胆道再次手术235例分析

目的总结胆道再次手术的经验，探讨胆道再次手术的原因、临床特点及处理方法。方法对1996年7月至2005年6月收治的235例胆道再次手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胆道再次手术的主要原因是肝胆管结石残留或复发，占全组病例的82．2％；其次为胆肠吻合术后狭窄，胆管囊肿，胆管狭窄及胆管肿瘤。再次手术治疗方式以肝叶切除（占66％）合并胆肠吻合或T管引流为主。胆道再次手术后并发症发生率为25％。结论胆道再次手术既有胆道疾病本身因素，亦有医源性因素；充分的术前准备，术中仔细探查，选择合理手术方式及合适的术后辅助治疗是减少胆道再次手术的关键。     

肝外胆道再次手术原因分析：附152例报告

目的：分析肝外胆道再次手术的原因，以期提高再次手术的安全性，降低再次手术率。
方法：回顾性分析4年8个月期间收治的152例肝外胆道再次手术患者的临床资料，主要包括既往手术原因、方式及再次手术的原因、方式。
结果：全组肝外胆道再手术原因：胆道残余结石（36例），结石复发（80例），胆道感染（12例），胆道损伤（18例）及其他（6例）。再次手术以胆总管探查+胆肠吻合为主，无1例围手术期死亡。术后随访1个月至2年，残石率为4.6%。
结论：肝外胆道再次手术的原因多种多样，但主要是胆道残余或复发结石（76.4%）；胆道损伤亦不容忽视。

     

265例胆道再次或多次手术的临床分析

目的 探讨导致胆道再次或多次手术的原因.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2011年6月上海市第六人民医院金山分院收治的265例行胆道再次或多次手术患者的临床资料.第1次胆道再次手术主要以取尽结石、修补胆管损伤、治疗恶性肿瘤为主要目的.手术方式主要包括胆总管切开取石+T管引流术或胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,经胆道镜或ERCP+ EST取石术,胆总管切开取石+肝段或肝叶切除+T管引流术或胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,胆管狭窄切开成形+胆肠内引流术,肝外胆管对端吻合+T管支撑引流术,肿瘤根治性或姑息性手术,单纯胆肠内引流术或内镜下置胆道内支架引流术,剖腹探查术,胆瘘或出血部位缝扎、止血、腹腔冲洗和置管引流术等.第2次或多次胆道再次手术以解除胆管狭窄,建立通畅的胆汁引流途径为目的.组间率的比较采用x2检验.结果 胆道第1次再次手术的主要原因为结石残留或复发,占69.8％ (120/172),明显高于胆道第2次或多次再次手术患者的31.2％( 29/93),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(x2 =36.51,P＜0.05).第2次或多次再次手术的主要原因是胆管或胆肠吻合口狭窄,占58.1％ (54/93),明显高于第1次再次手术的4.1％ (7/172),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=99.32,P＜0.05).265例患者中46例围手术期发生并发症,其中第1次胆道再次手术患者的并发症发生率为10.5％(18/172),明显低于第2次或多次胆道再次手术患者的30.1％(28/93),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(x2 =13.61,P＜0.05).围手术期死亡6例,死因为失血性休克或MODS;第1次胆道再次手术患者和第2次或多次胆道再次手术患者的病死率分别为1.7％(3/172)和3.2％( 3/93),两者比较,差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.59,P ＞0.05).结论 导致胆道再次或多次手术的原因包括疾病本身和手术操作.术前对病情充分评估,术中谨慎操作,选择合理的手术方式是降低再次手术及围术期并发症发生率的关键.     

70岁以上病人胆道再次手术46例临床分析

目的探讨高龄病人胆道再次手术的原因与防治策略。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2012年12月收治的46例各类高龄(70岁)胆道再次手术病人的临床资料。结果 46例高龄再次胆道手术病人中44例痊愈出院,2例住院期间死亡。围术期发生并发症共19例次(41.3%)。结论高龄病人胆道再手术既有胆道疾病本身原因,也有医源性因素。重视术前准备、术中仔细探查、选择合理手术方式是减少胆道再手术的重要因素。把握好胆道再手术的策略是再手术成功的关键。     

肝内胆管结石外科治疗体会

回顾性总结 2 30例肝内胆管结石的外科治疗效果 ,其中胆道探查组 12 6例 ,胆肠内引流组 72例 ,肝叶 (段 )切除组 32例。术后 3年B超复查 ,发现胆道探查组结石残留或复发率为 76 .2 %( 96 12 6 ) ,再次手术率为 42 .1%( 5 3 12 6 ) ;胆肠内引流组结石残留或复发率为 70 .8%( 5 1 72 ) ,再次手术率为 2 5 .0 %( 18 72 ) ;肝叶 (段 )切除组结石残留或复发率为12 .5 %( 4 32 ) ,再次手术率为 9.4%( 3 32 )。肝叶 (段 )切除组结石残留或复发率、再次手术率明显低于胆道探查组及胆肠内引流组 (P <0 .0 1)。说明对区域性肝内胆管结石而言 ,肝叶 (段 )切除术效果明显优于胆、肠吻合术及胆道探查、取石、引流术。但肝内胆管结石分布、严重程度及所致后果不同 ,应根据个人的具体情况 ,选择正确的手术方式 ,解除胆管狭窄 ,去除原发病灶。     

