Hiccups as the only symptom of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Hiccups, which are usually benign and self-limited, occasionally serve as markers of a serious underlying pathology. We present this case report to inform emergency physicians about the potential for hiccups to serve as the only presenting symptom of a myocardial infarction. The patient, a 68-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and current tobacco use, was first seen in the emergency department after 4 days of intractable hiccups with no other complaints or symptoms. After ineffective hiccup treatment on the first visit with 2 mg Ativan and 25 intramuscular (i.m.) thorazine and a normal chest x-ray, he was discharged. Two days later, the patient returned to the emergency department with the same complaint of hiccups without any additional complaints or symptoms. An electrocardiogram displayed several abnormalities including Q waves in II, III, and aVF and T-wave inversions in aVL and V6. Troponin I was highly elevated at 4.302 ng/mL. In the catheterization laboratory, the patient exhibited severe stenosis of the left circumflex artery and obtuse marginal 1. Stents were placed in these sites, and the patient recovered uneventfully. This is the first case in which hiccups were the single presenting symptom of a myocardial infarction in the last 50 years. Although extremely common and usually benign, hiccups can occasionally be a sole symptom of serious underlying pathology, which in this case, was a non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并肾功能不全患者临床特点与短期预后

肾功能不全患者心血管疾病明显增加。慢性肾功能不全增加了40%心肌梗死的危险[1],急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并肾功能不全时有较差的预后。但对于急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并肾功能不全患者的特点及预后研究较少。1资料与方法1.1病例选择研究入选了2005年8月至2006年4月在我院     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段抬高与SYNTAX评分的关系

目的 探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者aVR导联ST段抬高(STEaVR)与STNTAX评分(SS)之间的关系。结论 回顾性分析316例NSTEMI患者,对患者总体临床特征、入院时心电图ST段在不同导联的抬高及压低、在院期间超声左心室射血分数和峰值肌钙蛋白I水平等辅助检查以及冠状动脉造影术后所计算的SS进行统计及分析。以是否具有STEaVR对患者进行区组分析,探索STEaVR与SS之间的关系。结果 316例NSTEMI患者中有STEaVR的207例(65.5%),无STEaVR的109例(34.5%)。有STEaVR患者的高SS评分(SS≥23)者比率更高(50.7%比21.1%,P<0.01),左主干和(或)三支病变的发生率更高(43.5%比22.9%,P<0.01)。多因素分析显示,STEaVR(OR=2.640,CI=1.404~4.963,P=0.003)以及前壁导联ST段压低(OR=1.817,CI=1.053~3.135,P=0.032)是高SS的独立预测因素。方法 STEaVR是高SS的独立预测因素。     

非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者急性肾损伤危险因素分析

目的 探讨非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)患者发生急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素,初步建立AKI的预警评分.方法 选择2011年1月至2014年4月从广东汕头市中心医院急诊科转移到心血管内科的NSTEMI患者296例.回顾性收集患者的人口统计学资料、发生AKI前后的临床资料和实验室检查结果.根据患者住院后是否发生AKI分为AKI组和非AKI组.以单因素分析筛选出有统计学意义的危险因素,再通过多元逐步Logistic回归分析确定NSTEMI患者住院后发生AKI相关独立危险因素,进而根据各危险因素的比值比(OR值),初步建立预警评分,应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价其分辨能力,采用Hosmer-Leneshow拟合优度检验评价其校准能力.结果 共入选296例NSTEMI患者,AKI发病率为18.4％,其中AKI I期35例(64.8％),AKIⅡ期12例(22.2％),AKIⅢ期7例(13.0％);Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、心功能Killip分级、贫血、发病至急诊科时间,未使用β-受体阻滞剂是NSTEMI患者住院后发生AKI的独立危险因素;进而初步建立NSTEMI患者发生AKI的预警评分,总分为各独立危险因素评分之和,最高分为13分,根据约登指数,预测AKI风险的最佳界值为3.5分,从而获得评分系统的风险分层标准为:评分≤3.0分预示低危风险,评分≥4.0分预示高危风险.初步建立AK1评分系统分辨能力较高(AUC=0.806,P＜0.01),具有较好的校准能力(Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P=0.503).结论 年龄、心功能Killip分级、贫血、发病至急诊科时间,未使用β-受体阻滞剂是NSTEMI患者住院后发生AKI的独立危险因素;初步建立的AKI预警评分可能有助于急诊医师早期识别高危AKI患者并进行积极干预.     

