甘露聚糖结合凝集素在新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症中的研究意义

目的探讨新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症患儿体内降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和甘露聚糖结合凝集素(MBL)水平的变化,以期为新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症的早期诊断、病情轻重判断及预后评估提供参考依据。方法选取120例新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症患儿作为脓毒症组,120例单纯新生儿肺炎患儿作为非脓毒症组,120例健康新生儿作为对照组。脓毒症组患儿根据病情严重程度分为轻度脓毒症亚组(n=71)和重度脓毒症亚组(n=49)。比较各组新生儿血清MBL、hs-CRP和PCT水平的不同,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析血清MBL、hs-CRP和PCT对新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症的诊断价值。结果 3组患儿血清hsCRP和PCT水平比较为:脓毒症组>非脓毒症组>对照组,而血清MBL水平比较为:脓毒症组<非脓毒症组<对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。轻度脓毒症亚组患儿血清hs-CRP和PCT水平明显低于重度脓毒症亚组水平,而血清MBL水平明显高于重度脓毒症亚组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Person相关性分析结果显示:新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症患儿血清MBL与hs-CRP、PCT呈正相关(r=0.20、0.21,P=0.03、0.02)。绘制ROC曲线分析得出血清MBL、hs-CRP和PCT对新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症的诊断曲线下面积分别为0.797、0.819、0.709,灵敏度分别为78.3%、68.5%、79.2%,特异度分别为80.8%、71.7%、82.5%。结论新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症患儿血清MBL水平显著降低,且与脓毒症严重程度密切相关,可用于新生儿肺炎合并脓毒症的诊断和病情监测。     

载脂蛋白M对新生儿细菌性肺炎的诊断价值研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白M(Apo M)在新生儿细菌性肺炎中的价值,以期为临床新生儿细菌性肺炎的诊断和治疗提供临床依据。方法选取80例新生儿细菌性肺炎患儿作为观察组,80例健康新生儿作为对照组,比较两组新生儿血清Apo M、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)水平的差异,比较观察组新生儿血清Apo M、hs-CRP和PCT水平与疾病严重程度的关系,绘制ROC曲线分析血清Apo M、hs-CRP和PCT对新生儿细菌性肺炎的诊断价值。结果观察组患儿血清hsCRP和PCT水平较对照组患儿显著升高,而血清Apo M明显低于对照组患儿;重度肺炎组患儿血清hs-CRP和PCT水平较轻度肺炎组患儿显著升高,而血清Apo M明显低于轻度肺炎组患儿;绘制ROC曲线分析得出血清Apo M、hs-CRP和PCT诊断新生儿细菌性肺炎AUC分别为:0.843、0.794、0.879,敏感性分别为:80.3%、67.5%、81.3%,特异性分别为:83.5%、80.2%、83.8%。结论新生儿细菌性肺炎患儿的血清Apo M水平显著降低,且与肺炎严重程度关系密切,可用于新生儿细菌性肺炎的诊断和病情监测。     

新生儿肺炎患者血清载脂蛋白E的表达变化及意义探讨

目的测定血清ApoE在新生儿肺炎中的表达变化及探讨其临床意义。方法选取85例新生儿肺炎患儿作为观察组,85例健康新生儿作为对照组,比较两组新生儿血清载脂蛋白E(ApoE)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)水平的差异,比较观察组新生儿血清ApoE、hs-CRP和PCT水平与疾病严重程度的关系,绘制ROC曲线分析血清ApoE、hsCRP和PCT对新生儿肺炎的诊断价值,采用Spearman进行新生儿肺炎患儿血清ApoE、hs-CRP和PCT间的相关性分析。结果观察组患儿血清ApoE、hs-CRP和PCT水平较对照组显著升高,重度肺炎组患儿血清ApoE、hs-CRP和PCT水平较轻症肺炎组患儿显著升高,比较具有统计学意义(P0.05)。绘制ROC曲线分析得出ApoE、hs-CRP和PCT对新生儿肺炎的诊断AUC分别为:0.903、0.874、0.956,敏感性分别为:80%、82.4%、83.5%,特异性分别为:92.9%、81.2%、97.6%。进行Spearman相关性分析得出新生儿肺炎患儿血清ApoE与hs-CRP之间呈不存在相关性(r=0.108,P=0.324),血清ApoE与PCT之间存在正相关性(r=0.379,P0.01),血清hs-CRP与PCT之间存在正相关性(r=0.325,P0.01)。结论新生儿肺炎患儿的血清ApoE水平显著升高,且与肺炎严重程度密切相关,可用于新生儿肺炎的诊断和病情监测。     

