脑卒中与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的：综述阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructiv sleep apnea syndrome，OSAS)与脑卒中的关系及其防治。资料来源：应用计算机检索Medline1994-01／2004-08的关于OSAS和脑卒中的文章，检索词“Obstructive sleep apnea，stroke”，并限定语言种类为English。同时计算机检索万方数据资源系统中国期刊全文数据库1994-01／2004-08的关于OSAS和脑卒中的文章，限定文章语言种类为中文．检索词“阻塞性睡眠呼吸困难，卒中”。资料选择：对资料进行初审，选取有关阻塞性睡眠呼吸困难与脑卒中的文章：纳入标准为①随机对照临床试验(RCT)，采用单盲、双盲或非盲法.②非随机对照试验。③前后对照试验研究。④专著中的章节。排除标准：重复性研究。资料提炼：共收集到18篇关于OSAS与脑卒中关系相关文章，其中14篇符合纳入标准。排除的4篇文章为重复性研究。资料综合：对14篇有关OSAS和脑卒中之间关系的文章进行分析，探讨两者之间的内在联系。结论：OSAS的基本特征是长期反复的低氧血症和高碳酸血症，高血压是其发展到一定程度必然出现的并发症，脑卒中的防治不能忽视对OSAS的及早诊断和治疗。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心脑血管疾病的相关性研究

目的：探讨不同程度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(sleeping apnea syndmme，SAS)患者心脑血管病发生率及其两者的相关性。方法：63例疑似患有SAS患者，依据多导睡眠图(polygIlidance sleeping graphy，PSG)监测结果，分为正常、轻度、中度、重度睡眠呼吸暂停4组，根据临床表现、血液生化指标、心电图、心脏超声、动态血压及冠状动脉脉照影、颅脑CT等检查诊断心脑血管疾病，分析不同程度睡眠呼吸暂停患者心脑血管疾病发生率。结果：体质量指数(body mass index，BMI)与呼吸暂停指数(apnea-hypoventilation index，AHI)、呼吸紊乱指数(respiratory disorder index,RDI)、氧减饱和度指数显著正相关(r=0．355，0．373，0．375，P&;lt;0．05)；中、重度SAS组心血管病发生(心肌缺血：7／16，15／21；心绞痛：5／16，11／21；心肌梗死：4／16，10／21)明显高于正常(3／11，2／11，2／11)及轻度SAS组(5／15，3／15，3／15)(P&;lt;0．05或0．01)；轻、中、重度SAS组脑卒中的发生率均显著高于正常组(P&;lt;0．05)；4组患者高血脂与糖尿病发生率差异无显著意义(P&;gt;0．05)。结论：睡眠呼吸暂停的程度与心血管疾病的发生呈正相关。     

脑卒中与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的:综述阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructivesleepapneasyn-drome,OSAS)与脑卒中的关系及其防治。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline1994-01/2004-08的关于OSAS和脑卒中的文章,检索词“obstructivesleepapnea,stroke,并限定语言种类为English。同时计算机检索万方数据资源系统中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2004-08的关于OSAS和脑卒中的文章,限定文章语言种类为中文,检索词“阻塞性睡眠呼吸困难,卒中”。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取有关阻塞性睡眠呼吸困难与脑卒中的文章。纳入标准为①随机对照临床试验(RCT),采用单盲、双盲或非盲法。②非随机对照试验。③前后对照试验研究。④专著中的章节。排除标准:重复性研究。资料提炼:共收集到18篇关于OSAS与脑卒中关系相关文章,其中14篇符合纳入标准。排除的4篇文章为重复性研究。资料综合:对14篇有关OSAS和脑卒中之间关系的文章进行分析,探讨两者之间的内在联系。结论:OSAS的基本特征是长期反复的低氧血症和高碳酸血症,高血压是其发展到一定程度必然出现的并发症,脑卒中的防治不能忽视对OSAS的及早诊断和治疗。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的心血管系统改变

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的心血管系统改变李益民综述胡大一审校（北京军区总医院，北京１００７００）ＣａｒｄｉｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＰａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈＳｌｅｅｐＡｐｎｅａＳｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ￥ＬｉＹｉｍｉｎ（ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌｏ...     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心血管疾病

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,SAHS)是有潜在危险的系统性疾病,可累及全身各个脏器.国外研究表明,美国发病率2%～4%,日本4%左右.入户调查中国承德地区30岁以上人群,调查表明该病发病率为4.63%;北京地区调查,阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患病率为3.1%,男女比例为4:1,老年人患病率高.     