Increased use of beta-agonists leading to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a patient with hemodynamically significant myocardial bridging

Myocardial bridging is not uncommon. However, hemodynamic instability in the setting of myocardial bridging is rare. We describe an unusual case of a 47-year-old woman whose increased use of inhaled albuterol led to a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and unmasking of hemodynamically significant myocardial bridging. We detail its diagnosis through myocardial perfusion imaging and coronary angiography. To our knowledge, this is the first time previously undiagnosed myocardial bridging has led to a myocardial infarction in the setting of inhaled albuterol use.     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与SYNTAX评分的关系

目的 探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与STNTAX评分(SS)之间的关系。方法 对298例NSTEMI患者进行回顾性分析,对患者总体特征、包括血清同型半胱氨酸水平(HCY)在内的多项化验指标和在院期间超声左心室射血分数等辅助检查结果以及冠状动脉造影后所计算的SS进行统计及分析。依据计算出的SS将入选患者分为3组,低SS组:SS≤22;中等SS组:22P<0.01)。相关分析显示血清HCY水平与SS相关(r=0.358,P<0.01)。结论 NSTEMI患者的血清HCY水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度有关。     

品管圈联合健康教育护理路径对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的效果评价

目的 探讨品管圈联合健康教育护理路径对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的临床效果.方法 将60例急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者按入院顺序随机分成观察组和对照组,每组30例,均行药物保守治疗及常规护理干预,观察组采用品管圈联合健康教育护理路径对患者进行健康教育,对照组采用常规的健康教育.比较两组对疾病相关知识掌握度、情绪稳定状况、对护理满意度及并发症发生率.结果 观察组对疾病相关知识掌握率、情绪稳定率、对护理工作满意率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 品管圈联合健康教育护理路径能显著提高急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者对疾病相关知识的掌握度,稳定情绪,提高护理工作满意度,减少并发症的发生.     

Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in non-ST-segment elevation versus ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing early invasive intervention

To define causes and pathological mechanisms underlying differences in clinical outcomes, we compared the findings of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) between ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). In 168 patients undergoing early invasive intervention for STEMI (n = 113) and NSTEMI (n = 55), CE-MRI was performed a median of 6 days after the index event. Infarct size was measured on delayed-enhancement imaging, and area at risk (AAR) was quantified on T2-weighted images. The median infarct size was significantly smaller in the NSTEMI group than in the STEMI group (10.7% [5.6–18.1] vs. 19.2% [10.3–30.7], P < 0.001). Although there was a trend toward a greater myocardial salvage index ([AAR ? infarct size] × 100/AAR) in the NSTEMI group compared to the STEMI group (48.2 [30.4–66.8] vs. 40.5 [24.8–53.5], P = 0.056), myocardial salvage index was similar between the groups in patients with anterior infarction (39.6 [20.0–54.9] vs. 35.5 [23.2–53.4], P = 0.96). The NSTEMI group also had a significantly lower extent of microvascular obstruction and a smaller number of segments with >75% of infarct transmurality relative to the STEMI group (0% [0–0.6] vs. 0.9% [0–2.3], P < 0.001 and 3.0 ± 2.3 vs. 4.6 ± 2.9, P = 0.001, respectively). Myocardial hemorrhage was detected less frequently in the NSTEMI group than the STEMI group (22.6% vs. 43.8%, P = 0.029). In the multivariate analysis, baseline Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 and hemorrhagic infarction were closely associated with ST-segment elevation (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13–0.81, P = 0.017; OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.77–18.12, P = 0.003, respectively). In conclusion, in vivo pathophysiological differences revealed by CE-MRI assessment include more favorable infarct size, AAR, myocardial salvage and reperfusion injury in patients with NSTEMI compared to those with STEMI undergoing early invasive intervention.     

Acute kidney injury risk in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction at presentation to the ED

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and has serious prognostic implications. The early identification of patients at risk of developing AKI at the emergency department (ED) can reduce its incidence.

Methods

Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at the ED were included. Associated factors playing a role at ED presentation and during hospitalization were collected, and independent risk factors of developing AKI were assessed.

Results

Mean age among patients (n = 406, 69.7% male) was 62.5 ± 12.5 years. At ED admission, the mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 70.5 ± 28.1 mL/min per 1.73 m², and 140 (34.5%) patients had a GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m². Eighty-three patients (20.4%) developed AKI: 47 (11.6%) with stage 1, 26 (6.4%) with stage 2 and 10 (2.5%) with stage 3. Mortality was 11.8% and was higher in patients with AKI (34.9% vs 5.9%, P < .0001). Univariate analysis disclosed age, reduced GFR at presentation, severe Killip class, heart rate and longer door-to-needle time as risk factors to develop AKI. Moreover, these patients received less β-blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker in the ED. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, Killip class, heart rate, door-to-needle time, and β-blocker non-use were independent factors associated with AKI. These factors provided the ED physician with good accuracy in identifying patients at high risk of developing AKI.

