局灶性脑缺血时吡拉西坦对缺血半球能量代谢的影响

目的　观察吡拉西坦对局灶性脑缺血时缺血半球能量代谢的影响。方法　采用动脉腔内插线大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型及测定缺血 2 h/再灌注 2 h后缺血半球内乳酸 ( L A)水平、乳酸脱氢酶 ( L DH)和肌酸激酶 ( CK)活性的变化 ,HE染色结合图像分析测定缺血后 2 4h的梗死体积。结果　吡拉西坦 ( 2 0 0 mg/kg)可明显降低缺血半球内 L A水平 ,增加 L DH的活性 ,对 CK活性无明显影响 ,它可明显降低缺血 2 h/再灌注 2 2 h后的皮质、皮质下结构和半球的梗死体积。结论　吡拉西坦具有明确的抗局灶性脑缺血作用 ,它可明显改善缺血组织的能量代谢状态 ,增加 L DH的活性 ,减轻乳酸堆积及组织酸中毒 ,缩小梗死体积。     

D1和D2受体拮抗剂对乙灶性脑缺血梗塞体积及脑血流的影响

目的 研究多巴胺（ＤＡ）Ｄ１受体拮抗剂ＳＣＨ－２３３９０和Ｄ２受体拮抗剂Ｅｔｉｃｌｏｐｒｉｄｅ对可逆性乙灶性脑缺血梗塞体积及皮层半暗带脑血流的影响。方法 采用激光多普勒脑血流计测量大鼠可逆性乙灶性脑缺血各时相皮层半暗带脑血流,并于缺血后２４小时断头取脑切片,ＴＴＣ染色,计算机图样分析系统测量脑梗塞体积。结果 Ｄ１受体拮抗剂ＳＣＨ－２３３９０可明显缩小局灶性脑缺血梗塞体积,改善缺血期各时相皮层半暗带     

N-甲苯磺基-L-苯乙胺酰氯甲基酮抗脑缺血作用

目的 研究表明丝氨酸蛋白酶及其抑制剂参与脑缺血引起的神经元损伤。本研究初步观察糜蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂N－甲苯磺基－L－苯乙胺酰氯甲基酮（N-tosyl-L-phenylanyl chloromethyl ketone,TPCK)对局灶性脑缺血的保护作用。方法 利用大鼠线栓法局灶性脑缺血模型（脑缺血1h／再灌注23h)及激光多普勒血流计、氯化三苯基四氮唑（2，3，5－triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色和图像分析仪，观察TPCK对半暗带脑血流（Penumbral cerebral blood flow,pCBF)和梗死体积的影响。结果 TPCK虽不影响pCBF,但可缩小梗死体积。结论 糜蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶参与脑缺血继发性损伤，其作用机制有待进一步研究。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白mRNA表达与梗死体积的关系

为了探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注缺血半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白(APP)转录水平与缺血时间及梗死体积的相互关系,用插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,剥取缺血半暗带皮质组织,采用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),测定永久性缺血48 h和不同缺血时间再灌注48 h后,APPmRNA水平的变化.结果显示,梗死体积随再灌注前缺血时间的延长而增大,皮质半暗带缺血30 min再灌注48 h APPmRNA表达升高;缺血60min和缺血120 min再灌注48 h APPmRNA升高明显;缺血180 min再灌注48 h和永久性缺血48 h APPmRNA达到高峰.提示缺血半暗带APPmRNA的表达随再灌注前缺血时间延长而增加并与梗死体积有一定的相关性,早期再灌注可减少其表达.((GFDAl))     

局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤核心区及半暗带的组织学定位

目的观察局灶性脑缺血1h和2h,再灌注至24h后的组织损伤及核心区和半暗带的组织学定位。方法利用大鼠局灶脑缺血模型及HE染色和图像分析,对损伤进行定量。结果缺血核心区表现为脑组织的完全坏死,半暗带位于核心区周围,表现为选择性神经元死亡,其中缺血1h组的病变变异较大。缺血2h组的皮质、纹体和半球核心区及其半球病变明显大于缺血1h组(P依次<0.02、0.01、0.01和0.05)。依据大鼠脑立体定位图谱,对缺血2h和缺血1h的皮质、纹体核心区和半暗带进行了组织学定位。结论脑缺血损伤时,皮质和纹体均存在核心区和半暗带,其定位相对恒定,为应用脑微透析方法探讨脑缺血损伤机制,提供了组织学依据。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白mRNA表达与梗死体积的关系