老年睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心脑血管疾病关系的研究

目的：探讨老年睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心脑血管疾病的关系。方法：用多导睡眠图监测68例患者，同时行动态血压、动态心电图及冠状动脉造影、磁共振检查。结果：中、重度呼吸暂停组高血压、心律失常、冠心痛的发生率明显高于正常对照组，重度呼吸暂停组脑卒中的发生率高于正常组。结论：老年睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者高血压、冠心痛、脑卒中发病率高。     

浅析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心血管疾病发病的关系

目的：浅析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）与心血管疾病发病的关系，初步探讨其发病机制。方法：经多导睡眠图（PSG）94、时监测，确诊OSAS患者160例，随机选取其中100例重度OSAS患者，另取正常受试者100例，分别观察其血压、血脂、内皮素（ET）等指标。对其心血管疾病患病情况进行随访观察2年。结果：OSAS组患心血管疾病患者明显高于正常受试组。结论：OSAS患者与其并发心血管疾病有密切关系，防治OSAS对于心血管疾病的防治具有重要意义。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征并发心血管疾病34例临床分析

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征常并发心血管疾病。本文结合临床资料及文献对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征并发心血管疾病的流行病学、机制和治疗等作了探讨。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征并发代谢综合征机制的研究进展

近20a是睡眠医学飞速发展的黄金时期,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)备受关注,与其相关的心血管疾病由于症状表现明显,发病率及致死率高而广受重视,成为睡眠呼吸紊乱研究的热点。而代谢综合征(MS)同样是全身性疾病群,在心脑血管疾病发病机制方面占很重要的位置,二者有着较高的并存率[1],临床上认为二者关系密切,有许多相似的临床表现如高血压、中心性肥胖、血脂、血糖紊乱等,提示两者可能存在共同的发病机制。本文就两者高并存的机制的研究进展进行综述。1SAS与MS的定义1.1SAS指每晚7h睡眠中,呼吸暂停反复发作在30次以上,或睡眠呼吸暂停低通…     

中西医结合治疗脑卒中合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征临床观察

目的:采用中西医结合治疗脑卒中患者合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)。方法:60例脑卒中合并OSAS住院患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,对照组采用一般西医内科治疗和CPAP治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用醒脑静注射液静滴和中药健脾化痰活血开窍汤剂治疗,疗程28 d,观察两组的神经功能缺损评分和睡眠呼吸暂停改善情况。结果:两组比较治疗组疗效优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗28 d时,两组神经功能缺损评分改善对比差异有显著性(<0.05)。结论:中西医结合治疗临床疗效更好。     

Eye diseases in sleep apnea syndrome

Sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by recurrent complete or partial upper airway obstructions during sleep and recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Several eye diseases have been associated with sleep apnea syndrome. Due to floppy eyelids often a chronic conjunctivitis occurs. A leaking mask used for apnea treatment may also induce a conjunctivitis. The lids may show an upper lid ptosis, lower lid ectropium, blepharochalasis, or trichiasis. Corneal findings include infectious keratitis, dry eye, recurrent erosion, keratoconus, and progressive endotheliopathy. Several optic neuropathies also seem to be associated with sleep apnea syndrome.     

