大鼠酒精中毒后大脑皮质、海马、小脑的病理学改变及caspase-3的异常表达

目的探讨大鼠慢性酒精中毒后大脑皮质、海马、小脑的病理学改变及caspase-3的异常表达。方法选用健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为两组,其中酒精中毒组30只;盐水对照组20只。酒精中毒组每日每只大鼠分别按8ml/kg灌胃2w,随后再按照10ml/kg灌胃1w,按12ml/kg灌胃1w,共灌胃4w。每日灌胃两次,其间隔均为6h,酒精浓度为50%。对照组用等量的生理盐水灌胃。并对两组大鼠进行体重、一般生物学特征、HE染色、TUNEL染色、免疫组化caspase-3的检测。结果造模成功后,两组大鼠的体重存在的统计学差异;HE染色后酒精组大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑锥体细胞数目减少,部分神经元变性、坏死;TUNEL法测定酒精组大鼠凋亡细胞数量明显多于对照组(P<0.05),酒精组大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑的caspase-3表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论慢性酒精中毒可引起大鼠大脑皮质、海马及小脑的病理学改变,出现神经细胞凋亡,引起与凋亡相对应部位caspase-3阳性表达,并参与大鼠酒精中毒后凋亡机制的发生、发展。     

酒精中毒后大鼠大脑皮质和海马的血管内皮生长因子变化及相关机制

目的观察酒精中毒后大鼠大脑皮质和海马的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)变化。方法Wistar雄性大鼠酒精灌胃4周造成酒精中毒模型。通过免疫组化SP染色的方法进行大鼠大脑皮质及海马VEGF的测定。结果对照组大鼠大脑皮质及海马VEGF均未表达,酒精组大鼠大脑皮质其中5只VEGF为强阳性表达,7只为阳性表达,3只为弱阳性表达,2只未表达。海马区7只为强阳性表达,6只为阳性表达,2只为弱阳性表达,2只未表达。结论酒精中毒后可以引起VEGF的表达,VEGF的表达可能对脑血管与神经细胞有保护作用。     

慢性酒精中毒脑病大鼠脑部血管及组织病理改变和血浆ET-1变化

目的观察慢性酒精中毒脑病大鼠脑血管和脑组织病理改变及血浆ET-1变化。方法用灌胃法制备慢性酒精中毒脑病大鼠的动物模型;提取对照组和酒精组大鼠额叶、小脑及海马进行病理学观察,并采用放免法于造模后4,8,12,16周末测定各组血浆ET-1水平。结果酒精组额叶血管出现内皮细胞脱落、内弹力膜出现皱褶、管壁轻度增厚,管腔轻度狭窄等一系列病理改变;额叶大脑皮质及海马神经细胞数目缺失,排列不规则,细胞核固缩;小脑皮质浦肯野细胞明显减少,细胞外形不规则,胞体呈明显三角形改变,部分逐渐溶解及消失,颗粒细胞层细胞减少。酒精组血浆ET-1水平较对照组显著升高（P〈0.05）。结论慢性酒精中毒会导致一系列脑组织及脑血管病理改变,酒精导致的脑血管损害是酒精中毒性脑病发生的病理机制之一。ET-1参与了酒精中毒性脑病的病理过程。     

慢性酒精中毒及戒断对大鼠海马NMDA受体亚基NR2B表达的影响

目的观察慢性酒精中毒及戒断对大鼠海马内N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚基NR2B(NMDAR2B)表达的变化。方法本研究将56只成年雄性大鼠随机分为6个实验组各8只和对照组8只,前者包括5个50%酒精灌胃组和1个15%酒精灌胃组,连续给予灌胃8周;8周后5个50%酒精灌胃组分为未戒断组、戒断36h组、戒断3d组、戒断1周组和戒断2周组。用柳田知司评分法评定戒断症状,采用免疫组织化学方法检测NMDAR2B的表达水平。结果①大鼠灌胃50%酒精8周后可观察到戒断反应;②50%和15%酒精灌胃组NMDAR2B受体表达水平均较对照组增多(P<0.05);③50%酒精灌胃组戒断后36h、3d和1周NMDAR2B水平上调,均较对照组明显增多(P<0.05),并在3d时达到高峰,此后开始下降;④至戒断2周下降至低于对照组,并有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论给大鼠灌胃50%酒精8周可达到慢性酒精中毒;NMDAR2B表达异常可能是慢性酒精中毒与戒断综合征的重要机制。     

