不同浓度的含氟涂料对人牙釉质抗酸性的影响

目的：确定4种浓度的含氟涂料对人牙釉质抗酸性的影响。方法：采用22000ppm,10000ppm,5000ppm及2200ppm等4种不同浓度的含氟涂料处理离体人牙釉质后经脱矿实验，然后测量酸蚀液中钙的溶出量，并用激光荧光诊断仪对人工龋损进行定量诊断。结果：22000ppm组与10000ppm组的抗酸性无差别，而其余各组之间均有差别。结论：22000ppm及10000ppm的含氟涂料抑制牙釉质脱矿的效果比5000ppm及2200mmp的含氟涂料好，而将22000ppm的含氟涂料浓度降至10000ppm，并不影响它的防龋效果，因此，在临床应用时，可以考虑适应降低含氟涂氟浓度以提高安全性。     

含氟涂料和含氟牙膏对釉面再矿化和抗酸作用的实验研究

目的：观察含氟涂料与含氟牙膏对釉质表面再矿化和抗酸作用。方法：取牛恒切牙制备釉质片;统一酸蚀脱矿后随机分为4组（n＝3）;分别为生理盐水（A组对照）、Duraphat含氟涂料（B组）、Fluor Protector含氟涂料（C组）、含氟牙膏规律处理（D组）;处理期间标本置于人工唾液孵育2周;再次酸蚀;各阶段均用显微硬度仪测定釉面显微硬度、扫描电镜观察釉面,图像分析电镜下釉面微孔隙面积差异;统计分析。结果：首次酸蚀后釉面明显脱矿。分组处理2周,A组釉面再矿化不明显;B组和C组釉面形成涂料保护层;D组釉面可见明显再矿化。再次酸蚀后：A组和D组显微硬度下降,B组和C组涂料保护层有明显抗酸作用。再次酸蚀后,A组和D组釉面微孔隙面积增加（P＜0．05）,但D组小于A组（P＜0．05）;B组、C组无显著变化（P＞0．05）。结论：含氟涂料在釉面形成保护层,具有抗酸蚀和促进釉面再矿化作用;含氟牙膏能促进脱矿釉面再矿化,抗酸作用较弱。     

Er：YAG激光、含氟凝胶拮抗碳酸饮料对人乳牙釉质酸蚀作用的体外研究

目的：观察Er：YAG激光、1.23%酸性氟磷酸盐（acidulated phosphate fluoride,APF）凝胶应用于乳牙釉质表面后保护牙釉质抵抗碳酸饮料腐蚀的能力。方法：采用拔除的滞留乳磨牙,分为对照组、Er：YAG激光组、含氟凝胶组、激光和含氟凝胶联合处理组4组,每组15个,经碳酸饮料间断性浸泡后,比较各组激光荧光诊断仪（laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic,LF）读数的变化,并通过扫描电镜观察釉质表面形态的变化。结果：碳酸饮料浸泡可致乳牙釉质LF读数上升,经激光、含氟凝胶、激光与含氟凝胶联用的各处理组LF值均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,其中两者联用组最低,与其他两处理组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;激光组与含氟凝胶组相比LF读数的变化无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。扫描电镜下可见釉质表面有不同程度的溶解。结论：碳酸饮料对乳牙釉质表面有较强的酸蚀脱矿作用,釉质表面应用氟化物或者Er：YAG激光可增强乳牙釉质抵抗碳酸饮料腐蚀的能力,两者联用效果更好。     

含氟牙膏对酸蚀后牙釉质的作用

本研究目的是通过扫描电子显微镜的观察来研究含氟牙膏对正畸患者酸蚀后牙釉质表面形态的影响。本实验以因正畸需要而拔除的四个第一前磨牙为研究材料，同一个体的同名牙配对研究。牙冠颊面酸蚀后分别将其浸泡入含氟牙膏浆中和去离子水中。三周后，经含氟牙膏处理的牙釉质表面可见大量沉积物出现，而且釉质表面变得平滑。经去离子水处理的牙釉质表面仍可见到清晰的酸蚀结构。进行人工龋实验后发现，用含氟牙膏处理的牙釉质抗酸性比用去离子水处理牙釉质的抗酸性要强。这说明含氟牙膏能促进酸蚀釉质的再矿化，同时增强其抗酸性。因此应建议正畸患者常规使用含氟牙膏刷牙。     

