2006年武汉市城区1470名干部职工体检结果分析

[目的]了解武汉市城区干部职工患病特点,并为制定健康教育政策提供依据。[方法]对2006年下半年到武汉市一医院盘龙亚健康体检中心进行体检的武汉市城区1470名干部职工的患病情况进行分析。[结果]全部体检者总患病率为87.28%,男性为89.75%,女性82.68%,男性患病率高于女性（P﹤0.01）;39岁以下人群男女共患疾病前3位的是高脂血症,慢性咽炎,脂肪肝;40～59岁人群男女共患疾病前3位的是高脂血症,脂肪肝,高血压;60岁以上人群患病率前4位的疾病为肝囊肿,高脂血症,脂肪肝,高血压;60岁以上男性前列腺增生患病率高达72.09%,为该年龄段男性患病率最高的疾病。[结论]干部职工的健康状况令人担忧,应该加强健康教育及行为干预,定期体检。     

中老年人主要疾病谱分析及保健措施

目的研究中老年人健康状况．分析疾病谱，从而有针对性地做好军队干部预防保健工作。方法对4813名北京市部分军队单位参加健康体检的中老年人所患各类疾病情况进行汇总分析。结果列疾病谱前10位疾病患病率依次为：高脂血症（51．5％）、脂肪肝（38．4％）、前列腺增生（31．3％）、口腔疾病（29．2％）、高血压病（28．4％）、肝囊肿（13．6％）、鼻部疾病（10．9％）、冠心病（10．3％）、慢性肾脏疾病（10．2％）、屈光不正（10．2％）。患病率与性别、年龄、工作状况等因素相关，高脂血症等高发病、常见病与个人生活方式密切相关。结论应采取各种科学的干预措施改善中老年人群健康状况，提高健康水平。     

实施健康管理对健康体检人群干预效果的观察

目的探讨健康管理对健康体检人群的干预效果。方法对2008年加入天津医科大学总医院健康管理中心健康管理的65个单位中的2555名员工进行全面体格检查,根据体检结果,对患各种疾病的人群进行有针对性的临床治疗,并对参加体检的全人群（2555人）进行健康教育,生活行为、膳食营养干预。干预1年后复检,通过对相关检查结果进行干预效果评估。结果2008年主要疾病检出率依次为脂肪肝（35．8％）、高脂血症（27．5％）、高血压（22．3％）、高尿酸血症（9．4％）、糖尿病及空腹血糖受损（IFG）或糖耐量受损（IGT）（5．0％）;采取干预措施1年后,该人群高脂血症（18．3％）、高血压（12．2％）、高尿酸血症（4．7％）检出率较干预前下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）;而脂肪肝（33．4％）、糖尿病及IFG或IGT（3．9％）检出率差异无统计学意义。结论健康干预在接受健康管理人群中具有良好的健康促进作用。     

衡水市市直单位在职职工健康检查资料

目的通过健康检查,了解衡水市市直单位在职职工主要健康问题,给出健康管理建议。方法收集2013年在河北省衡水市哈励逊国际和平医院体检科参加健康检查的衡水市直在职职工23 970例体检结果进行统计分析。结果患病率前6位疾病为高脂血症、高血压、甲状腺结节、幽门螺旋杆菌（HP）抗体阳性、脂肪肝、高血糖;男女特有疾病子宫肌瘤、前列腺肥大的患病率也较高,分别为13.96%和12.26%。除HP抗体（＋）外余疾病患病率存在明显的性别、年龄差异（P〈0.01）。甲状腺结节患病率女性高于男性,其余疾病患病率均为男性高于女性;高脂血症、高血压、甲状腺结节、脂肪肝、高血糖、前列腺肥大的患病率均随年龄增大而升高,在51~60岁患病率最高;41~50岁女性子宫肌瘤的患病率最高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。高脂血症、高血压、甲状腺结节、脂肪肝、高血糖5种疾病不同职业中患病率不同,高脂血症、脂肪肝在政府机关人员中最高,高血压、甲状腺结节、高血糖在技术人员中最高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论高脂血症、高血压、甲状腺结节、HP抗体（＋）、脂肪肝、高血糖、前列腺肥大、子宫肌瘤为该调查人群常见疾病,应重点预防,制定健康管理规划。     

2009~2013年军队体检人群疾病谱分析

目的通过大样本数据了解军队≥35岁体检人群的健康状况,为后续研究以及应对策略的制定提供基础数据。方法通过整群抽样的方法对军队在三甲医院进行常规年度查体人群2009~2013年度的体检结果进行数据提取和分析。结果该人群患病前5位的疾病分别为前列腺增生、高血压、高脂血症、脂肪肝、白内障,5年间该5种疾病位次变化不大,平均患病率分别为37.39%、35.79%、35.39%、28.32%、17.59%。在前10位疾病中,女性患病率低于男性。结论军队体检人群中常见疾病为前列腺增生、高血压、高脂血症、脂肪肝、白内障,疾病构成稳定,女性患病情况优于男性。     

