咽炎颗粒治疗慢性咽炎的临床随机对照试验

目的 察咽炎颗粒对慢性咽炎的临床疗效。方法 机对照设计，将30例慢性咽炎患者随机分为治疗组(n=20）和对照组(n=10），以玄脉甘桔颗粒为对照进行随机对照临床试验。结果 疗组总有效率90．0％，总显效率60.0％，对照组总有效率50．0％，总显效率20．0％经统计学处理，治疗组与对照组比较有统计学意义（P＜0.05)。结论 炎颗粒治疔慢性咽炎疗效确切。     

咽炎康治疗急、慢性咽炎的临床观察

目的　观察咽炎康对急、慢性咽炎的疗效。方法　将符合诊断标准的急性咽炎患者 12 9例,慢性咽炎患者 10 1例随机分为观察组和对照组。急性咽炎患者观察组服用咽炎康,对照组合并服用碘喉片与罗红霉素,疗程为 5d;慢性咽炎患者观察组服用咽炎康,对照组服用磺喉片,疗程为 7d。结果　咽炎康治疗急性咽炎的有效率为 91 3%,对照组为 85 0 %,经统计学分析P >0 0 5;咽炎康治疗慢性咽炎的有效率为 89 6 %,对照组为 71 5 %,经统计学分析P <0 0 5。结论　咽炎康对于治疗急、慢性咽炎均有很好的疗效。     

清咽灵喷雾剂治疗急慢性咽炎疗效观察

目的 :观察自制中西药方新剂型清咽灵喷雾剂治疗急、慢性咽炎的临床疗效。方法 :应用清咽灵喷雾剂治疗 2 0 7例急、慢性咽炎病例 ,用清凉喉片治疗作为对照观察。结果 :治疗组对急性咽炎总有效率为 94 8%、慢性咽炎为 87 7% ,对照组总有效率分别为 5 9 3%、47 6 % ,两组治疗后总有效率有极显著性差异(P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :表明清咽灵喷雾剂是治疗急、慢性咽炎的一种疗效显著、无副作用的新型中西药喷雾剂。     

清咽灵喷雾剂治疗急性慢咽炎疗法效观察

目的：观察自制中西药方新剂型清咽灵喷雾剂治疗急、慢性咽炎的临床疗效。方法：６应用清咽灵喷雾剂治疗２０７例急,慢性咽炎病例,用清凉喉片治疗作为对照观察。结果：治疗组对急性咽炎总有效率为９４．８％,慢性咽炎为８６．７％,对照组总有效率分别为５９．３％、４７．６％,两组治疗的总有效率有极显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论;表明清咽灵喷雾剂是治疗急、慢性咽炎的一种疗效显著、无副作用的新型中西药喷雾剂。     

茵兰益肝颗粒治疗急性药物性肝损伤的效果观察

目的研究茵兰益肝颗粒治疗急性药物性肝损伤的作用机制及治疗效果。方法选择辛集市中医院2011年1月至2012年1月收治的56例药物性肝损伤患者，随机分为两组，观察组28例患者给予茵兰益肝颗粒治疗，对照组28例患者给予西利宾胺片，比较两组患者临床症状及肝功能指标等改善情况。结果两组综合疗效比较结果：观察组总有效率为92．86％，对照组总有效率为82．14％，观察组治疗效果明显高于对照组，两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。比较两组患者治疗后中医证候疗效，观察组总有效率为92．86％；对照组总有效率为92．86％；两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。比较两组患者治疗后超声疗效显示，观察组总有效率为89．29％，对照组总有效率为92．86％，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论茵兰益肝颗粒治疗急性药物性肝损伤临床症状改善情况好于西药治疗，作用机制是对肝细胞的炎症反应产生抑制作用。     

夜交藤抗炎抑菌作用的实验研究

目的 研究夜交藤的抗炎抑菌作用。方法 采用药理实验方法，观察体外抑菌和对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀的急性炎症及大鼠棉球肉芽肿的慢性炎症的影响。结果 夜交藤对慢性炎症有明显的抗炎作用，而无抗急性炎症的作用；对金色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎链球菌、卡他萘瑟氏球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、普通变形菌有抑制作用。结论 可开发夜交藤抗慢性炎症的药物。     

金灯山根口服液喷雾为主治疗急性咽炎急性扁桃体炎60例临床观察

目的 观察金灯山根口服液喷雾为主治疗急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎的疗效。方法 总结2001年1月—2001年12月以金灯山根口服液喷雾为主治疗急性咽炎总性扁桃体炎60例，及庆大霉素喷雾为主治疗总性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎30例的临床资料。结果 以金灯山根口服液喷雾为治疗组的总有效率大于以庆大霉素为对照组的总有效率(P＜0．01)，治疗组对咽痛作用及起效时间显著大于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论 提示金灯山根口服液喷雾是治疗总性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎的有效方法。     

金梅咽喉丸治疗急慢性咽炎320例临床观察

本文报道了我院研制的金梅咽喉丸治疗急慢性咽炎的临床观察。经320例患者的使用，并与复方草珊瑚含片相对照，经统计学检查，对急性咽炎的总有效率分别为95％和93．33％，两组间无显著差异；对慢性咽类的总有效率分别为87％和73．3％，两组间存在显著差异（P＜0．01）。临床观察表明：金梅咽喉丸对急慢性咽炎均有较好疗效，尚未发现毒副反应。     

头孢羟氨苄治疗急性咽炎、扁桃体炎的疗效观察

目的:观察头孢羟氨苄治疗急性咽炎、扁桃体炎的临床疗效。方法:130例急性咽炎、扁桃体炎患儿随机分为治疗组65例,给予头孢羟氨苄30 mg/(kg·d)治疗;对照组65例,给予阿莫西林40 mg/(kg·d)治疗。结果:治疗组与对照组显效率分别为32.3％和16.9％(x2=4.15,P<0.05),总有效率分别为81.5％和55.4％(x2=10.3,P<0.01)。结论:头孢羟氨苄治疗急性咽炎、扁桃体炎有良好疗效。     

咽炎丸治疗慢性咽炎1100例

目的 观察咽炎丸对慢性咽喉炎的临床疗效并进行安全性评价.方法 将1 950例慢性咽炎患者分为咽炎丸治疗组(1 100例)及对照组(850例).结果治疗14 d后,治疗组总有效率为93.91%,对照组总有效率为70.94 %,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01),两组均无明显不良反应.结论 咽炎丸治疗慢性咽炎安全有效.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.