2005年我院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院2005年感染病原菌的分布及耐药现状，为加强医院感染控制及临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对我院2005年监测感染患者临床标本中分离的337株病原菌构成比和耐药性进行分析。结果革兰氏阴性杆菌占主导地位，其构成比分别为革兰氏阴性杆菌61．4％，真菌19．9％，革兰氏阳性球菌18．7％。革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦敏感性高，对其它抗生素耐药率呈上升趋势，葡萄球菌、肠球菌对万古霉素100％敏感，对甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌占45．2％。结论加强感染病原菌检测及耐药性监测。合理使用抗生素，控制感染。     

三年中医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性，为加强医院感染控制及临床抗感染治疗提供参考。方法：对2001年～2003年医院感染患者中分离出的551株病原菌的株数及构成比和耐药性进行分析。结果：医院感染病原菌检出率葡萄球菌23％，链球菌6．5%，肠杆菌科细菌38%～50%，非发酵菌80h～14．6％，真菌为12．3％～20．79％。占主要地位的是大肠埃希菌，肺炎克雷伯氏细菌和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌，产EBSLs的肠杆菌科细菌近年检出率明显增高。病原菌对复方新诺明、青霉素类和氨基甙类普遍耐药，与革兰氏阳性球菌比较，革兰氏阴性杆菌对氨基甙类抗生素的耐药率相比较低。结论：我院医院感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，真菌的感染率较高，增加，临床标本的送检率，加强对病原菌和耐药性的检测，对指导临床合理使用抗生素，减少医院感染的发生有重要意义。     

慢性阻塞性肺病下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药性分析

目的：总结慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药性的特点。方法：回顾性分析近一年本院收治的明确诊断为COPD的患者痰标本细菌培养和药敏报告。结果：COPD急性发作期下呼吸道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，占70.6％．主要有肺炎克雷伯杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、绿脓杆菌和大肠杆菌等．ESBLs阳性率达26．5％；革兰氏阳性菌占29．4％。以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主。21.9％的患者有2种以上细菌混合感染。32．3％的患者合并真菌感染。药敏显示大多数革兰氏阴性杆菌对三代头孢、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、氧哌嗪青霉素和阿莫西林 棒酸等抗生素比较敏感。泰能对ESBLs阳性的细菌敏感率达100％，而由β—内酰胺酶抑制剂组成的复合制剂的敏感率较低。革兰氏阳性球菌的耐药性较高，除万古霉素高度敏感外，对其它抗生素均呈现不同程度耐药。结论：C0PD急性发作期下呼吸道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌多见，常有多种细菌混合感染，又耐药现象严重，临床医师应重视革兰氏阴性杆菌的治疗，合理应用抗生素，控制呼吸道的感染。     

呼吸道感染病原菌分布及药敏结果分析

目的 为了解医院感染病原菌的分布耐药率。以控制院内感染，并为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 对我院2003年住院患者的痰标本进行分离培养，鉴定细菌并进行药物敏感实验。结果 从2003年523例痰标本中检出致病菌408株，其中革兰氏阳性球菌115株，革兰氏阴性杆菌248株，酵母样真菌35株，革兰氏阳性杆菌10株。革兰氏阳性球菌对万古敏感率最高达到100％。革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为90．4％。结论 院内感染以葡萄球菌属，假单胞菌属。肠杆菌属为主要菌群。分别占28．9％、34．7％、27．6％。随着细菌产酶率及多重耐药率的增加，抗生素合理应用十分必要。     

败血症感染的病原菌检验与耐药600例分析

目的：分析败血症感染的病原菌检验与耐药检验,对临床中应用抗生素的重要性。方法：对我院疑似败血症患者的600例血液标本采取血培养,鉴定和药敏分析。结果：所有血液标本分析后显示病原菌的构成,以革兰氏阴性杆菌为最多,革兰氏阳性球菌次之,培养真菌大约占16．50％,喹诺酮类耐药菌占76％以上,其中碳青霉烯类、加酶抑制剂类及万古霉素是革兰氏阴性杆菌及阳性球菌耐药性相对较低的抗生素。结论：我院2年来败血症主要的病原菌是以革兰氏阴性杆菌占主要的,真菌也有一定数量,其对临床抗菌药物均存在较高的耐药性。     