西南政法大学1178名教职工健康状况分析

目的了解教职工的健康状况,为有针对性地开展预防保健和健康教育提供依据。方法对1178名教职工进行全面的体检并对结果进行分析。结果体检异常者1086例,检出率为92．19％。体检异常类共46种,前10位顺位是：高脂血症、脂肪肝、肝囊肿、高血压、心电图异常、血小板减少、高尿酸血症、胆结石、糖尿病、HBsAg阳性。男性前5位是：高脂血症、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、心电图异常、高血压;女性前5位是：高脂血症、宫颈炎、肝囊肿、脂肪肝、高血压;高脂血症、高血压、心电图异常、血小板减少、高尿酸血症、糖尿病的检出率男性高于女性（P〈0．05）。结论我校教职工的健康状况不容乐观,定期组织全面的体检,加强对教职工的健康教育,提高教职工的自我保健意识,是预防疾病和早期发现、早期诊断、早治疗疾病的有效方法。     

民航飞行员健康状况调查

目的了解民航某航空公司飞行员健康状况。为增进飞行员身体健康、保障航空安全提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法，对同一批飞行员从2000～2004年每年进行一次健康体检，以每年的疾病患病率、患病种类作纵向分析比较。结果（1）飞行员2000～2004年总患病率分别为39．5％，44．2％，50．3％，52．4％和58．5％，呈逐年增加趋势，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（2）5年中影响飞行员健康的5种主要疾病是高脂血症、视力不良、听力下降、脂肪肝和高血压，其中高脂血症患病率逐年增加，年间差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。（3）45岁～组高脂血症、听力下降、脂肪肝和眼底疾病的患病率均高于〈45岁各组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论高脂血症、视力不良、听力下降、脂肪肝和高血压是影响飞行员健康最主要的疾病，应加强对飞行员的健康教育并采取有效的干预措施，以控制常见病的发生，提高飞行员的健康水平。     

合肥某高校教职工体检结果分析

目的了解高校教职工身体健康状况,为高校教职工个性化健康指导提供依据。方法对某高校4711名教职工健康体检结果进行统计分析。结果体检发现异常指标或查出疾病者4433例,占参检总数的94．1％;278人体检结果未见明显异常,占5．9％。检出率居前10位的异常或疾病依次为脂肪肝、心电图异常、高脂血症、高血压、高尿酸血症、高血糖、胆囊息肉、胆囊结石、肾结石。男性在脂肪肝、高脂血症、高血压、高尿酸血症、高血糖及肾结石中的检出率高于女性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论高校教职工健康状况不容乐观,尤其是男性教职工,应加强教职工的健康管理,提高其自我保健意识,养成健康的生活方式,提高生活质量。     

扬州大学师范学院教职工健康状况分析

（目的）为了解高校教职工健康状况及变化趋势,便于预防和治疗。（方法）1999年5月我校对教职工进行了健康体检。（结果）冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管病等慢性疾病的检出率男女性别比较差异无显著性。而脂肪肝、高脂血症检出率的性别比较差异有显著性（0．05＞P＞0．01）。心电图异常和高血压病的患病率则随年龄的增长而增加。高脂血症、脂肪肝的检出率男性在60岁以后,女性在70岁以后开始下降。（结论）老年教职工心脑血管病的发病率高,应高度重视和积极防治。     

广东增城地区干部职工高脂血症的患病率及相关因素分析

目的了解健康体检的干部职工高脂血症的流行病学特征,探讨高脂血症的相关因素。方法人选2221例广州增城地区单位干部职工,包括公安系统、法院、政府部门、税局、交通局、银行系统的工作人员,分别测量身高、体重、血压、心电图、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸以及作肝脏B超检查。结果2221例体检人群中发现高脂血症797例,患病率为35．9％,其中高TC患病率为15．1％,高TG患病率为21．7％,高LDL—C患病率为18．8％。发病高度集中在30-39岁人群中。单因素相关分析高脂血症与年龄、性别、高尿酸血症、高血压、超重／肥胖、心电图异常、高血糖、脂肪肝正相关（P〈0．05）,与胆囊炎胆石症无显著性相关性（P〉0．05）。非条件logistic回归分析高脂血症与性别、高尿酸血症、超重／肥胖、脂肪肝正相关（P〈0．05）。结论广东增城地区干部职工高脂血症的患病率高;超重／肥胖、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、高血糖是高脂血症的重要相关因素。防治高脂血症必须落实健康教育和健康促进,增强人群的自我保健意识,改变不良的饮食、生活习惯。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.