三种氟素制剂对离体乳牙牙釉质抗酸性影响的比较研究

目的 比较三种常用氟素制剂对离体乳牙牙釉质抗酸性的影响。方法 40个离体乳前牙，随机分为4组。开窗，酸蚀，1、2、3组分别涂布10%（NH4）2MoO2F4溶液，38%Ag(NH3)2F溶液，APF-LaCl3溶液联用3min,第4组涂去离子水3min，将经上述处理的牙齿标本分别浸泡于8ml0.1mol/L乳酸中，开始记时，于1、3、6、12、24、48、72、144h各取出1ml液体，检测其Ca^2 浓度的A值，计算各处理组各时间点釉4质钙溶出总量，统计分析。结果 同对照组相比，3种氟素制剂处理组牙釉质脱矿总量显著降低。其中APF-LaCl3溶液联用处理组最低，10%（NH4）2MoO2F4溶液与38%Ag(NH3)2F溶液处理组牙釉质脱矿总量无差别。结论 3种氟素制剂均可有效地抑制牙釉质脱矿。其中APF-LaCl3溶液联用作用最强，10%（NH4）2M煤F4溶液与38%Ag(NH3)2F溶液抑制牙釉质脱矿作用的能力相当。     

氟化物Y500R珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石复合人工骨在兔颅面成骨效应的实验研究

目的：探讨氟离子对珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石（coral hydroxyapatite,CHA）在兔颅面成骨效应中的影响,了解结合了氟离子后的珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石成骨效能的变化。方法制备含氟Y500R珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石的人工骨及纯钛金属帽,选用新西兰大白兔24只,分为含氟CHA组和CHA组,每组12只。含氟CHA组兔颅面安放并固定2个装有含氟Y500R珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石人工骨的钛帽,CHA组钛帽装入珊瑚骨羟基磷灰石,注射四环素及钙黄绿素荧光双标记物,分别于2、4、6周时各处死8只实验动物（每组4只）,样品处理后作大体标本,观察新骨形成高度和新生骨质荧光带面积,制作硬组织切片行甲苯胺蓝—碱性品红染色,进行组织学观察。结果术后大体标本观察、荧光显微镜观察、硬组织切片染色观察结果显示,术后含氟CHA组新生骨质明显多于CHA组,成骨效应活跃。不同时期新生骨质荧光面积差异具有统计学意义（F=6.36,P=0.019）,含氟CHA组明显多于CHA组（P<0.05）。结论低浓度（1.0×10?7 mol/L～5.0×10?5 mol/L）的氟离子能有效促进骨生成作用。     

红色荧光定量分析法评价釉质早期龋的临床研究

目的采用定量光导荧光（QLF）技术的红色荧光分析法检测釉质早期龋,并监测含氟牙膏促进早期龋再矿化的效果,评价该技术诊断早期龋的能力。方法选择有上颌前牙光滑面釉质早期龋的96名小学生为研究对象,指导其在6个月的时间内使用含氟牙膏（氟离子质量分数为0.145%）刷牙。分析基线和6个月后的上颌前牙光滑面荧光图像,获得红色荧光变量（包括荧光面积Ar、平均荧光量△R、荧光总量R）,将其与绿色荧光变量（包括荧光面积Aw、平均荧光损失量△F、荧光损失总量△Q）进行比较,并通过配对t检验评价使用含氟牙膏后龋损的变化情况。结果红色荧光变量Ar、△R、lgR与对应的绿色荧光变量Aw、△F、lg△Q的Pearson相关系数分别为0.89、0.54、0.72（P<0.05）,具有高度相关性。使用含氟牙膏6个月后,红色和绿色荧光变量均较基线明显降低,其差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论采用QLF技术的红色荧光分析法能够评价釉质早期龋的严重程度,并纵向监测病变,适用于评价龋损防治措施的效果。     

氟以及表面活性剂对牛牙釉质脱矿的影响

本研究旨在进一步了解氟化物以及表面活性剂（SAA）对牛牙釉质脱矿的影响。在体外模拟酸蚀模型，采用自制的钙离子选择性微电极测试不同处理组的钙离子浓度，并进行分析评价。结果显示：①牙釉质经氟化钠处理后其脱矿率明显低于单用酸蚀液组（P＜0．01）；②SAA和氟化钠合用与单用氟化钠组之间无显著差异（P＞0.05）。提示氟可通过增强牙齿组织的抗酸性，降低釉质表面的溶解度而抗龋；SAA的抗龋作用有待进一步研究。     

