社区老年高血压患者生活质量状况及其预测因子

目的了解社区老年高血压患者生活质量状况及其预测因子,为改善老年高血压患者的生活质量提供依据。方法采用随机便利抽样的方法抽取衡阳市蒸湘区所辖2个社区的186例老年高血压患者,采用家庭关怀度指数问卷、高血压患者依从行为量表及中文版世界卫生组织生活质量问卷对其进行调查和访谈。结果社区老年高血压患者家庭功能得分5.24±2.31,依从行为得分34.04±7.41。总体生活质量得分79.56±9.74,生活质量各维度与家庭功能呈显著正相关,与依从性呈显著负相关(均P0.01)。影响社区老年高血压患者生活质量的因素分别是:家庭功能、症状种类、是否参加过知识讲座、家庭人均月收入。结论社区老年高血压患者的生活质量处于中上水平,病情、家庭功能及相关知识是影响其生活质量的主要因素。     

社区老年人社会隔离及抑郁孤独与生活质量的关系

目的探讨社区老年人社会隔离、抑郁孤独负性情绪与生活质量的关系,并分析抑郁孤独负性情绪在社会隔离与生活质量间的中介作用。方法采用Lubben社会网络量表-6、老年抑郁量表、孤独感量表及简明健康状况量表对592名社区老年人进行调查。结果社区老年人社会隔离、抑郁、孤独及生活质量得分依次为(14.95±4.58)、(5.19±3.13)、(42.06±8.53)和(113.02±10.56)分。社会隔离得分与抑郁和孤独呈负相关,与生活质量呈正相关;抑郁和孤独与生活质量呈负相关(均P0.01)。社会隔离可直接影响生活质量(β=0.558),还可通过抑郁、孤独的部分中介作用间接影响生活质量(β=0.367);抑郁和孤独的中介效应分别占总效应的24.86%和14.81%。结论社区老年人社会隔离风险较高。社会隔离可直接影响或通过抑郁、孤独负性情绪间接影响老年人生活质量,应促进老年人积极融入社会,从而改善其负性情绪,提高生活质量。     

城市社区老年人自理能力状况与卫生服务需求研究

目的 了解城市社区老年人的日常活动能力(ADL)状况.并探讨其与卫生服务需求的关系.方法 应用美国老年人资源与服务评估量表(OARS)随机对武汉市城区3个社区卫生服务中心辖区内648名社区老年人的ADL及服务需求进行调查.结果 老年人ADL功能良好者占44.9%,ADL功能障碍者占55.1%.不同年龄组老年人社区卫生服务需求的个人照护、照顾性雇用、持续性监护及护理性照护条目比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);不同ADL功能状态老年人社区卫生服务需求各条目比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).结论 随着年龄增长和ADL功能下降,城市社区老年人卫生需求上升,应加强对其照料和社区卫生服务,以提高老年人生活质量.     

社区失智老年人居家照顾者照顾负荷及影响因素分析

目的了解社区失智老年人居家照顾者照顾负荷现况,探索其影响因素。方法应用居家照顾者负担量表(CBI)对80名社区失智老年人居家照顾者进行测评。结果 80名社区失智老年人居家照顾者照顾负荷得分为54.72±13.15,得分率57.00%。多元回归分析示,影响照顾负荷的因素包括失智老年人患病严重程度、最近一年有无意外事件及家庭人均月收入(P0.05,P0.01)。结论社区失智老年人居家照顾者存在一定程度的照顾负荷,需加强对社区失智老年人居家照顾者的关心,在社区开展的失智症护理干预指导及照顾者自我生活干预指导,提高其照护能力,减轻照顾负荷。     

社区老年人老化期望现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解社区老年人老化期望水平及其影响因素,为后续干预措施的制订提供参考.方法 采用一般资料调查表、老化期望量表21、感知年龄歧视调查表和家庭支持量袁对唐山市滦南县城社区217名老年人进行横断面调查.结果 社区老年人老化期望总分为45.86±12.28,4个维度中精神健康均分最高(2.68±0.66),认知功能均分最低(1.87±0.55);多元线性回归分析结果显示,感知年龄歧视、年龄、家庭支持、自评健康状况、家庭人均月收入、爱好、慢性病数量是社区老年人老化期望的影响因素(调整R2=0.762,P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 社区老年人老化期望表现呈中等偏下水平,其中精神健康期望最高、认知功能期望最低;护理人员应重点关注影响因素,制订精准干预措施,平衡和满足其老化期望.     