肺炎合并脓毒症患者检测血清降钙素原、超敏C反应蛋白的临床意义

目的:探讨肺炎合并脓毒症患者检测血清降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)的临床意义.方法:纳入2009年1月至2011年3月入院的肺炎患者190例,分为非脓毒症72例、轻度脓毒症87例、严重脓毒症19例、脓毒症休克12例.比较各组患者间PCT、hsCRP、APACHEⅡ评分的差异.绘制受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线),分析PCT、hsCRP、APACHEⅡ评分对肺炎合并严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克的诊断价值.结果:非脓毒症、轻度脓毒症、严重脓毒症、脓毒症休克患者的PCT水平、APACHEⅡ评分依次升高,各组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组脓毒症患者的hsCRP水平均高于非脓毒症组(P<0.05),但不同程度脓毒症间的hsCRP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).PCT、hsCRP、APACHEⅡ评分诊断肺炎合并严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.876、0.769、0.887.PCT、hsCRP、APACHEⅡ评分分别以≥2 ng/mL、≥75 mg/L、≥11分为截点诊断肺炎合并严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克性能最高,敏感度分别为61.29%、80.65%、90.32%,特异度分别为88.05%、67.92%、81.76%.结论:PCT、hsCRP对判断肺炎合并脓毒症严重程度有一定应用价值,其中hsCRP的敏感度优于PCT,而PCT的特异度优于hsCRP,PCT比hsCRP更能反映脓毒症的严重程度.     

联合检测降钙素原和超敏C反应蛋白对新生儿败血症早期诊断的临床价值

目的:评价联合检测降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitiveC-reactive protein,hs-CRP)对新生儿败血症的早期诊断价值,并探讨血清含量与新生儿败血症疾病严重程度的相关性.方法:选取37例败血症新生儿(败血症组)、52例局部感染新生儿(局部感染组)和30例非感染新生儿(非感染组),分别采用免疫荧光法和散射免疫比浊法测定其血清中PCT和hs-CRP的含量.结果:败血症组患儿的hs-CRP和PCT血清水平均高于局部感染组患儿以及非感染组患儿(P<0.05),局部感染组患儿的PCT血清水平也显著高于非感染组患儿(P<0.05).分别以PCT≥2 ng/mL和hs-CRP≥10 mg/L为阳性标准,诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性和特异性分别为86.42%、60.02%和62.16%、50.07%,联合检测诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性和特异性则是95.62%和71.20%.败血症组患儿血清PCT水平与感染相关的器官衰竭评分呈正相关(P<0.05),与小儿危重病例评分呈负相关(P<0.05).结论:PCT和hs-CRP的联合检测能够提高对新生儿败血症早期诊断的临床应用价值,PCT值与新生儿败血症的严重程度呈正相关,动态监测PCT水平有助于评估疾病的治疗效果.     

血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP检测在新生儿脓毒症诊断评估中的价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1(sTREM-1)及N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)在新生儿脓毒症诊断评估中的应用价值。方法将80例脓毒症患儿(观察组)根据NCIS评分分为非危重组43例,危重组26例和极危重组11例,另选取80例感染非脓毒症患儿为对照组。检测各组患儿血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP水平,分析PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP对新生儿脓毒症的诊断价值。结果观察组患儿血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP水平明显高于对照组(P0.05)。随着病情的加重,脓毒症患儿血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP水平也显著升高(P0.05)。观察组患儿血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP水平之间均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。血清PCT、sTREM-1及NT-proBNP诊断新生儿脓毒症的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.888、0.821、0.803,其诊断灵敏度分别为80.0%、75.0%、60.0%,特异度为92.5%、76.2%、82.5%。结论血清PCT、sTREM-1及NTproBNP水平检测对新生儿脓毒症的诊断和病情评估具有重要临床价值。     