大鼠慢性脑缺血后Chat表达特征及丁基苯酞的影响

目的 研究大鼠慢性脑缺血后大脑皮质和海马中胆碱乙酰基转移酶(Chat)表达特征及丁基苯酞(dl-butyphthalide,NBP)的影响.方法 健康wistar大鼠60只,雌雄不拘,随机分为4组,每组15只.A组:对照组(假手术 溶剂);B组:单纯缺血组(手术 溶剂);C组:缺血低剂量治疗组(手术 低剂量NBP 溶剂);D组:缺血高剂量治疗组(手术 高剂量NBP 溶剂).对照组除不结扎双侧颈总动脉外,其他的处理同模型组.C组和D组造模2月后分别按60mg/kg、120 mg/kg给予丁基苯酞每日灌胃,丁基苯酞用花生油稀释至2ml,A组和B组每日给予花生油2ml,各组皆连续灌胃一个月,用免疫组织化学SABC法在光镜下观察各组皮层和海马chat的表达.结果 B组皮质和海马chat表达与A组相比明显减少.C组、D组和B组相比chat表达增多,D组和C组相比chat表达明显增多,差异有统计学意义.结论 慢性脑缺血后大鼠皮层和海马chat表达减少,丁基苯酞通过对慢性脑缺血大鼠神经细胞凋亡有明显的抑制作用使chat表达增多.     

双氢麦角碱对急性酒精中毒大鼠海马DG区氨基酸含量的影响

目的观察双氢麦角碱对急性酒精中毒大鼠海马齿状回(dentate gyrus,DG)区细胞外液部分氨基酸含量的影响。方法将成年Wistar大鼠(270±30 g)18只随机分成对照组(n=6)、酒精组(n=6)和治疗组(n=6)。酒精组与治疗组大鼠胃内先灌入50%食用酒精,每次0.5 ml,每10 min灌1次,直到大鼠出现酒精中毒状态为止。30 min后,治疗组大鼠灌胃双氢麦角碱0.7 mg/kg,酒精组灌胃同等剂量的生理盐水,对照组给予同等剂量的生理盐水。各组动物用脑内微量透析法及高效液相色谱法测定海马DG区细胞外液中的几种氨基酸类神经递质的含量,包括谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、天冬氨酸(aspartate,Asp)、谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln)、甘氨酸(Glycine,Gly)、牛黄酸(Taurine,Tau)和丙氨酸(Alanine,Ala)。结果 (1)与对照组相比,急性酒精中毒时大鼠海马DG区细胞外液中的Asp、Glu和Gly的含量均明显增加(均为P<0.05),而Gln、Tau和Ala含量无明显变化(均为P>0.05)。(2)治疗组大鼠海马DG区细胞外液中的Asp、Glu和Gly的含量与对照组相比无显著差异(均为P>0.05)。结论(1)急性酒精中毒与海马DG区Asp、Glu和Gly含量增加有关。(2)双氢麦角碱可降低急性酒精中毒导致的大鼠海马DG区Asp、Glu和Gly含量。     