两种局部用氟对预防正畸牙脱矿的临床研究

目的了解固定矫治器治疗后牙齿牙釉质脱矿的发生率及严重程度，评价用75％氟化钠处理牙面和使用含氟牙膏对减轻牙釉质脱矿的作用。方法选择固定矫治器治疗的患者93例随机分为3组，氟化钠糊剂组34例，含氟牙膏组28例，对照组31例，治疗前后对牙面脱矿情况进行临床观察。结果矫治前3组患者牙齿牙釉质脱矿发生率和脱矿程度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。矫治后氟化钠糊剂组牙釉质脱矿率为8．9％，含氟牙膏组为9．0％，对照组为15．6％，两种氟处理组其脱矿率明显低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。两种氟处理组发生1度脱矿的牙数高于对照组（P〈0．05），发生3度脱矿的牙数低于对照组（P〈0．05），3组发生2度脱矿的牙数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。氟化钠组和含氟牙膏组EDI小于对照组（P〈0．001），而两种氟处理组间的脱矿率和EDI差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论正畸治疗中配合使用氟化物处理牙面，可预防牙釉质脱矿的发生。     

含氟涂料对光固化复合树脂腐蚀作用的探讨

目的评估不同含氟涂料对5种光固化复合树脂表面的腐蚀作用。方法选取5种光固化复合树脂[微填料复合树脂（Ar）、纳米混合复合树脂（Gr）、纳米复合树脂（Su）、复合体（GI）和聚硅氧烷复合树脂（Ad）]制成φP6mm×3mm试样各25个。表面磨平抛光后分别用4种含氟涂料（F、G、D、B）于37℃100％相对湿度下处理30min，单次蒸馏水作为对照。扫描电镜观察试样表面的形态改变，并行激光共聚焦显微镜分析。结果含氟涂料对4种复合树脂均产生腐蚀作用（Su除外），腐蚀程度由强到弱的顺序为F、G、D、B。试样腐蚀形式均为表面粗糙。含氟涂料F和G作用于Ad后其改变最明显。经激光共聚焦显微镜分析，含氟涂料处理后复合树脂表面参数数值均增大。Su表面参数改变不明显。结论含氟涂料对复合树脂有腐蚀作用，腐蚀程度与复合树脂的类型、含氟涂料的种类相关。     

Effect of a xylitol and fluoride containing toothpaste on the remineralization of human enamel in vitro

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a fluoride and xylitol containing toothpaste on the remineralization of human enamel using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF). Human extracted teeth were cut longitudinally into three or four parts, and artificial subsurface lesion windows (2 mm x 3 mm) were created by immersion in demineralizing solution. Each enamel sample (n = 7) was treated for 3 min at 25 degrees C twice a day for consecutive 14 days with the slurry of a silica-based toothpaste 1) without F- and xylitol (blank), 2) with 500 ppm F- and 3) with 500 ppm F- and 5% xylitol toothpaste. In addition, we measured the remineralization ability of a commercially available toothpaste 4) with 500 ppm F-. The average fluorescence loss F (%) and lesion size (mm2) were determined with QLF. Another variable, delta Q, which was defined as the fluorescence loss integrated over the lesion size (%, mm2), was calculated. The results showed that the combination of 500 ppm F- and 5% xylitol toothpaste significantly (P < 0.05) recovered both the size and delta Q compared to the other groups. These findings suggested that inclusion of xylitol in fluoride toothpaste might be useful to enhance the remineralization in vivo.     

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目的探讨GC护牙素与氟保护漆在正畸治疗中抑制牙釉质脱矿的临床效果。方法选择2011年1月至2012年9月在沈阳市口腔医院正畸科就诊的固定矫治患者117例共计2620颗牙齿,按就诊编号将患者随机分为3组。第1组患者（39例,868颗牙齿）矫治过程中左侧牙齿涂布GC护牙素,右侧牙齿涂布相似口味牙膏作为对照;第2组患者（39例,862颗牙齿）矫治过程中左侧牙齿涂布氟保护漆,右侧牙齿涂布釉质粘接剂A液作为对照;第3组患者（39例,890颗牙齿）矫治过程中左侧牙齿涂布GC护牙素,右侧牙齿涂布氟保护漆。GC护牙素的用法为患者每月复诊时涂布牙齿1次,氟保护漆的用法为患者每隔3个月复诊时涂布牙齿1次。观测记录3组患者矫治前、后的牙釉质脱矿情况,并对数据进行统计分析。结果第1组及第2组患者中涂布GC护牙素及氟保护漆侧牙齿的釉质脱矿指数明显低于对照侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。第3组患者涂布GC护牙素侧牙齿的釉质脱矿指数与涂布氟保护漆侧的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论GC护牙素及氟保护漆均能抑制正畸患者牙釉质脱矿,临床操作简便,疗效可靠。     

