents torsades de Pointes in models of acquired and congenital long QT syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Sodium pentobarbital is widely used for anesthesia in experimental studies as well as in clinics, and it is known to prevent the development of torsades de pointes (TdP) in in vivo models of the long QT syndrome (LQTS). METHODS AND RESULTS: This study examines the effects of pentobarbital on transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and induction of TdP in arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparations in which transmembrane action potentials were simultaneously recorded from epicardial, M, and endocardial regions using floating glass microelectrodes together with a transmural ECG. d-Sotalol and ATX-II were used to mimic the LQT2 and LQT3 forms of congenital LQTS. Both d-sotalol (100 micromol/L, n = 6) and ATX-II (20 nmol/L, n = 6) preferentially prolonged the action potential duration (APD90) of the M cell, thus increasing in the QT interval and TDR, and leading to the development of spontaneous and stimulation-induced TdP. In the absence and presence of d-sotalol, pentobarbital (10, 20, and 50 microg/mL) prolonged the APD90 of epicardial and endocardial cells, and, to a lesser extent, that of the M cell, thus prolonging the QT interval but reducing TDR. In the ATX-II model, the effects of pentobarbital on the QT interval and APD90 were biphasic: 10 microg/mL pentobarbital further prolonged APD90 of epicardial and endocardial cells more than that of the M cell; 20 to 50 microg/mL pentobarbital abbreviated the APD90 of epicardial and endocardial cells less than that of the M cell, thus abbreviating the QT interval and markedly reducing TDR. Twenty to 50 microg/mL pentobarbital totally suppressed spontaneous as well as stimulation-induced TdP in both models CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that pentobarbital reduces TDR in control and under conditions of congenital and acquired LQTS, and suggest that this mechanism may contribute to the ability of the anesthetic to prevent the development of spontaneous as well as stimulation-induced TdP under conditions mimicking LQT2, LQT3, and acquired (drug-induced) forms of the LQTS. The data also serve to illustrate that there are circumstances under which QT prolongation may not be arrhythmogenic.     

短QT间期综合征发生室性心律失常机制探讨

目的:探讨吡那地尔(pinacidil)建立的短QT间期综合征模型致室性心律失常的机制,并观察缝隙连接激动剂抗心律失常肽(AAP10)对该模型电生理参数的影响.方法:利用pinacidil灌注家兔楔形心肌块建立短QT间期综合征模型. 将20只新西兰长耳白兔随机分成pinacidil组和AAP10组,每组10只.pinacidil组灌流10 μmol/L的pinacidil,AAP10组灌流AAP10 500 nmol/l和pinacidil 10 μmol/L的混合液,同步记录灌流前后内外膜动作电位和容积心电图,观察灌流前后QT间期,跨室壁离散度(TDR),程序性刺激观察心肌组织不应期和室性心律失常的诱发情况.结果:灌流pinacidil后,QT间期从(291±19)ms缩到(232±19) ms (P<0.05),TDR从(44±12)ms减少到(22±7)ms(P<0.05),而不应期从(164±8)ms减少到(112±14)ms(P<0.05),室性心律失常发生率从0/10增加至8/10(P<0.05).AAP10 组和pinacidil组的TDR、QT间期、不应期及室性心律失常的诱发率无显著差别.结论:TDR减小和不应期的缩短可能是pinacidil建立的短QT间期模型致室性心律失常的基础,AAP10对pinacidil诱导的短QT间期综合征模型电不稳定性无明显影响.     

兔左室跨壁电活动短期记忆的异质性特征

目的观察兔左室内、外膜侧心肌电活动动态恢复曲线、局部S1S2恢复曲线,以及短期记忆特性随刺激频率的变化。方法采用8只冠状动脉灌注兔左室楔形组织块标本,同步记录跨壁心电图和内、外膜侧心肌细胞动作电位,测量每一次搏动的动作电位时程。对标本经心内膜侧心尖部施加干扰向下扫描刺激方式刺激。首先给予基础刺激周长(BCL0)为2 000 ms 10次刺激后,改变BCL1刺激(自600～300 ms),观察恢复曲线整体图及其跨壁异质性。结果随刺激加快两种恢复曲线斜率均逐渐增大。但内膜侧斜率增大更为明显,随刺激加快内、外膜间差异具显著性(P<0.05)。动态恢复曲线斜率的改变较局部S1S2恢复曲线斜率更为明显。动态恢复曲线与S1S2恢复曲线斜率的夹角α值反映瞬时短期记忆现象,随BCL减小α值逐渐增大,且内膜侧增大更为明显(P<0.05)。结论兔左心室壁内膜侧的动态恢复曲线和局部S1S2恢复曲线斜率均较外膜侧大,内膜侧心肌的短期记忆现象更为明显,可能为起源于心内膜侧期前刺激所引起单向传导阻滞易损窗大于外膜侧的机制之一。     

门冬氨酸钾镁对肥厚心肌室性心律失常的抑制作用

目的:观察口服门冬氨酸钾镁对肥厚心肌室性心律失常的影响并探讨门冬氨酸钾镁抗心律失常的作用机制。方法:将家兔随机分为假手术组、心肌肥厚组和门冬氨酸钾镁组。假手术组开腹但不行腹主动脉缩窄术,心肌肥厚组和门冬氨酸钾镁组采用腹主动脉缩窄术制备家兔心肌肥厚模型,喂养8周,制备兔左心室楔形心肌块,利用浮置玻璃微电极法同步记录楔形心肌块跨壁心电图和内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位,观察各组QT间期和内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位以及跨室壁复极离散度(TDR),程序电刺激诱发室性心律失常,记录早期后除极(EAD)和尖端扭转型室性心动过速(TDP)的诱发率。结果:门冬氨酸钾镁组和心肌肥厚组QT间期和内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位复极90%时程(APD90)和TDR较假手术组明显延长(均P<0.01)。门冬氨酸钾镁组与心肌肥厚组相比以上各项指标均明显缩短(均P<0.05)。假手术组、心肌肥厚组和门冬氨酸钾镁组EAD的发生率分别为0、100%和50%,TDP的发生率分别为0、40%和10%。心肌肥厚组与假手术组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),门冬氨酸钾镁组与心肌肥厚组相比EAD和TDP的发生率明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:肥厚心肌TDR增大,心律失常的发生率显著升高。门冬氨酸钾镁降低TDR,可明显降低EAD和TDP的发生率。