血清PCT和CRP联合检测对脓毒症患者的诊断价值

目的探究血清PCT(procalcitonin,PCT)和CRP(high-sensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)联合检测对脓毒症患者的诊断价值。方法选取100例脓毒症患者作为观察组,100例健康人群作为对照组,采用电化学发光分析法检测血清PCT水平,采用全自动生化分析仪检测血清hs-CRP水平,并比较血清PCT、CRP及PCT+CRP在诊断脓毒症中的敏感性与特异性。结果观察组患者的PCT水平为11.3±9.35μg/L,而对照组为0.05±0.01μg/L,两组比较,观察组PCT水平显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的CRP水平为78.95±5.64mg/L,而对照组为3.79±0.35mg/L,两组比较,观察组CRP水平显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);根据得到的PCT、CRP水平计算出各自试验结果对脓毒症诊断的敏感性和特异性指标,结果显示:PCT、CRP和PCT+CRP联合诊断脓毒症中的敏感性与特异性分别为88%与72%、93%与35%和97%与83%,PCT+CRP联合诊断脓毒症中的敏感性与特异性明显高于PCT、CRP单独诊断,差异非常明显,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相比较于单独检测,血清PCT和CRP联合检测能提高脓毒症诊断的准确率和敏感性,对脓毒症患者的诊断价值更大,值得推广。     

肺炎合并脓毒症患者PCT、hs-CRP检测的临床意义

目的探讨肺炎合并脓毒症患者血清降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)检测的临床意义。方法选取延安市人民医院收治的肺炎患者170例,根据患者合并脓毒症的情况分为非脓毒症组(63例),轻度脓毒症组(75例),严重脓毒症组(18例),脓毒症休克组(14例),并根据患者14d内的预后情况将其分为存活组(143例)和死亡组(27例)。观察并比较各组患者的PCT、hs-CRP水平及急性生理与慢性健康(APACHE-Ⅱ)评分。结果 PCT水平和APACHE-Ⅱ评分在非脓毒症组、轻度脓毒症组、严重脓毒症组及脓毒症休克组间呈逐渐递增的趋势,每两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);hs-CRP在非脓毒症组中的水平明显低于与其他各组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而在其余各两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PCT、hs-CRP及APACHE-Ⅱ评分在存活组中的水平明显低于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。脓毒症患者预后的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归,结果显示,PCT水平升高是影响脓毒症患者预后的危险因素(P0.05)。结论肺炎合并脓毒症患者血清PCT、hs-CRP检测可用于评价病情的严重程度和预后,其中血清PCT水平升高是影响脓毒症患者预后的危险因素。     

PCT、hs-CRP及二者联合检测对新生儿败血症的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)及高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)联合检测在新生儿败血症临床诊断中的应用价值。方法选取新生儿细菌性败血症患儿(病例组)156例(日龄≤3 d者88例、日龄4~28 d者68例)及新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿窒息患儿(对照组)245例(日龄≤3 d者162例、日龄4~28 d者83例)。按预设的时间段对研究对象采血,分别进行PCT、hs-CRP、血培养及血常规检测,并对资料进行统计分析。结果以血培养结果为金标准,PCT诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数≤3 d组分别为94.3%、39.5%、45.9%、92.7%、0.34,4~28 d组分别为85.3%、86.7%、84.1%、87.8%、0.72。hs-CRP诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数≤3 d组分别为85.2%、83.3%、73.5%、91.2%、0.69,4~28 d组分别为83.8%、83.1%、80.3%、86.2%、0.67。PCT与hs-CRP联合诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数≤3 d组分别为80.7%、90.1%、81.6%、89.6%、0.71,4~28 d组分别为77.9%、90.4%、86.9%、83.3%、0.72。结论在新生儿败血症诊断中,应优先采用PCT和hs-CRP双指标联合检测。     

急诊重症多发伤患者合并早期脓毒症血清PCT、IL-6及CRP水平检测的临床价值分析

目的分析检测急诊重症多发伤患者合并早期脓毒症血清降钙素原(PCT),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的临床价值。方法选取我院2013年5月～2018年5月收治的急诊重症多发伤合并早期脓毒症患者80例为脓毒症组,同期急诊重症多发伤未出现脓毒症的35例为非脓毒症组,另选择35例体检健康志愿者为正常对照组。分别对三组血清PCT、IL-6和CRP水平进行检测。结果脓毒症组患者PCT、IL-6及CRP水平显著高于非脓毒症患者和正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);脓毒症组患者中血清PCT、IL-6及CRP指标检测敏感性分别为83.3%、76.2%、71.3%;特异性分别为87.2%、42.8%、48.1%,PCT敏感性和特异性最佳。结论血清PCT、IL-6及CRP水平在急诊重症多发伤合并早期脓毒症患者中异常升高,对脓毒症的早期诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.