肝移植术后并发消化道穿孔六例报告

目的总结肝移植术后并发消化道穿孔的临床特点及诊疗体会。方法6例肝移植患者术后并发消化道穿孔,其中4例既往有腹部手术史。穿孔诊断时间在肝移植后7～12 d,确诊前2～4 d均有突发性腹部疼痛,但均能耐受,仅有1例腹痛较明显,上中腹压痛及反跳痛,其余5例腹肌不紧张,反跳痛不明显,6例均无明显的寒战及高热,5例的引流物细菌培养发现屎肠球菌感染,另1例未行引流物细菌培养。诊断明确后在全身麻醉下施行剖腹探查及穿孔修补术。结果3例(1例横结肠穿孔,1例胃壁、空肠穿孔,1例空肠憩室穿孔)穿孔直径较大,腹腔污染严重,手术过程中均出现感染性休克症状,分别于修补术后第2、9、33天死于多器官功能衰竭,另外3例(1例为回肠穿孔,1例为胃壁穿孔,1例为横结肠穿孔)的腹腔污染较轻,经穿孔修补术及营养支持治疗后痊愈。结论既往腹部手术史、医源性损伤及大剂量激素的应用,是导致肝移植后并发消化道穿孔的重要原因,而激素的应用使得患者的临床症状不明显,早期诊断、及时处理是治疗成功的关键。     

非创伤性结直肠穿孔病因分析及治疗体会

目的探讨非创伤性结直肠穿孔的病因、诊断和治疗经过。方法对2018年5月至2020年5月收治的6例非创伤性结直肠穿孔病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例病人中,男性2例,女性4例,年龄33～78岁,平均年龄60.3岁。3例行手术治疗,其中肿瘤性结肠穿孔病人行左半结肠切除+横结肠造口术+腹腔引流术;自发性乙状结肠穿孔病人行剖腹探查+横结肠造口+腹腔引流+乙状结肠穿孔修补术,直肠穿孔病人行直肠穿孔挂线引流术。3例行保守治疗,予以禁食、肠外营养支持、抗感染、肝脓肿穿刺引流等对症治疗。6例病人均治愈出院。结论非外伤性结直肠穿孔病因复杂、病情变化快、并发症多,需密切关注病情变化,对于感染严重者,需及时行手术治疗,而病情较轻者可考虑保守治疗。     

伤寒肠穿孔的术式选择

作者于1976～1980年采用回肠—横结肠吻合术治疗的42例(其中7例切除了末端回肠)伤寒肠穿孔,和1963～1975年采用穿孔单纯缝合术的43例,在效果上作了比较: 两组的并发症发生率虽然都较高,但单纯缝合组32例(74%)发生重要并发症,而回肠—横结肠吻合组仅20例(47%)。分析原因为单纯缝合切口裂开和粪瘘发生率较高。从术后住院天数看,单纯缝合组(31.6±20.6天)也不如回肠—横结肠吻合组(22.3±8.8天)。单纯缝合组死亡13例,其中4例死于粪瘘;     

异物性肠穿孔10例临床分析

目的 总结消化道异物致成人肠穿孔的临床特征及诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析2011年8月至2020年10月我科收治的10例异物导致肠穿孔患者的临床资料。结果 本组异物性肠穿孔患者中十二指肠穿孔1例,空肠穿孔3例,回肠穿孔4例,乙状结肠穿孔2例。所有患者均行急诊手术治疗,其中8例行剖腹探查术,2例行腹腔镜探查术(其中1例中转开腹),均顺利完成手术并治愈,住院时间2～18 d。术后出现切口感染3例,肺部感染1例,经积极对症治疗后恢复良好出院。术后随访6个月患者均无特殊不适。结论 异物性肠穿孔临床较为少见,对病史及影像学检查可疑者应警惕异物性肠穿孔可能;治疗可根据病情选择剖腹探查或腹腔镜探查术,术中若发现可疑肠管,应进一步探查以免漏诊,其预后一般良好。     

保护性回肠造口在直肠癌超低位前切除术中的临床价值

目的探讨保护性回肠造口在直肠癌超低位前切除术中降低吻合口瘘发生率的临床价值。方法分析2003年1月至2005年9月在直肠癌超低位前切除术中施行与未施行保护性回肠造口患者的吻合口瘘发生情况。结果施行保护性回肠造口的39例患者仅2．6％（1例）发生吻合口瘘，但无自觉症状；平均住院时间为12（9—16）d。未施行保护性回肠造口的65例患者中吻合口瘘发生率12．3％（8例），分别予以横结肠造口、Hartmann术和腹会阴联合切除术及营养支持与局部冲洗引流治疗后愈合；出现吻合口瘘的患者平均住院时间为52（36—78）d。结论在直肠癌超低位前切除术中施行保护性回肠造口能降低吻合口瘘的发生率。     