氟保护漆与含氟自酸蚀粘结剂预防固定正畸治疗早期釉质脱矿的临床研究

目的：对氟保护漆与含氟自酸蚀粘结剂预防固定正畸治疗早期釉质脱矿的临床效果进行对比研究,寻找一种更为有效的氟化物应用方法。方法：随机选择接受固定正畸治疗的青少年患者22名,在每个患者的1区和3区使用含氟自酸蚀粘结剂粘固托槽,在2区与4区常规酸蚀后使用化学固化型京津釉质粘结剂粘固托槽,随后涂布氟保护漆。采用DIAGNOdent激光荧光诊断仪分别对不同区域的牙面釉质脱矿程度进行定量诊断,并在患者1个月、3个月复诊时重复监测。结果：粘结完成即刻与粘结后1个月时,含氟自酸蚀粘结剂使用区（1区、3区）与涂氟保护漆区（2区、4区）之间DIAGNOdent读数均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,前者读数低于后者。粘结后3个月时,两组间的DIAGNOdent读数无显著性差异。结论：含氟自酸蚀粘结剂降低了正畸托槽粘结时釉质的脱矿程度,在一定程度上有利于减轻正畸治疗早期釉质脱矿的进一步发生、发展。氟保护漆在促进脱矿釉质再矿化方面的作用优于含氟自酸蚀粘结剂。     

Fluoride varnishes and caries development in primary tooth enamel: an in vitro study

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes on caries development in primary tooth enamel using polarized light microscopic techniques. A total of forty extracted or exfoliated primary teeth with intact, caries-free smooth surfaces underwent a fluoride-free prophylaxis and soft tissue were assigned to one of the following groups: 1) duraphat (5 percent sodium fluoride, vanish, Colgate, n=10); 2) Duraflor (5 percent sodium fluoride, Pharmascience, n = 10); 3 Cavity Shield (5 percent sodium fluoride varnish, Omni, n=10); and 4) Control (n=10). An acid-resistant coating was applied to the specimens leaving an exposed window of sound enamel (5mm x 1mm). The fluoride varnishes were applied to the primary teeth according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Following thermocycling (500 cycles, 5-50 degrees C) of the fluoride varnish-treated and control teeth, a fluoride-free pumice toothbrushing was performed to remove visible and macroscopically (dissecting microscope at 16x) detectable fluoride varnish. An acid resistant coating was reapplied where necessary, leaving the fluoride varnish treated sound enamel window exposed. Following in vitro caries formation (2.2mM Ca, 2.2mM PO4 50mM acetic acid, 0.5ppm fluoride, pH 3.90), longitudinal sections (5 per specimen) were obtained and evaluated by polarized light microscopy for mean lesion depth. Comparisons were made among treatment and control groups.     

六种防龋制剂对牙釉质脱矿作用的研究

目的 比较６种含氟及微量元素的防龋制剂对牙釉质脱钙的影响,观察早期龋形成过程中釉质脱钙与时间的关系。方法 选择牛牙８４颗,分为７组,实验区分别用含有相等氟离子的氟化锶,氟化亚锡氟阳酸铵,氟化锌,氟化镧,氟化钠及去离子水处理,所有样本浸泡于乳酸凝胶中形成人工釉质龋,经过对不同浸泡时间酸蚀酸胶中的钙含量的观测,各组样本４８小时以前釉质脱钙量时间的变化有所不同,４８小时以后酸蚀凝胶中钙含量趋于恒定,结果     

4种防龋方法在固定矫治中预防牙釉质脱矿的研究

目的:比较4种防龋方法在正畸固定矫治中预防牙釉质脱矿的效果.方法:采用固定矫治器矫治的200名患者随机分为4组(n=50),分别用普通牙膏、含氟牙膏、氟保护漆和护牙素对牙釉质进行处理,定期随访,比较矫治完成后4组患者的牙釉质脱矿情况.结果:按牙齿数计算含氟牙膏、普通牙膏、氟保护漆和护牙素4组牙釉质的脱矿率分别为16.3％、21.9％、9.3％和8.5％ (x2=99.7,P=0.000001)氟保护漆和护牙素组脱矿率低于其他2组,该2组脱矿率之间的差异无统计学意义(x2=0.39,P=0.529851).结论:应用含氟制剂可以有效预防固定矫治中牙釉质脱矿的发生,护牙素和氟保护漆的效果更明显.     