社区老年人照顾者害怕老年人跌倒现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解社区老年人照顾者害怕老年人跌倒现状及影响因素。 方法 采用一般资料调查问卷、单条目问题法“您是否害怕您的照顾对象发生跌倒?”、国际跌倒效能量表、焦虑自评量表对武汉市3个社区的196名老年人照顾者进行调查。 结果 73.98%社区老年人照顾者害怕老年人跌倒;照顾者跌倒效能量表得分为(40.04±10.56)分;照顾者性别、照顾时间、对老年人活动能力的评价、劝阻老年人外出活动状况、老年人过去1年跌倒次数对照顾者跌倒效能有显著影响（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,照顾者跌倒效能与焦虑得分呈负相关（P＜0.01）。 结论 害怕老年人跌倒的现象普遍存在于社区老年人的照顾者人群中,这种心理不仅会导致对老年人的活动限制,还会使照顾者产生焦虑情绪。     

社区老年人心理健康与生命意义及活力老化的关系研究

目的分析社区老年人心理健康、生命意义与活跃老化的现状,并探讨活跃老化主要影响因素,为制订老年群体活力老化健康照护政策提供依据。方法使用心理健康量表、生命意义量表、活力老化量表,对382名60~89岁的社区老年人进行面对面问卷调查。结果社区老年人心理健康量表得分0.92±0.53,其中身体症状维度得分最高(1.15±0.62);生命意义量表得分4.39±1.12,其中生活质量维度得分最高(4.58±1.22);活力老化量表得分4.18±0.53,其中生活调适得分最高(4.57±1.61)。社区老年人心理健康、生命意义与活力老化存在正相关(均P0.01)。自觉健康状况、心理健康、生命意义对社区老年人活力老化有着显著的预测作用(P0.01)。结论在我国进入老龄化社会的严峻背景下,应该增进老年人的身心健康与对生命意义的认同感,使老年人拥有正向的活力老化。     

社区高血压早期肾损害患者健康促进生活方式调查分析

目的 调查社区高血压早期肾损害患者健康促进生活方式的现况,探讨其影响因素,为开展健康干预活动提供依据.方法 选取上海市某社区151例高血压早期肾损害患者,采用健康促进生活方式评定量表Ⅱ、高血压肾病患者特异性健康促进生活方式问卷、高血压肾病知识问卷及自我效能量表进行调查.结果 患者的健康促进生活方式得分(124.99±24.91)分,家庭经济状况、高血压家族史、医疗费支付方式、高血压肾病知识、自我效能为其主要影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);患者的特异性健康促进生活方式得分(28.08±4.90)分,高血压肾病知识、自我效能为其主要影响因素(均P＜0.01).结论 社区高血压早期肾损害患者健康生活方式整体水平不高,需加强社区针对性教育,并注重增强患者自我效能,以改善其不良生活方式,延缓疾病进程,提高生活质量.     

护理本科生主观幸福感与生活事件的相关性

目的 探讨在校护理本科生主观幸福感与生活事件的关系.方法 采用总体幸福感量表和青少年生活事件量表,对320名在校护理本科生进行调查.结果 护理本科生的总体幸福感得分75.19±10.66,不同年级护理本科生总体幸福感得分比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01);总体幸福感与生活事件总分及其6个因子呈显著负相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);学习负担重、与同学或好友发生纠纷、家庭经济困难、不喜欢上学4项生活事件对护理本科生的总体幸福感影响较大(均P＜0.01).结论 护理本科生主观幸福感与生活事件密切相关,在护理本科教育中,应采取灵活多样的教学方式并强化心理素质培养,提高其主观幸福感.     

社区老年人老化期望现状及影响因素研究

目的 调查社区老年人老化期望现状,分析其影响因素.方法 采用便张抽样法,选取泸州市380名社区老年人,应用一般资料调查表、老化期望量表、一般自我效能量表、家庭关怀度指数问卷、孤独感量袁简化版进行问卷调查.结果 社区老年人老化期望得分为44.4(36.1,55.6)分,广义线性回归分析结果显示,性别、文化程度、是否独居、自我效能感、家庭功能、孤独感是社区老年人老化期望的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 社区老年人老化期望处于中等偏下水平,影响因素较多,社区卫生服务人员应掌握其影响因素,采取有针对性的措施提升老年人的老化期望.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.