冠状动脉血管狭窄程度与睡眠呼吸暂停的相关性研究

目的 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）被认为是冠心病（CHD）的风险因素,本研究拟探讨OSA与冠状动脉血管狭窄程度之间的关系。方法 入选疑似CHD患者420例,所有受试者行冠状动脉造影并计算Gensini评分判断冠状动脉血管狭窄程度、多导联睡眠呼吸监测测定呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）,分析冠状动脉血管狭窄程度与OSA的相关性。结果 Gensini评分≥80患者的年龄、AHI及高血压、糖尿病、OSA患病率高于Gensini评分<80患者组（P<0.01）。与无OSA患者和轻度OSA患者比较,中度、重度OSA患者Gensini评分均明显增高（P=0.007,0.037）。Logistic回归分析：总体人群中,年龄、男性、AHI、高血压、糖尿病是Gensini评分≥80的风险因素。在年龄≥55岁组,校正性别和年龄后,AHI升高增加 Gensini评分≥80的风险(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.00~1.05,P<0.05）。在年龄<55岁患者中,合并糖尿病较无糖尿病患者Gensini评分≥80风险增加1.77倍（OR=2.77,95%CI:1.29~5.94,P<0.05）。结论 冠状动脉血管狭窄程度是与AHI具有相关性,中度、重度OSA患者Gensini评分更高,年龄≥55岁的患者Gensini评分与AHI独立相关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压的相关性

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)与高血压的相关性.方法 按照睡眠资料和24 h血压资料,分为单纯高血压组与合并OSAS高血压组,口服药物治疗4周,比较治疗前后血压变化,OSAS组降压效果差的患者同时接受持续气道正压(CPAP)治疗,观察血压控制情况.结果 30例单纯高血压患者,常规药物降压治疗4周后,血压较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05);OSAS组药物治疗前后无明显变化,再同时用CPAP治疗4周后晨起血压明显下降.结论 合并有OSAS的高血压患者多为难治性,单纯降压药物治疗效果欠佳,需要同时应用CPAP治疗.     

老年人心血管疾病与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的关系

目的探讨老年心血管疾病与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的关系。方法采用RS-611床垫式睡眠呼吸监测系统监测31例老年心血管病患者睡眠呼吸状况,分析其与心血管病的关系。结果(1)29例检出睡眠呼吸暂停和(或)低通气事件,26例诊断OSAHS,27例低氧血症。(2)患者年龄与低通气指数(HI)及患有冠心病、高血压、脑梗死、糖尿病等疾病数显著正相关(分别为r=0.392,P<0.05;r=0.710,P=0.01);≥80岁组患退行性心瓣膜病、糖尿病、肾衰病例数显著高于<80岁组(2χ值分别=11.519,9.120,4.377,P<0.01,0.01,0.05),HI明显高于<80岁组(9.8±10.6对比2.6±1.7,P<0.05),夜间最低血氧饱和度(LO2)、平均血氧饱和度(AO2)明显低于<80岁组[(76.4±8.3)%对比(81.9±5.9)%,(82.6±2.2)%对比(94.0±1.2)%,P<0.05]。(3)冠脉严重病变组呼吸暂停指数(AI)和呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)明显高于对照组(16.5±9.6对比9.3±6.4,23.4±14.6对比14.3±9.3,均P<0.05);瓣膜返流组LO2明显低于对照组[(75.6±8.0)%对比(81.8±6.2)%,P<0.05)]。AHI≥15组冠脉严重病变、高尿酸血症病例数显著多于AHI<15组(2χ值分别为5.154,5.148,均P<0.05)。结论老年患者多同时患有多种心血管疾病和OSAHS,患病病种及低通气程度均随增龄增加,OSAHS的严重程度与冠脉严重病变、高尿酸血症以及老年心肾功能的减退相一致。     

Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical condition that occurs in approximately 5% to 15% of the population. The pathophysiology of OSA is characterized by repetitive occlusions of the posterior pharynx during sleep that obstruct the airway, followed by oxyhemoglobin desaturation, persistent inspiratory efforts against the occluded airway, and termination by arousal from sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with daytime sleepiness and fatigue, likely due to fragmented sleep from recurrent arousals. Substantial evidence shows that patients with OSA have an increased incidence of hypertension compared with individuals without OSA and that OSA is a risk factor for the development of hypertension. Recent studies show that OSA may be implicated in stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Obstructive sleep apnea appears to be associated with coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Pulmonary hypertension may be associated with OSA, especially in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease. Although the exact cause that links OSA with cardiovascular disease is unknown, there is evidence that OSA is associated with a group of proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors that have been identified to be important in the development of atherosclerosis. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased daytime and nocturnal sympathetic activity. Autonomic abnormalities seen in patients with OSA include increased resting heart rate, decreased R-R interval variability, and increased blood pressure variability. Both atherosclerosis and OSA are associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor, and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with enhanced platelet activity and aggregation. Leukocyte adhesion and accumulation on endothelial cells are common in both OSA and atherosclerosis. Clinicians should be aware that OSA may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.     

