先天性胆管扩张症58例诊治分析

目的探讨先天性胆管扩张症的有效诊治方法。方法对58例先天性胆管扩张症患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果58例中TodaniⅠ型50例、Ⅱ型1例、Ⅳ型5例、Ⅴ型2例。术前B超检查确诊率为94％,磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、CT或内窥镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查均明确诊断。术前或术中胆管影像学检查显示胰胆管结合部扩张32例,其中29例胰胆管合流异常。52例无癌变病例,行囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术48例,囊肿外引流术、囊肿切除联合胆总管T管引流术、左肝外叶切除联合胆总管T管引流术、左半肝切除联合胆总管T管引流术各1例。6例癌变病例,行胰十二指肠切除术4例,囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-cn-Y吻合术2例。近期和远期并发症发生率分别为8．1％、9．6％,疗效优良者49例。结论ERCP或MRCP检查有助于先天性胆管扩张症的确诊、分型,并可指导手术;囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是本病主要的手术方式,肝叶切除适用于局限于一侧肝叶的Caroli病（Ⅴ型）;对于合并癌变者,应积极争取行根治性手术。     

内镜下巧用内支架取出器扩张肝移植术后胆管严重狭窄1例

随着肝移植技术的不断发展,肝移植病例日趋增多,而相应胆道并发症的绝对例数也随之增加.胆道并发症仍是导致肝移植失败的重要原因之一.第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院自2004年1月至2006年12月共计完成内镜胰胆管造影(ERCP)3066例,针对肝移植术后胆道并发症进行的ERCP诊断和治疗达234例(7.63%),其中单纯或合并吻合口狭窄比例高达77.82%(182例),供肝肝内外胆管广泛硬化性狭窄比例高达57.66%(135例),而这2个问题是ERCP处理的难点,本文就肝内胆管硬化性狭窄扩张处理的技巧结合典型病例进行介绍.     

肝叶切除治疗原发性肝内胆管结石

目的 了解肝叶切除治疗原发性肝内胆管结石的效果.方法 回顾性分析6年来对52例肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除联合其它术式的治疗效果.结果 右半肝切除术2例,右后叶切除术2例,非规则性右肝部分切除术9例,左半肝切除术13例,左外叶切除术26例.术后残石发生7例,经胆道镜取净5例.结论 肝叶切除治疗原发性肝内胆管结石是目前较理想的有效的手术方式.     

胆道镜检查漏诊胆管残余结石19例分析

目的 探讨胆道镜检查漏诊胆管残余结石的原因及处理方法.方法 行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术后的肝内外胆管残余结石患者126例,其中107例用胆道镜取净肝内胆管残余结石,但仍有19例漏诊肝内胆管残余结石,对其临床资料作回顾性分析.结果 19例漏诊肝内胆管残余结石的患者中,13例存在肝内胆管狭窄(其中4例合并胆管的汇流异常),开口呈针孔状;6例结石所在胆管与其汇入的胆管呈锐角;上述因素导致胆道镜检查过程中难以发现胆管开口,无法取净.经肝胆CT检查胆管残余结石被发现,根据肝胆CT显示的残余结石部位,再次行胆道镜检查和(或)结合术中胆道镜超选造影,成功发现残余结石,经胆管扩张、液电碎石及取石等措施将残余结石取净.结论 胆管开口狭窄、结石所在胆管与其汇入的胆管呈锐角是胆道镜检查漏诊肝内胆管残余结石的主要原因.肝胆CT检查结合胆道镜超选造影可以提高胆管残余结石的检出率;经胆管扩张、液电碎石及取石等措施可将残余结石取净.     

胆道镜和胆道镜引导下气囊导管扩张胆管狭窄及取石的临床研究

1990年 ,我们用胆道镜和气囊导管扩张治疗胆管狭窄及结石患者 42例 ,取得满意疗效 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　一般资料　本组男 1 8例 ,女 2 4例 ;年龄2 9～ 74岁 ,平均 5 5 .4岁。其中急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎 ( AOSC)急症胆道取石 胆囊切除 胆总管 T管引流 35例 ,左外侧叶切除 胆囊切除 胆道探查 T管引流 4例 ,胆道探查 胆囊造瘘 胆总管 T管引流 3例。本组均经 T管造影和 B超或 CT、胆道镜证实胆管狭窄。本组左肝内型 2 5例 ,右肝内型 1 1例 ,左右肝内型4例 ,肝外型 2例。膜状狭窄 1～ 2 mm9例 ;段状狭窄 2～ 3mm1 7例 ,…     