2007年至2009年下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的：探讨下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况。为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法：对医院2007年1月至2009年12月间住院的下呼吸道感染患者痰培养分离出的2401株病原菌进行鉴定和耐药分析。结果：2401株菌中革兰氏阴性杆菌1533株,占63.85%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌（15.73%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（12.47%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（12.05%）、大肠埃希菌（7.11%）;真菌531株。占22.12%,主要为白假丝酵母菌;革兰氏阳性球菌337株,占14.04%,主要以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。革兰氏阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的敏感率最高,但对其它抗菌药的敏感率下降趋势明显;革兰氏阳性球菌对万古霉素仍能保持较高的敏感率（100%）,但对其它抗菌药的耐药情况严重。结论：下呼吸道常见细菌对常用的抗生素耐药率较高,临床应严格遵守抗生素使用原则,合理应用抗生素。     

重症监护病房院内下呼吸道感染病原菌及其药敏试验结果分析

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）住院患下呼吸道感染的病原学特点及防治策略。指导临床应用抗生素。方法：对ICU院内肺部感染患深部普进行培养并做药敏试验。结果：221例呼吸道感染患痰培养出病原菌268株，其中革兰氏阴性（G^-）杆菌178株，占66．42％；革兰氏阳性（G^ )球菌5株，占20．29％，真菌36株，占13．43％。药敏试验表明所有细菌均对二种以上的抗生素耐药，未发现对万古霉素耐药的金葡菌。结论：ICU院内肺部感染的致病菌以G^-杆菌为主，铜绿假单胞菌仍是首要致菌；ICU内真菌感染比较严重，ICU内获得性肺部感染不仅数量增加而且细菌耐药性增强，了解本单位病原菌种类及耐药性的变化，合理使用抗生素是降低危重病患院内肺部感染发病率和病死率的重要措施。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者呼吸道病原学分析

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期患者下呼吸道感染的病原学特点及耐药性,旨在对临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法回顾性分析COPD急性加重期患者115例的痰培养及药敏试验结果.结果革兰氏阴性杆菌88株,占64.70%,主要包括铜绿假单胞菌21.3%、大肠埃希氏杆菌16.9%等;革兰氏阳性球菌42株,占30.9%,主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌11.03%,溶血葡萄球菌6.62%等;真菌6株,占4.41%,主要为白色念珠菌3.68%.革兰氏阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类、加酶抑制剂的抗菌药物有低耐药率,革兰氏阳性球菌对万古霉素有低耐药率.结论 COPD急性加重期患者下呼吸道病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌占主导,病原菌多重耐药现象明显,临床医生应加强抗生素合理使用防止耐药细菌产生     

手术切口感染病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的：分析手术切口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性，为预防和治疗术后感染提供依据。方法：送检术后切口感染患者伤口标本进行常规病原菌培养鉴定及药敏试验。结果：外科感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主。占51．7％，主要为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌；革兰氏阳性球菌占32．8％，主要为肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌；真菌占12．8％，主要为白色念珠菌。分离菌对临床常用抗生素表现为不同程度的耐药性。结论：术后切口感染病原菌种类多，耐药谱复杂，应加强感染菌的分离和耐药性检测。     

197株引起肺部感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：了解拉萨地区肺部感染的病原菌种类及耐药情况；方法：对痰培养阳性的细菌种类及药敏情况进行统计分析；结果：456标本检出197株病原菌，检出率43．2％。其中革兰氏阳性球菌99株占（99／197）50．25％，革兰氏阴性杆菌65株占（65／197）32．99％，革兰氏阳性杆菌18株占（18／197）9．14％，酵母样真菌15株占（15／197）7．61％；革兰氏阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主42株占（42／197）21．32％，革兰氏阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯氏菌为主13株占（13／197）6．6－％； 金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢三素、头孢哌酮、头孢唑啉、环丙沙星敏感率较高，对复方新诺明、氨苄青霉素、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、链霉素等我院常用抗生素耐药率较高；丁胺卡那、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮、头孢三嗪、头孢唑啉对革兰氏阴性杆菌敏感率较高；结论：本地区引起肺部感染的主要病原菌为：革兰氏阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主，革兰氏阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯氏菌为主，主要病原菌对头孢类抗生素敏感率较高，对我院常用抗生素：复方新诺明、青霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素、红霉素耐药率较高，临床医生应根据病原菌特点及药敏结果选择用药。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.