胆道再次手术术前的评估及处理策略

目的 评估胆道再次手术术前相关问题及处理策略.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年5月收治的471例胆道再次手术患者的临床资料.结果 胆道再次手术主要原因是肝内外胆管结石残留或复发,占73.5％.再次胆道手术主要手术方式包括:胆道探查+T管引流术;胆道探查+肝门部胆管(或胆总管)空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术等.术后并发症35例,发生率为7.4％.围手术期死亡3例,死亡原因为多脏器功能衰竭.结论 胆道再次手术要加强术前相关问题的评估,制定合理治疗措施.胆道再次手术中支架的置入要慎重,肝功能Child分级标准不适合再次胆道手术时合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的评估要求.     

胆道结石再手术110例临床分析

目的探讨胆道结石再手术原因、术式及处理方法。方法回顾性分析了自2005～2010年间在我院进行胆道取石手术461例病人,其中共有110例(23.8%)胆道结石再手术病例的临床资料。结果:手术主要原因为结石残留或复发、胆管感染、胆管狭窄及内科ERCP取石困难或失败者等。再次手术方式以胆总管切开T管引流术、胆肠Roux-Y吻合术、肝左外叶切除术等。结论:完善的术前检查、应用多种方法彻底清除结石、选择合理的手术方式及术中严格遵循手术原则,是手术成功、降低结石复发率的关键。     

����ֲ������ǺϿڵ�����խ�ķ���

目的探讨原位肝移植术后非吻合口胆管狭窄(NABS)的预防和治疗措施。方法对2004年1月至2006年12月中山大学附属第一医院收治的516例同种原位肝移植病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。总结肝移植术后发生NABS的情况。结果共发生NABS18例(3.5%),其中肝门部胆管狭窄9例,肝内胆管多发狭窄6例,肝内外胆管多发狭窄3例。18例病人采用给予反复的介入、内镜治疗、外科重建胆道及再次肝移植治疗。该组近期临床治愈率为55.6%(10/18),与NABS相关的再次肝移植率为38.9%(7/18),与NABS相关病死率为22.2%(4/18)。结论肝移植术后发生NABS临床处理棘手,应注重预防。NABS的治疗主要包括介入治疗和手术治疗,其中胆管介入治疗在NABS的临床处理中仍占重要地位,对于介入治疗、外科手术重建胆道等措施均无法控制其进行性发展的重度NABS病人,应把握好时机行再次肝移植。     

胆道再次手术125例治疗分析

目的 调查胆道再次手术的原因、方法 及效果.方法 回顾性分析125例再次胆道手术的手术原因、手术方式、手术时机、术后并发症及疗效.结果 既往曾行胆道手术1～3次,再次手术发现为肝胆管结石并狭窄者占88.8%.根据不同情况采用不同手术方式.术后检查无残石,症状完全消失95例(76.0%);术后残石并发反复胆管炎25例(20.0%);术后死亡5例(4.0%).结论 合理的术式、正确的手术时机及围手术期处理是降低再手术率及术后并发症的关键.     

单中心23年胆道外科腹腔镜手术中转开腹的原因分析

目的分析解放军总医院23年间胆道外科行腹腔镜手术中转开腹的情况,分析其中转开腹的常见疾病和原因。 方法根据相关纳入标准回顾性分析解放军总医院胆道外科1992年4月至2014年12月期间收治的连续348例腹腔镜手术中转开腹患者的临床资料,描述胆道外科腹腔镜手术的整体中转开腹情况,进而分析其中转开腹的常见病因及原因。 结果(1)解放军总医院胆道外科1992年4月起至2014年12月止23年间收治腹腔镜手术中转开腹患者共348例,总体中转开腹率为2.96%(348/11 767);其中11例患者有上腹手术史,其中转开腹率为25.58%(11/43)。(2)在所有患者中,最常见的中转开腹疾病是胆囊良性疾病和肝外胆管结石,分别占77.30%和16.67%。胆囊良性疾病的中转开腹率为2.41%,肝外胆管结石的中转开腹率为14.61%。(3)胆道外科腹腔镜手术常见中转开腹原因是粘连,占93.97%;其次是出血和癌变,分别占2.59%和2.30%,因损伤所致的中转开腹仅占1.15%。(4)对于胆囊良性疾病和肝外胆管结石患者而言,粘连是其最常见的中转开腹原因,分别占97.40%和98.28%。 结论胆道外科腹腔镜手术应严格掌握适应证,尤其是既往有上腹手术史的患者;如遇到无法控制的出血和损伤情况应及时中转开腹,以保证手术的安全。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.