肝内胆管结石的微创治疗

目的探讨微创洽疗肝内胆管结石的方法、可行性及疗效。方法总结2006年5月至2012年11月采用完全腹腔镜治疗肝内胆管结石15例。手术方式包括腹腔镜单纯肝脏切除、腹腔镜单纯胆道探查取石,或者联合保留Oddi括约肌的皮下通道胆囊或游离空肠肝胆管成形术。结果所有患者均成功完成手术,无围手术期死亡,术后残留结石率26％（4／15）。所有患者均获得随访,随访率100％。平均随访29个月（2～80个月）,术后吻合口狭窄l例,未见结石复发。结论认真掌握手术适应证,仔细操作,合理利用胆道镜及皮下通道,可实现肝内胆管结石的微创治疗。     

肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗肝胆管结石

目的探讨利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗肝胆管结石的临床价值。方法选择50例肝胆管结石患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组:观察组25例利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄;对照组25例采取局部肝段或肝叶切除。统计分析两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后胆漏及残石率、术后肝功能恢复情况。结果观察组患者术中出血量、手术时间明显少于对照组(P0.05),术后肝功能受损程度及恢复时间明显优于对照组(P0.05),术后胆漏及残石率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗效果良好。结论利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗未合并肝脏病理性改变的肝胆管结石,术中出血量少,手术时间短,取材方便,操作简便,符合胆道生理,效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的处理

肝内胆管结石是指肝总管分叉以上的胆管结石.在东亚及东南亚一些国家和地区发病率很高,而在欧美国家发病率低.肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄发病率高,据报道国内胆管狭窄的发生率为24.80%-41.94%,肝内胆管狭窄是肝内胆管结石的主要病理改变,两者互为因果.长期存在的结石,合并肝内胆管感染、狭窄及胆汁淤积,常导致胆石存在肝段实质萎缩,甚至恶变.结石、炎症及狭窄3者互为因果,由于其反复发作的炎症、胆管狭窄及手术后残留的结石,肝内胆管结石合并狭窄一直是临床治疗的难点之一.因病变部位不同,其临床表现也因人而异.一般而言,其临床表现往往不如肝外胆管结石那样严重,但治疗难度却明显高于肝外胆管结石.B超诊断肝内胆管结石的准确率很高,近年来随着经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)、磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholan giopancreatography,MRCP)等先进诊断技术手段的应用,肝内胆管结石及狭窄得以更及时更清晰的诊断,其治疗方法也取得一定进展.术前进行详尽的影像学检查,明确结石及胆管狭窄所处的具体位置,针对不同患者的病情,制定恰当的个体化治疗方案尤为重要.本文结合我们的治疗体会探讨肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗问题.     

经十二指肠镜治疗肝内胆管结石283例临床研究

目的 探讨经十二指肠镜沿正常生理通道治疗肝內胆管结石的经验.方法 收集1996年9月至2009年1月在沈阳军区总医院常规行內镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、十二指肠乳头切开(ESF)患者283例资料,合并肝外胆管结石先行ERCP取出结石,合并胆管狭窄行柱状气囊扩张术,再行肝管碎石及网篮、球囊取石术,取石困难者行鼻胆引流后注入中药溶石治疗或胆管内支架治疗后择期取石.结果 283例肝內胆管结石患者中,101例合并肝外胆管结石均一次取出,肝內胆管结石一次完全取尽215例.余68例中,9例行鼻胆管注入中药溶石治疗1周,再行ERCP取尽结石;59例行肝內胆管內支架置入术,3个月后行ERCP取尽21例,37例结石未取尽,继续留置胆管內支架,无任何不适,建议定期随访.33例合并肝內胆管狭窄经柱状气囊扩张治疗治愈19例,14例行胆管內支架支撑治疗.19例合并肝內胆管脓肿经鼻胆引流治疗脓肿消失.结论 经十二指肠镜沿正常生理通道治疗肝內胆管结石安全可靠、疗效满意.     