为了探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注缺血半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白(APP)转录水平与缺血时间及梗死体积的相互关系，用插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，剥取缺血半暗带皮质组织，采用半定量逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR），测定永久性缺血48h和不同缺血时间再灌注48h后，APPmRNA水平的变化。结果显示，梗死体积随再灌注前缺血时间的延长而增大，皮质半暗带缺血30min再灌注48h APPmRNA表达升高；缺血60min和缺血120min再灌注48h APPmRNA升高明显；缺血180min再灌注48h和永久性缺血48h APPmRNA达到高峰。提示缺血半暗带APPmRNA的表达随再灌注前缺血时间延长而增加并与梗死体积有一定的相关性，早期再灌注可减少其表达。（（GFDA1））。     

多巴胺D2、D3受体在大鼠暂时性局灶性脑缺血中的作用

目的 确定多巴胺D2、D3受体是否介导脑缺血时多巴胺的神经毒性作用。方法 用尼龙线阻断大鼠大脑中动脉制备局灶性脑缺血模型，用图像分析仪计算梗塞体积，激光多普勒血流计监测皮层半暗带脑血流。结果 E－101在2mg/kg剂量时明显减小梗塞体积，并使皮层半暗带血流明显升高，U－99194A在5mg/kg剂量时产生与前者相似的效果，但是其梗塞体积减小和脑血流升高的程度均较低。结论 D2受体参与介导了脑缺血时多巴胺的神经毒性作用，D3受体是否介导该作用仍需进一步研究证实。     

血管内尼龙线栓塞大鼠大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血模型的改进

目的 确立更规范统一的制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型方法，使脑梗死体积更加稳定。方法 对24只大鼠使用液态硅胶涂层尼龙线栓塞大脑中动脉，分别缺血l，2，6和24h后再灌注24h，监测缺血侧局部脑血流，测定脑梗死体积及脑水肿程度。结果 缺血后所有大鼠局部脑血流均降到缺血前基值的25％以下，TTC染色显示所有动物在缺血侧皮质和尾状核均有明显的梗死灶和缺血，缺血1h组梗死体积与缺血2h以上组有显性差异，缺血2h以上各组之间梗死体积无显性差异；各组脑水肿程度无显性差异。结论 应用硅胶涂层尼龙线结合局部脑血流监测，缺血2h以上同时予以血流监测，可制作梗死体积稳定的大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤中IGF-I mRNA表达

目的　观察局灶性脑缺血损伤中 IGF- I m RNA的表达特点 ,探讨其调控机制。方法　采用自体血凝块注入颈内动脉的方法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血 2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、2 4 h、4 8h模型 ,应用原位杂交及 RT- PCR方法 ,检测缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m RNA的表达。结果　局灶性脑缺血损伤时 ,缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m R-NA表达增加 ,尤以缺血半暗带区增加明显。结论　 IGF- I对局灶性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用。     

高血压对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤组织病理结构的影响

目的研究高血压对脑缺血性损伤的病理及其超微结构的影响。方法用线栓法将肾性高血压大鼠和正常大鼠制成局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型；TTC染色及图像分析系统测定局部脑缺血后不同时间的梗死灶体积．同时HE染色及透射电镜观察大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后及假手术组的组织病理及超微结构的变化。结果高血压大鼠与正常血压大鼠相比局部缺血再灌注在同等时间内梗死灶的面积较大，超微结构改变也较明显。结论高血压引起脑内微小动脉的改变．侧支循环减少．加重脑缺血损伤。     