慢性酒精中毒大鼠自由饮模型的建立

目的采用大鼠自由饮用不同低浓度的酒精饮料的造模方法,建立与人体慢性酒精中毒类似的简便、理想的大鼠慢性酒精中毒自由饮模型。方法将成年Wistar雄性大鼠40只随机分成对照组、6％酒精组、8％酒精组和12％酒精组,每组各10只。对照组大鼠给予自来水,24h自由饮用。模型组大鼠每天自由饮用各浓度的酒精饮料,不给予水。造模4个月后通过气相色谱法测定血酒精浓度,采用光学显微镜及电子显微镜分别观察酒精中毒后大鼠脑部的病理变化。结果（1）造模4个月后,模型组大鼠血中酒精浓度在150～200mg／100ml。（2）造模后透射电镜下模型组额叶、小脑、海马突触间隙厚度变薄,突触数量减少,突触小泡数量增多,突触间隙变窄,突触厚膜致密物电子密度降低;光镜下仅有小脑及海马有病理改变。结论自由饮用低浓度酒精饮料4个月可以建立慢性酒精中毒大鼠自由饮模型。     

阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD模型的氧化应激及凋亡的影响

目的观察阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD大鼠模型的氧化应激和凋亡的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠40只,体质量250～300g,随机分为空白对照组、假手术组、Aβ组、Aβ+生理盐水组、Aβ+阿托伐他汀组,每组8只。后3组在大鼠双侧海马CA1区立体定向注射Aβ造AD模型,假手术组注射生理盐水,正常对照组不做任何处理。Aβ+阿托伐他汀组在造模1周前开始给予阿托伐他汀20mg/(kg.d)灌胃,Aβ+生理盐水组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。造模4周后,测定大鼠脑皮质、海马组织MDA、SOD及GSH活性的变化;蛋白印迹技术检测大鼠海马区Bcl-2及Caspase-3的表达。结果与空白对照组相比,Aβ组大鼠脑皮质、海马组织内MDA活性明显升高(P<0.05),SOD、GSH活性明显降低(P<0.05),Caspase-3的表达升高(P<0.05),Bcl-2的表达降低(P<0.05),与Aβ组相比,Aβ+阿托伐他汀组大鼠的大脑皮质、海马组织内MDA明显减低(P<0.05),SOD、GSH活性明显升高(P<0.05),Caspase-3的表达下降(P<0.05),Bcl-2的表达升高(P<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD大鼠模型有一定的脑保护作用,其机制与抑制氧化应激及抗凋亡有关。     

丝胶干预2型糖尿病大鼠海马及大脑皮质血红素加氧酶1的表达

目的：探讨丝胶对2型大鼠海马及大脑皮质血红素加氧酶1（HO-1）表达的影响。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组,每组10只。糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组大鼠均采用链脲佐菌素连续腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,以血糖≥16.7mmol/L作为成模标准。待模型成功建立后,模型组大鼠不再作任何处理,丝胶治疗组大鼠给予丝胶（2.4g/kg/d）灌胃35天。HE染色观察海马和大脑皮质的形态变化;分别采用Western Blotting和RT-PCR法检测海马和大脑皮质HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果：糖尿病模型组大鼠海马及大脑皮质的神经细胞均出现明显的病理变化,HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达明显高于正常对照组大鼠（P＜0.01）。丝胶治疗组大鼠海马、大脑皮质神经细胞的病理变化明显减轻,HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达明显低于模型组大鼠（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。结论：丝胶可通过下调海马及大脑皮质HO-1的表达,减轻糖尿病时HO-1高表达对海马及大脑皮质神经细胞的毒性损害,发挥对糖尿病神经系统损伤的保护作用。     

美解眠急、慢性致癫痫大鼠海马和大脑皮质糖皮质激素受体变化的研究

目的　观察癫痫大鼠大脑皮质、海马糖皮质激素受体 (GR)的改变 ,阐明 GR在癫痫发生发展中的作用。方法　采用美解眠皮下注射方式建立大鼠癫痫模型。应用免疫组织化学 ABC法测定 60只 SD雄性大鼠大脑皮质及海马齿状回 GR阳性细胞数目的变化。结果　急性致癫痫组大鼠大脑皮质、海马齿状回 GR阳性细胞数显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;慢性致癫痫组大鼠大脑皮质、海马齿状回 GR阳性细胞数显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 )和急性致癫痫组 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。结论　大脑皮质和海马 GR水平的变化可能与癫痫发病有关。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.