大口径肝门胆肠内引流治疗肝内胆管结石

目的广泛切开狭窄的肝内胆管，取净结石，大口胆肠内引流，提高肝内胆管结石的治疗效果．方法15例中男2例，女13例，年龄29岁～62岁．有反复发作性畏寒、发热、黄疸病史2a～15a．除1例为首次手术，其余经历2～6次胆道手术，皆因肝内病灶残留或狭窄胆管未解除而症状反复出现．术前PTC造影确定结石分布及狭窄部位．术中广泛肝内胆管切开，解除狭窄，取净结石，通畅引流达2～3级胆管，修整胆管成一完整的胆盆，行大口径胆盆－空肠Roux－y内引流或行间置空肠，胆肠吻合口处置Y形内支撑管，放置3mo～6mo．胆总管远端缝闭，以防盲袋感染；做人工瓣或人工乳头，减少食物反流．对5例合并有肝纤维化萎缩、局灶性肝脓疡的行肝右叶部分、左叶或左外叶切除．结果术后通过内支撑管造影，B超随访3mo～5a，2例有边周小胆管少许结石残留，全部病例临床症状消失，体重增加．结论广泛肝内狭窄胆管切开，取净结石，大口径肝门胆肠内引流是治疗肝内胆管结石的一种重要手段．     

Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct, anomaly of the biliopancreatic junction and cancer of the bile ducts

The choledochus and pancreatic duct ordinarily enter the duodenum either separately or via a common channel located in the duodenal wall. The usual maximal length of the common channel is approximately 0.5 cm. An anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary tract is defined by the presence of an unusually long common channel whose length is 1 cm or longer. During the last 8 years, we studied 9 cases of congenital dilatation of the bile duct. Besides the choledochal cyst, all patients had a common channel which measured 1.5 cm or longer. The mean age of patients (6 females, 3 males) was 36.5 years. Three patients had extrahepatic bile tract carcinoma. One patient, a 51-year old man, had gallbladder carcinoma without stones while the two other patients, a 43-year old woman and a 32-year old man, had carcinoma arising from the wall of the cystic dilatation. These two patients had undergone a simple internal drainage procedure 16 and 8 years before, respectively. Our study suggests that the anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary tract, an embryonic anomaly which allows the reflux of pancreatic juice into the bile duct and gallbladder, may be responsible for congenital bile duct dilatation and biliary tract carcinoma. Total excision of the cystic dilatation and the gallbladder with hepaticojejunostomy is the appropriate surgical treatment.     

Bile duct cancer developed after cyst excision for choledochal cyst

Oncogenesis after cyst excision for choledochal cyst and suitable surgical procedures for this operation are discussed. The clinical data of 23 patients with cancer of the biliary tree after excision of choledochal cyst reported in the English-language and Japanese literature were reviewed, and data for 1353 Japanese patients with choledochal cyst and/or pancreaticobiliary malunion were analyzed. In the 23 patients reported in the literature, age at cyst excision ranged from 1 to 55 years (average, 23.0 ± 13.7 years), and cancers were detected at age 18—60 years (average, 32.1 ± 12.2 years), with intervals between cyst excision and cancer detection of 1—19 years (average, 9.0 ± 5.5 years). Sites of cancer development were: intrahepatic, six; anastomotic, eight; hepatic side residual cyst, three; and the intrapancreatic duct, six. In the Japanese patients with choledochal cyst and/or pancreaticobiliary malunion, the incidence of cancer associated with primary choledochal cyst and/or pancreaticobiliary malunion was 16.2% (219/1353). The incidence of cancer development after cyst excision in this population, of whom 1291/1353 underwent surgery, was assumed to be 0.7%. Nearly half of the 23 patients in the literature had undergone inadequate cyst excision. Oncogenesis of cancers after cyst excision is possibly different from that of choledochal cysts.     

Computed tomography virtual endoscopy with angiographic imaging for the treatment of type IV-A choledochal cyst

Type IV-A choledochal cysts (CCs) are a congenital biliary anomaly which involve dilatation of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with type IV-A CC, on whom three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) and virtual endoscopy were performed. 3D CT revealed partial dilatation in the posterior branch of the intrahepatic bile duct and a relative stricture between it and the extrahepatic bile duct. Virtual endoscopy showed that this stricture was membrane-like and separated from the surrounding blood vessels. Based on these image findings, complete cyst resection, bile duct plasty for the stricture, and hepaticojejunostomy were safely performed. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of imaging by virtual endoscopy of the biliary tract which show the surrounding blood vessels running along the bile duct.     