去骨瓣减压术对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后脑水肿、血脑屏障、脑血流变化的影响

目的:观察去骨瓣减压术对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑水肿、血脑屏障(BBB)及脑血流(CBF)的影响,探讨该手术对缺血性脑损害的保护机制。方法:改良Koizumi′s法制作脑缺血大鼠动物模型,脑缺血后6h行去骨瓣减压术,分别在术后3和7d观察脑水肿和血脑屏障的变化,另持续观察缺血1h 去骨瓣减压2h的CBF变化。结果:去骨瓣减压术后半暗区CBF增加更加持久和有效,在术后第3天时BBB破坏范围明显缩小,术后第7天时脑水含量明显降低。结论:去骨瓣减压术对局灶性脑缺血的保护作用可能与增加半暗区CBF、改善BBB破坏和减轻脑水肿有关。     

microRNA-21 Confers Neuroprotection Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Alleviates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Rats via the MAPK Signaling Pathway

The mechanism contributing to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, involved in poststroke edema and hemorrhagic transformation, is important but elusive. We investigated microRNA-21 (miR-21)-mediated mechanism in the disruption of BBB following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats with cerebral I/R injury were prepared after middle cerebral artery occlusion and subsequent reperfusion. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of miR-382 were investigated with treatment of miR-382 mimics, miR-382 inhibitors, or SB203580 (an inhibitor of the MAPK signaling pathway) prior to I/R modeling. Compared with sham-operated rats, rats following I/R showed increased Longa’s scores, ischemic hemisphere volume, cerebral infarct volume, EB content in brain tissues, enhanced levels of p38, iNOS, and MMP-9. The ectopic expression of miR-21 by mimics and MAPK signaling inhibition by SB203580 reduced Longa’s scores, ischemic hemisphere volume, cerebral infarct volume, EB content in brain tissues, decreased levels of p38, MAP2K3, iNOS, and MMP-9. The luciferase activity determination showed miR-21 bound to MAP2K3 in its 3′UTR. miR-21 downregulation mediated by inhibitors appeared to yield an opposed trend. We also found that MAPK signaling inhibition by SB203580 could rescue rats with treatment of miR-382 inhibitors. The study highlights the neuroprotective role of MiR-21 during cerebral I/R injury and its preventive effect against BBB disruption by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway via targeted inhibition of MAP2K3, potentially opening a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.     

蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7降低局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活化

目的 研究蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7对局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶Calpain和Caspase-3活性的影响.方法 采用动脉腔内插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,在缺血前15min经脑室给予H-7(125μg/大鼠),测定缺血1h再灌注23h(R23h)时,半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性、Calpastatin和微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的含量及梗死体积.结果 H-7明显降低R23h时半暗带和核心区μ-和m-Calpain及Caspase-3的活性,升高核心区Calpastatin的含量及半暗带和核心区MAP-2的含量,缩小梗死体积.结论 H-7通过抑制半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性,降低局灶性脑缺血损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of protein kinase inhibitor H-7 on the activation of calpain and caspase-3 in penumbra and core after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Rats received 1h focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal filament. H-7 ( 125 μg/rat) was administered intracerebroventricularly 15 min before ischemia. The activities of calpain and caspase-3, the levels of calpastatin and microtubule-associated protein-2 ( MAP-2 ) , and the infarct volume were assessed by casein zymography,fluorometry, Western blot analysis,and staining the brain sections with 2,3 ,5-tripheny-ltetrazolium chlorides,respectively. Results Compared with ischemic control, H-7 markedly reduced the activities of μ-and m-calpain, and caspase-3 , increased the levels of MAP-2 in penumbra and core, and enhanced the levels of calpastatin in core. Moreover, animals treated with H-7 showed a significant reduction in infarct volume. Conclusions These data demonstrate the protection of H-7 against focal cerebral ischemia through inhibiting the activation of calpain and caspase-3.     

Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment with macrolide antibiotics on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury

Abstract

Objective:

This study aims to determine if macrolide antibiotics have neuroprotective effects against transient cerebral ischemia.

Methods:

Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia for 90 minutes followed by 24 or 72 hours of reperfusion. An oral suspension of roxithromycin (RXM), clarithromycin (CAM), erythromycin (EM), azithromycin (AZM), or kitasamycin (INN) was given at 10 or 100 mg/kg for 7 days before ischemia. The infarct volume, edema volume, and neurological performance were evaluated after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system after 90 minutes of ischemia. Another experiment was conducted to investigate how the ischemic injury was affected by the interval from the antibiotic pretreatment to the ischemia in rats pretreated with CAM.