OSAS患者胰岛素抵抗与患者心功能及心血管事件的关系

目的探讨呼吸睡眠暂停综合征(OSAS)患者胰岛素抵抗与患者心功能及心血管时间的关系。方法选取2015年8月至2016年8月在该院住院的88例OSAS的患者作为研究,并以同期健康体检的20例健康人群作为对照组,抽血监测患者糖代谢指标评价患者胰岛素抵抗水平,对比两组患者胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢的指标,探讨OSAS患者血清胰岛素抵抗与患者心功能及心血管事件的关系。结果观察组患者HOMA-IR、FPG、FINS均明显高于健康对照组,观察组患者LVEF为(58.7±5.6)%,明显低于对照组患者,LVEDP、RVEDP、mPAP分别(8.6±1.8)、(5.4±0.9)、(25.4±1.9)mm明显高于对照组患者,多因素分析结果提示LVEF55%(P=0.014)、HOMA-IR4.5(P=0.04)是患者心血管事件的独立风险因素。结论胰岛素抵抗与OSAS患者心功能存在明显相关性。     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is estimated to affect 2 million to 3 million Americans. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea alternating with periods of arousal and breathing, a pattern that recurs throughout the sleep cycle. It is important for the nurse practitioner to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of the syndrome in order to initiate diagnostic testing. The role of the nurse practitioner also involves education of the client and family regarding the disease process and treatment modalities. The client and client's family will need help in coping with the diagnosis and possibly with the physical and psychological symptoms experienced. This article outlines the disease process, treatment modalities, possible complications and the role of the nurse practitioner in assisting the client with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is the most common cause of hypersomnolence in patients referred to sleep disorders centers. This type of sleep apnea is characterized by loud snoring, nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation, and disrupted sleep that leads to daytime hypersomnolence. The anatomic configuration of the pharynx and the physiologic responses to occlusion of the upper airway play a major role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Polysomnography can accurately identify obstructive sleep apnea, and the multiple sleep latency test allows an objective measurement of daytime alertness. Weight loss and training the patient to sleep in a lateral position are frequently used to alleviate mild cases. Nasally applied continuous positive airway pressure is an extremely effective modality for treating moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Surgical correction of obvious anatomic defects has a role in diminishing obstructive sleep apnea, but the exact role of surgical intervention in patients without obvious anatomic defects remains unknown. The choice of therapy should be tailored to the individual patient with sleep apnea, and careful follow-up is essential to ensure a positive response to therapy.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压的关系探讨

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与高血压的关系。方法将62例经多导睡眠图监测仪监测证实为OSAHS的患者分为伴高血压(34例)和无高血压(28例)2组,比较2组患者的呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度、呼吸暂停最长时间、觉醒指数,同时测量2组患者睡前、醒时血压。结果 OSAHS伴高血压组与无高血压组比较,呼吸暂停低通气指数〔(65.2±20.1)vs(36.7±18.4)次/h〕、呼吸暂停最长时间〔(58.4±10.7)vs(46.3±12.5)s〕、觉醒指数〔(41.2±13.6)vs(20.4±11.7)次/h〕差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。伴高血压组最低血氧饱和度低于无高血压组〔(67±11)%vs(75±10)%〕(P<0.05)。OSAHS伴高血压组的睡前和醒时血压均明显高于无高血压组(P均<0.05),且OSAHS伴高血压组醒时血压明显高于睡前血压(P<0.05);而OSAHS无高血压组的醒时血压与睡前血压相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 OSAHS与高血压关系密切,OSAHS可能是引起或加重高血压的病因之一。