Left hepatectomy for the choledochal cyst (type IV-A) with intrahepatic stenosis: report of a case

The case of a 16-year-old male with expansion of the gallbladder and dilatation of the common bile duct is reported. Ultrasonography and computed tomography imaging showed expansion of the gallbladder and eminent cystic dilatation in the common bile duct and the left intrahepatic bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography indicated expansion-like beads of the bilateral hepatic ductus and the left intrahepatic bile duct, including anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary ductal junction. Because relative stenosis of the membranous diaphragm was revealed in the porta hepatis, we diagnosed this case as a type IV-A choledochal cyst, using Todani's classification. Intraoperative cholangiography and cholangiofiberscopy showed a pinhole stricture and re-expansion of the tip of the left intrahepatic bile duct. As the narrow segment could not be expanded though we put proper pressure there, left hepatectomy was performed as a preventive measure in addition to extended biliary tract excision and cholangiojejunostomy. Hepatectomy seems to be an appropriate choice in a case of intrahepatic stenosis to help increase the patient's postoperative quality of life.     

Clinical aspects of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct in adults

We reviewed the data for 155 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (CCDB; Alonso-Lej Type I) treated at our institute in the past 12 years. Our definition of CCDB was segmental enlargement of the common bile duct or enlargement involving the proximal bile duct, visualized on cholangiograms. CCDB was subclassified as infant or adult type cyst, based on the extent of the enlargement and the clinicopathologic findings. The former is typically an enlargement of the common bile duct or an enlargement involving the common hepatic duct, while the latter is an enlargement of the entirety of the extrahepatic ducts or involves the intrahepatic bile ducts. Of the 155 patients, 5 (including 1 child) had infant type cysts and 150 (including 1 child) had adult type cysts; 125 patients had benign CCDB (3 with infant type cyst) and 30 exhibited CCDB biliary malignancy (2 with infant type). Anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AAPB) and congenital biliary stricture were frequently associated with CCDB and these features played an important role in the presenting symptoms of CCDB: AAPB was detected in 100 of the 155 patients, and stricture in 51. AAPB caused disturbance of the passage of bile from the terminal bile duct to the duodenum and cholestasis in the enlargement, with reciprocal regurgitation of bile into the pancreas and pancreatic juice into the bile duct, and the AAPB appeared to precede obstructive jaundice, acute pancreatitis, or biliary malignancies. Stricture was observed at one to all of six sites in the hepatic hilum. Intrahepatic stones were seen in 30 patients, and intrahepatic bile duct cancer was seen in 8 patients; in all these 8 patients, the cancer was associated with primary intrahepatic stones.     

Inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for choledochal cyst with chronic calcifying pancreatitis

We report inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for congenital choledochal cyst with an anomalous arrangement of pancreaticobiliary duct and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. A 42-year-old man was admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital East complaining of back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed marked dilatation of the bile duct and multiple pancreatic stones in the main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated pancreatic stones in the dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent cyst excision, inferior head resection of the pancreas, hepaticojejunostomy and lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. This procedure relieved the back pain. Choledochal cyst with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct is frequently associated with acute pancreatitis. Inferior head resection of the pancreas removed the common channel which could be the cause of relapsing pancreatitis. Thus, inferior head resection can play a role in the management of choledochal cyst with chronic pancreatitis.     

Recent advances in pathophysiology and surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct

The introduction of the concept of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) has led to significant progress in the pathogenetic study and surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct (CDBD). Clinical studies of 155 patients with CDBD, and basic experimental studies of the mechanisms of bile duct dilatation and associated pancreatitis were conducted. The CDBD was morphologically classified as either cystic or cylindrical type. Clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings were highly dependent on two factors: the age at onset and the reflux of pancreatic juice into the bile duct through the PBM. The canine experimental model of PBM exhibited not only significant bile duct dilatation but also morphological findings similar to those in the CDBD patients. Subsequent studies in a rat model clarified the involvement of activated pancreatic enzyme phospholipase A₂ in PBM‐associated pancreatitis. For surgical treatment, cystoenterostomy has been superseded by hepatico‐enterostomy after removal of the damaged bile ducts and blocking their communication with the pancreatic duct. Long‐term follow‐up studies have shown excellent results by confirming the surgical correction based on the pathological principles. Regarding biliary reconstruction, jejunal interposition hepatico‐duodenostomy, which is, theoretically, a logical approach was unexpectedly shown to often lead to bile reflux gastritis, so it is now superseded by Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy.     

Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on patient's prognosis

Background: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been widely accepted as an alternative to surgery for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In RFA, a portion of liver tissue surrounding tumour is also ablated to achieve a safety margin. The intrahepatic bile duct may be injured and result in chronic bile duct dilatation upstream of the injured site. However, the impact of such an injury on the overall prognosis has been unclear. Methods: Patients who showed bile duct dilatation following RFA were identified by a retrospective review of imaging studies. Each dilatation was classified as mild (limited to one hepatic subsegment) or severe (affecting two or more subsegments). The relation between the incidence of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and HCC recurrence or survival was analysed using proportional hazard models. Results: Among 589 consecutive HCC patients treated with RFA, 70 (11.9%) and 21 (3.6%) patients showed mild and severe bile duct dilatation respectively. Patients with severe dilatation, but not those with mild dilatation, had lower survival and higher HCC recurrence than patients without dilatation. Severe dilatation, but not mild dilatation, was significantly associated with death [hazard ratio (HR) 2.17, P=0.035] and recurrence (HR 2.89, P<0.001). Conclusion: Whereas mild bile duct dilatation after RFA is clinically negligible, bile duct dilatation affecting two or more subsegments should be regarded as a complication that may affect the prognosis and should be observed carefully.     

Choledochal cyst,pancreatobiliary malunion,and cancer

A review of the clinical features of biliary cancer with choledochal cyst and pancreatobiliary malunion is presented, together with a recent case report. Biliary cancer develops in about 25% of patients with choledochal cyst and pancreatobiliary malunion, and usually occurs in younger patients (usually those in their 40s) than does biliary carcinoma in the general population. The risk of malignancy in the retained cyst with internal drainage is higher than that in the primary cyst. Early excision of the retained cyst should be performed as quickly as possible, even if the patient is symptomless. Some bile acid fractions and refluxed pancreatic enzymes in bile are possibly responsible for carcinogenesis. Carcinoma generally develops in the extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder, and rarely in the intrahepatic bile duct. In cystic dilatation, cancer usually occurs in the common bile duct, while in diffuse or non-dilated type, it develops in the gallbladder. Multicentric carcinomas develop in the bile duct either synchronously or metachronously. The prognosis of biliary cancer is usually dismal. However, aggressive procedures are now gaining better results than conventional approaches. The procedure of choice for choledochal cyst or malunion is to prevent the development of cancer by performing an early excision. Removal of the entire extrahepatic bile duct is necessary, even in patients with malunion and no biliary dilatation. Carcinoma rarely arises in the intrahepatic bile duct after excisional surgery, probably due to the long-standing stricture of the bile duct. Capacious anastomosis and/or ductoplasty is essential. Carcinoma may also develop in the remnant bile duct. Excision of the distal duct extending into the pancreas is also necessary.     

Biliary carcinogenesis in pancreaticobiliary maljunction

The coexistence of bile duct carcinoma in choledochal cysts is well known. With large number of cases of congenital bile duct dilatation and pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM), it is now apparent that gallbladder carcinoma is more frequent in PBM without bile duct dilatation. The incidence of Gallbladder cancer in choledochal cyst and bile duct cancer in PBM, regardless of the presence of bile duct dilatation is significantly higher than that in control patients with biliary cancer but without PBM. A recent survey shows that the incidence of bile duct cancer in PBM without dilatation is equivalent to that of gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer in patients with choledochal dilatation. Pathology in PBM is a result of reflux of pancreatic juice and stasis of the mixture in the biliary system. Carcinogenic factors thus present in the biliary contents induce epithelial changes in the biliary tract. In the biliary contents, activated pancreatic enzymes and secondary or deconjugated bile acids are markedly increased and they irritate the biliary mucosa. Mutagens are proven to form in the bile of PBM. In the epithelia of PBM, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia are often found, and proliferative activity is increased; furthermore, K-ras gene mutation and overexpression of p53 protein are demonstrated. As for treatment of PBM, whether it is symptomatic or not, an operative procedure, is necessary, to prevent carcinogenic changes in the gallbladder and bile duct. Regardless of whether dilatation is present or not, total excision of the extrahepatic bile duct, along with gallbladder, is the treatment of choice, followed by hepaticojejunostomy or hepaticoduodenostomy.