The efficacy of a fluoride varnish in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that fluoride varnish is effective in reducing demineralization (white spot) lesions adjacent to bonded orthodontic brackets. DESIGN: Two similar samples of extracted bovine incisors, with bonded orthodontic brackets, were separated into an experimental group (fluoride varnish was applied) and control group (no fluoride varnish) to examine the preventive effects of fluoride varnish. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: The dental clinic of the State University of Maringá--UEM (Maringá, Paraná, Brazil). Thirty-eight extracted bovine incisors with bonded orthodontic brackets. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE: Fluoride varnish was applied topically to half of the sample of extracted bovine teeth. No varnish was applied to the other half. OUTCOME MEASURE: The depths of enamel demineralization (white spot) lesions were measured from polarized light microscopy images using image analysis software. RESULTS: The teeth in both the experimental and control groups had been exposed to a cariogenic environment twice a day for 35 days. Those teeth that had been treated with two applications of fluoride varnish (one at the outset and another 15 days later) demonstrated about 38% less mean lesion depth than teeth where no varnish had been applied. CONCLUSION: Orthodontists may wish to consider the application of fluoride varnish during fixed orthodontic therapy to help reduce the development of enamel white spot lesions.     

Inhibition of enamel demineralization by a bioerodible fluoridated resin

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a bioerodible fluoridated resin on inhibition of enamel demineralization. METHODS: Eighteen extracted permanent molars were sectioned mesiodistally to obtain 36 caries-free enamel surfaces. Each sample was prepared by painting an acid-protective varnish, excluding a 2 x 8 mm window on either the buccal or lingual surface. The windows of exposed enamel were randomly divided into three separate groups (n = 12). Group 1 received an application of a 5% (by weight) sodium fluoride varnish. Group 2 had an experimental 5% sodium fluoride bioerodible resin applied to the window. Group 3 was left untreated and acted as a control. The samples were then exposed to an artificial caries challenge for 17 days, until a visible white spot lesion had been created on the control group. The samples were brushed for 1 minute daily. Following the acid challenge, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally to obtain 100 microm sections. Sections were then photographed under polarized light. Quantitatively the areas of the lesions were measured by utilizing a computerized imaging system. Finally, a comparison was made between mean lesion sizes of the sample groups in order to determine their respective efficacy of enamel demineralization inhibition. RESULTS: The mean areas (microm)2 of the artificial lesions (+/- SD) were: bioerodible fluoridated resin 3,785 +/- 1,794; fluoride varnish 7,362 +/- 2,853, and control 11,398 +/- 4,238. ANOVA was performed and identified a significant variance (P < 0.001). Tukey's multiple comparison test demonstrated that bioerodible fluoridated resin had significantly less enamel demineralization than the fluoride varnish and control groups (P < 0.05). The fluoride varnish group demonstrated significantly less enamel demineralization than the control group (P < 0.05).     

Caries inhibiting effect of ammonium fluoride varnish in vitro

The reaction of incorporation of fluoride into tooth enamel from NH4F varnish, and Duaphat were measured using SEMq2 in vitro. Level of enamel uptake of fluoride was highest in teeth treated with NH4F varnish. Average depth of fluoride penetrated into enamel was more than 80 microns from the two varnishes. Prolonged coating duration from 24 hours to 1 week did not increase uptake and penetration of fluoride from both varnishes. The NH4F varnish was found to be superior to Duraphat in terms of inhibiting artificial caries lesion formation (P less than 0.001).     

Comparison of remineralization effect of three topical fluoride regimens on enamel initial carious lesions

Objectives

Some studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of different topical fluoride regimens on the remineralization of initial carious lesions. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 3 topical fluoride treatments on the surface microhardness, fluoride uptake, and fluorescence lesion area in enamel.

Methods

Forty-eight bovine teeth were demineralized and subjected to one of the following treatments: (1) no treatment (control), (2) iontophoresis using 2% sodium fluoride solution, (3) 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel application, and (4) 5% sodium fluoride varnish application. Six persons continuously wore a mandibular removable appliance mounted with eight treated bovine teeth orally for 4 weeks, except while eating, sleeping, and brushing. Microhardness of enamel surfaces was measured using a digital microhardness tester. The fluoride concentration was analyzed using a fluoride electrode, and the fluorescence lesion area was calculated by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results

No significant differences in the microhardness were observed in response to the 3 fluoride regimens. The highest level of fluoride was observed in the APF gel group. APF gel group also showed significantly reduced fluorescence lesion areas compared to those of the control group.

Conclusions

The fluoride regimens showed no difference in surface microhardness; although APF gel showed the best effects in terms of fluoride uptake and decrease in the fluorescence lesion area, its effects were not significantly different from those of fluoride varnish.