Conclusion

Factors associated with AKI in STEMI patients allowed physicians to identify patients at high risk in the ED. Moreover, reduced door-to-needle time and β-blocker use were associated with renal protection in AMI patients.     

高敏感性肌钙蛋白T检测在急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期诊断中的意义

目的:探索高敏感性肌钙蛋白T(hs-cTnT)对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)的早期诊断价值。方法:入选88例发病在6h以内的高度怀疑非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征的患者,入院即刻抽取静脉血检测hs-cTnT,并与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)检测结果进行比较,诊断性能用ROC曲线及AUC表示,并根据hs-cTnT、cTnI和CK-MB的阳性率,得出对NSTEMI诊断的灵敏度、特异度等。结果:(1)NSTEMI患者hs-cTnT、cTnI及CK-MB明显高于不稳定型心绞痛患者(P<0.001)。(2)根据ROC曲线分析,hs-cTnT、cTnI和CK-MB的AUC分别为0.908、0.851、0.789,95%可信区间分别为0.832～0.985、0.763～0.939、0.695～0.883。(3)hs-cTnT以14pg/mL为诊断临界点时,灵敏度为77.8%,特异度为96.7%,阳性预测值为91.3%,阴性预测值为96.8%。而cTnI诊断临界点为0.08ng/mL时,灵敏度为37.0%,特异度为96.7%,阳性预测值为83.3%,阴性预测值为77.6%。CK-MB以4ng/mL为诊断临界点时,灵敏度为25.9%,特异度为93.4%,阳性预测值为63.6%,阴性预测值为79.2%。结论:hs-cTnT对NSTEMI的早期诊断性能优于cTnI和CK-MB,有利于早期筛选NSTEMI患者并及时对其进行治疗。     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死病人临床护理路径的实施

临床路径是近几年国外提出的一种诊疗护理新模式.是由临床路径小组根据某种诊断、疾病或手术而制定的一种治疗护理模式,按照临床路径表的标准化治疗护理流程,让病人从住院到出院都按照此模式来接受治疗护理,临床路径把诊疗护理常规合理化、流程化,使病程进展按流程进行了有效控制,所以开展临床路径对医院提高医护质量、降低医疗费用、缩短病人住院天数、促进各科间协作、加强医患沟通、提高病人满意度、减少医疗纠纷、提高医院的核心竞争力具有十分重要的意义[1-3].     

急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者临床特点分析

目的 分析急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者的临床特点.方法 对211例NSTEMI和急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)116例患者行冠状动脉造影、超声心动图检查,采集病史和症状特征进行分析.结果 与STEMI患者相比,NSTEMI患者危险因素较多,梗死后心绞痛常见,重度冠状动脉病变和三支病变多见,对心功能影响相对较小.结论 NSTEMI患者冠状动脉病变严重,梗死后心肌缺血常见,应重视对其治疗.     

Initial presentation of acute myocardial infarction and the relation to short-term clinical course

To be able to predict the clinical course of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at the first visit to the patient would be of great importance to a general practitioner considering home treatment for this disease. Therefore, we have analysed the presenting signs and symptoms and their relation to the course in 53 patients with AMI. Twenty-seven of the patients had an uncomplicated course, while 26 suffered continuous pain, cardiac failure, arrhythmias, or death during their hospital stay. The presenting signs and symptoms were remarkably similar in the two groups, the only significant difference being a higher incidence of abnormal pulse rate in the group with complications. We conclude that the initial presentation of AMI does not reliably predict later occurrence of complications. Doctors who want to treat patients with AMI at home must take this uncertainty into consideration.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction at hospitals with and without on-site cardiac surgical capability

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction performed at a hospital without cardiac surgical capability with PCI performed for acute myocardial infarction at a center with on-site surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included patients with acute myocardial infarction in whom PCI was performed from March 1, 2000, through May 31, 2002, at a community hospital (Immanuel St Joseph's) without on-site surgery. The procedural success, in-hospital adverse cardiac events, and 6-month follow-up were compared with those of PCI performed for acute myocardial infarction in matched controls from January 1, 2000, through February 28, 2002, at a center with cardiac surgery (Saint Marys Hospital). RESULTS: One hundred sixty patients (and 160 matched controls) underwent PCI for acute myocardial infarction. The procedural success rate was high and similar for the 2 groups (96% vs 95%; P=.79). In-hospital mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization were low and similar for the 2 groups. No patient was referred for emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for failed PCI. Six-month survival from all-cause mortality was 96% for the Immanuel St Joseph's group and 94% for the Saint Marys Hospital group (P=.92). Subgroup analysis of patients with primary PCI for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction revealed high procedural success and low and similar rates of major cardiac adverse events in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This study shows that PCI for acute myocardial infarction can be performed safely and effectively in a community hospital without on-site cardiac surgery.