Results:

Roxithromycin, CAM, AZM, and INN significantly reduced the infarct volume in the high-dose group after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. All of the agents significantly decreased the edema in the high-dose groups at 24 and 72 hours, while only CAM and AZM significantly reduced the edema volume in the low-dose groups at 24 hours. All of the macrolide antibiotics at the high dose significantly improved neurological deficit scores at 24 and 72 hours. There were no differences in the CBF between the vehicle and respective antibiotic groups. In the experiment examining the interval, the 24-hour interval group exhibited the strongest neuroprotective effect.

Discussion:

These results demonstrate that the macrolide antibiotics RXM, CAM, EM, AZM, and INN may confer neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage following cerebral ischemia without affecting the CBF.     

Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats.

Cerebral ischemic preconditioning protects against stroke, but is clinically feasible only when the occurrence of stroke is predictable. Reperfusion plays a critical role in cerebral injury after stroke; we tested the hypothesis that interrupting reperfusion lessens ischemic injury. We found for the first time that such postconditioning with a series of mechanical interruptions of reperfusion significantly reduces ischemic damage. Focal ischemia was generated by permanent distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion plus transient bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion. After 30 secs of CCA reperfusion, ischemic postconditioning was performed by occluding CCAs for 10 secs, and then allowing for another two cycles of 30 secs of reperfusion and 10 secs of CCA occlusion. Infarct size was measured 2 days later. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in animals subjected to permanent MCA occlusion plus 15 mins of bilateral CCA occlusion, which demonstrates that postconditioning disturbed the early hyperemia immediately after reperfusion. Postconditioning dose dependently reduced infarct size in animals subjected to permanent MCA occlusion combined with 15, 30, and 60 mins of bilateral CCA occlusion, by reducing infarct size approximately 80%, 51%, and 17%, respectively. In addition, postconditioning blocked terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling-positive staining, a marker of apoptosis, in the penumbra 2 days after stroke. Furthermore, in situ superoxide detection using hydroethidine suggested that postconditioning attenuated superoxide products during early reperfusion after stroke. In conclusion, postconditioning reduced infarct size, most plausibly by blocking apoptosis and free radical generation. With further study it may eventually be clinically applicable for stroke treatment.     

Exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents postischemic downregulation of [3H]muscimol binding to GABA(A) receptors in the cortical penumbra

We have previously shown that exogenous application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduces infarct volume in the cortical ischemic penumbra after experimental focal ischemia [Stroke 31 (2000) 2212-2217]. Since BDNF is known to modulate the expression and function of various neurotransmitter receptors, we addressed the question whether BDNF may act via modification of postischemic ligand binding to excitatory NMDA and AMPA and/or inhibitory GABA(A) receptors, respectively. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced in male Wistar rats for 2 h using the suture occlusion technique. A period of 30 min after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, BDNF (300 microg/kg per hour in vehicle; n=5) or vehicle alone (n=5) was continuously infused intravenously for 3 h. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, postischemic ligand binding of [(3)H]MK-801, [(3)H]AMPA and [(3)H]muscimol was analyzed in the ischemic core, the ischemic cortical penumbra and corresponding regions of the contralateral hemisphere. Transient focal ischemia caused a significant reduction of [(3)H]muscimol binding to GABA(A) receptors within the ischemic cortical penumbra of placebo-treated rats. This was largely prevented by exogenous application of BDNF. [(3)H]MK-801 and [(3)H]AMPA binding values were also reduced in the cortical penumbra and the corresponding area of the contralateral hemisphere. Our data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of BDNF against ischemic damage in the cortical penumbra may be mediated in part by maintained activity of the inhibitory GABAergic system which likely counteracts glutamate induced excitotoxicity.     