延迟发现胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨延迟发现的胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年北京协和医院基本外科手术治疗5例胆胰肠结合部损伤患者的临床资料.5例均为延迟发现(损伤后24 h)的患者,其中4例为ERCP或EST+内支架植入术后造成胆胰肠结合部损伤,1例为车祸伤致十二指肠穿孔.结果 经保守治疗24～72 h,腹膜炎症状未减轻,急诊行手术.3例行胃、胆管和空肠三造瘘术,1例腹痛减轻,逐渐痊愈;2例因MODS于术后5～6周死亡.2例行十二指肠完全憩室化手术,术中结扎胆总管下段和幽门,修补十二指肠置T管和胃、空肠造瘘,腹膜后冲洗引流,6～7个月后再次重建消化道,行胆肠和胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,效果良好.结论 对于穿孔时间长、腹腔感染严重的患者,十二指肠完全憩室化是一种可考虑的选择.     

延迟发现胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨延迟发现的胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年北京协和医院基本外科手术治疗5例胆胰肠结合部损伤患者的临床资料.5例均为延迟发现(损伤后24 h)的患者,其中4例为ERCP或EST+内支架植入术后造成胆胰肠结合部损伤,1例为车祸伤致十二指肠穿孔.结果 经保守治疗24～72 h,腹膜炎症状未减轻,急诊行手术.3例行胃、胆管和空肠三造瘘术,1例腹痛减轻,逐渐痊愈;2例因MODS于术后5～6周死亡.2例行十二指肠完全憩室化手术,术中结扎胆总管下段和幽门,修补十二指肠置T管和胃、空肠造瘘,腹膜后冲洗引流,6～7个月后再次重建消化道,行胆肠和胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,效果良好.结论 对于穿孔时间长、腹腔感染严重的患者,十二指肠完全憩室化是一种可考虑的选择.     

胃癌急性穿孔的治疗:附40例分析

目的　探讨胃癌急性穿孔的临床特点 ,以指导临床诊治和提高其疗效。方法　对镇平县公疗医院收治的 40例胃癌急性穿孔患者采用不同形式的治疗方法 :10例行单纯穿孔修补术 ;2 1例行姑息性胃大部切除术 (其中 6例于术后 3周行腹腔淋巴结清扫术 ) ,5例行胃癌根治术 ,2例行胃造瘘或空肠营养性造瘘术 ,1例行单纯腹腔引流、灌洗术 ,1例非手术治疗。结果　本组死亡 4例。术后 1,2 ,3年生存率分别为 86.1% (3 1/ 3 6)、5 5 .6% (2 0 / 3 6)、3 6.1% (15 / 3 6)。分期手术疗效最佳。结论　早期诊断 ,采取手术切除加综合治疗是治疗胃癌穿孔患者的最佳方案 ,可改善其预后。     

延迟发现胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨延迟发现的胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年北京协和医院基本外科手术治疗5例胆胰肠结合部损伤患者的临床资料.5例均为延迟发现(损伤后24 h)的患者,其中4例为ERCP或EST+内支架植入术后造成胆胰肠结合部损伤,1例为车祸伤致十二指肠穿孔.结果 经保守治疗24～72 h,腹膜炎症状未减轻,急诊行手术.3例行胃、胆管和空肠三造瘘术,1例腹痛减轻,逐渐痊愈;2例因MODS于术后5～6周死亡.2例行十二指肠完全憩室化手术,术中结扎胆总管下段和幽门,修补十二指肠置T管和胃、空肠造瘘,腹膜后冲洗引流,6～7个月后再次重建消化道,行胆肠和胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,效果良好.结论 对于穿孔时间长、腹腔感染严重的患者,十二指肠完全憩室化是一种可考虑的选择.     

延迟发现胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨延迟发现的胆胰肠结合部损伤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年北京协和医院基本外科手术治疗5例胆胰肠结合部损伤患者的临床资料.5例均为延迟发现(损伤后24 h)的患者,其中4例为ERCP或EST+内支架植入术后造成胆胰肠结合部损伤,1例为车祸伤致十二指肠穿孔.结果 经保守治疗24～72 h,腹膜炎症状未减轻,急诊行手术.3例行胃、胆管和空肠三造瘘术,1例腹痛减轻,逐渐痊愈;2例因MODS于术后5～6周死亡.2例行十二指肠完全憩室化手术,术中结扎胆总管下段和幽门,修补十二指肠置T管和胃、空肠造瘘,腹膜后冲洗引流,6～7个月后再次重建消化道,行胆肠和胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,效果良好.结论 对于穿孔时间长、腹腔感染严重的患者,十二指肠完全憩室化是一种可考虑的选择.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.