CD18-mediated neutrophil recruitment contributes to the pathogenesis of reperfused but not nonreperfused stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neutrophil (PMN) recruitment mediated by increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (ICAM-1, CD54) in the cerebral microvasculature contributes to the pathogenesis of tissue injury in stroke. However, studies using blocking antibodies against the common beta2-integrin subunit on the PMN, the counterligand for ICAM-1 (CD18), have demonstrated equivocal efficacy. The current study tested the hypothesis that mice deficient in CD18 would be protected in the setting of reperfused but not nonreperfused stroke. METHODS: Two groups of mice were studied, those whose PMNs could express CD18 (CD18 +/+) and those mice hypomorphic for the CD-18 gene (CD18 -/-). PMNs obtained from CD18 -/- or CD18 +/+ mice were fluorescently labeled and tested for binding to murine brain endothelial monolayers. Using a murine model of focal cerebral ischemia in which an occluding suture placed in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is removed after 45 minutes (transient ischemia, reperfused stroke) or left in place (permanent ischemia, nonreperfused stroke), cerebral infarct volumes (% ipsilateral hemisphere by TTC staining), cerebral blood flow (CBF, % contralateral hemisphere by laser-Doppler flowmetry), and survival (%) were examined 24 hours after the initial ischemic event. Adoptive transfer studies used 111In-labeled PMNs (from either CD18 +/+ or CD18 -/- mice) to examine the relative accumulation of PMNs in the ischemic region. RESULTS: PMNs obtained from CD18 -/- mice exhibit reduced adhesivity (compared with CD18 +/+ PMNs) for both quiescent and cytokine-activated endothelial monolayers. CD18 -/- mice (n=14) subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia demonstrated a 53% decrease in infarct volumes versus CD18 +/+ mice (n=26, P<0.05), improved penumbral CBF at 24 hours (1.8-fold, P=0.02), and a 3.7-fold decrease in mortality (P=0.02). However, when CD18 -/- mice (n=12) were subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia, no differences were noted in infarct volume, mortality, or CBF versus similarly treated CD18 +/+ mice (n=10). There was a greater accumulation of CD18 +/+ PMNs in the ischemic zone of CD18 +/+ animals than CD18 -/- animals subjected to reperfused stroke (82% increase, P=0.02), although there was no difference between groups when subjected to permanent MCA occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Deficiency for the CD18 gene confers cerebral protection in a murine model of reperfused stroke, but this benefit does not extend to CD18-deficient animals subjected to permanent MCA occlusion. These data suggest that anti-PMN strategies should be targeted to reperfused stroke and may perhaps be used in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy that establishes reperfusion.     

3-硝基丙酸预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血神经元凋亡的影响

目的 :探讨小剂量线粒体毒素 3 硝基丙酸 ( 3 nitoppropionicacid ,3 NPA)预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血脑梗死体积 ,脑缺血半暗带神经元凋亡的影响 ,阐明 3 NPA预处理诱导脑缺血耐受的机制。方法 :大鼠腹腔注射 3 NPA 3d后制作大脑中动脉闭塞模型 ,采用TTC染色、TUNEL法和流式细胞术 ,观察 3 NPA预处理对缺血 2h再灌注 2 4h脑梗死体积、神经元凋亡的影响。结果 :缺血 2h再灌注 2 4h ,3 NPA预处理组脑梗死体积变小 ,神经元凋亡减少 ,与对照组比有显著性差异。结论 :3 NPA预处理可以诱导脑缺血耐受 ,抑制神经元凋亡可能是其机制之一     

17beta-Estradiol attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in female rats

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), mediated through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a critical event during cerebral ischemia. While neuroprotective effects of estrogens have been well established in ischemic stroke models, the effects of estrogens on BBB integrity remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we determined effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on BBB disruption induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia and its effects on MMP2 and MMP9 activation. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 1 h followed by reperfusion in ovariectomized rats. E2 (100 microg/kg) or vehicle was administered 2 h before MCA occlusion. BBB integrity was determined by fluorescent detection of extravasated Evans blue. In separate experiments, effect of E2 on MMP2 and MMP9 expression and activation was determined by immunoblot and MMPs activity assay. E2 treatment prevented more than 50% and 30% of BBB disruption in the ischemic cortex and subcortex at 4 h after reperfusion, respectively. MMP2 and MMP9 expression was elevated at 2 h and peaked at 4 h after reperfusion in the ischemic cortex, which was markedly reduced by E2 treatment. E2 treatment also attenuated the increase of MMPs activity induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. In conclusion, estrogens could attenuate BBB disruption induced by transient cerebral ischemia, by inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9 activation. Our results suggest an important role of estrogens as multiple targeting protectants against ischemic stroke on cellular as well as vascular components of central nervous system.