HPLC法测定盐酸多沙普仑注射液中盐酸多沙普仑的含量

目的应用HPLC法测定盐酸多沙普仑注射液中盐酸多沙普仑的含量。方法色谱柱为依利特KromasilC18（5μm,4．6mm×250mm）,流动相为0．82g·L^-1醋酸钠溶液（用冰醋酸调pH值为4．5）-乙腈=71b：30,流速为1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长为214nm,柱温为室温。结果盐酸多沙普仑在12．87～90．12mg·L“范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9997）;平均回收率为98．96％,RSD=0．44％（n=9）。精密度实验RSD分别为0．85％（n=6）。结论该方法测定结果准确、灵敏、可靠。     

HPLC法测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量.方法:色谱柱为Nova-PakC18(150 mm×4.0 mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6.48,含2 mml·L-1三乙胺)(30:70,V/V);流速为0.7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在O.1～1.0 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 9),平均加样回收率98.9%(n=3,RSD=1.4%);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1～10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率99.2%(n=3,RSD=1.6%).结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制.     

HPLC测定盐酸阿扎司琼氯化钠注射液的含量及有关物质

目的 建立测定盐酸阿扎司琼氯化钠注射液含量及有关物质的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Luna C18柱,流动相为0.03 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液-甲醇(63:37,磷酸调pH3),检测波长330nm.结果 盐酸阿扎司琼5～140μg·ml-1与峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.9%,RSD=0.47%(n=6),有关物质检查限度为1.0%.结论 所建方法准确、简便、快速,适用于盐酸阿扎司琼氯化钠注射液的质量控制.     

盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液灭菌工艺改变的杂质考察

目的建立盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液的杂质控制方法,对盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液灭菌工艺的合理性进行研究。方法采用HPLC法,分别对拉贝洛尔降解产物(杂质A)等有关物质和葡萄糖降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethyl furfural,5-HMF)进行检查。有关物质分析:色谱柱为Waters Sunfire-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm),流动相A为体积分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液,流动相B为乙腈-体积分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液(体积比为50∶50),梯度洗脱,流速:1.5 m L·min-1,检测波长:230nm,柱温:40℃。5-羟甲基糠醛分析:色谱柱为Varian pursuit XRS-C18柱,流动相为甲醇-水(体积比为5∶95),流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长为284 nm,柱温为30℃。结果盐酸拉贝洛尔峰与杂质A峰及强制降解产物峰均分离良好,盐酸拉贝洛尔检测限为0.15 mg·L-1,在0.30³.76 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为94.7%(RSD=3.6%,n=9);5-羟甲基糠醛检测限为0.07 mg·L-1,质量浓度在0.213.76 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为94.7%(RSD=3.6%,n=9);5-羟甲基糠醛检测限为0.07 mg·L-1,质量浓度在0.21⁸.94 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=1.000),平均回收率为93.2%(RSD=1.4%,n=9)。结论有关物质及5-羟甲基糠醛的分析方法可用于该药品的杂质控制。     

显色基质法定量检测盐酸多沙普仑注射液的细菌内毒素

目的:建立定量检测盐酸多沙普仑注射液中细菌内毒素的方法。方法:采用显色基质法,按照《中国药典》相关方法对不同批号的盐酸多沙普仑注射液分别进行干扰试验,确立其不干扰质量浓度。结果:盐酸多沙普仑注射液稀释至5 mg/ml时无干扰作用,回收率为50%¹00%。结论:显色基质法可用于盐酸多沙普仑注射液中细菌内毒素含量的定量检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸罂栗碱注射液的含量及有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸罂粟碱注射液的含量及有关物质。方法:采用 C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为0.5%醋酸铵-1%三乙胺-甲醇(39:1:60);流速1 mL·min~(-1);检测波长238 nm;柱温40℃。结果:盐酸罂粟碱的线性范围为10～160 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.86%(n=9);各杂质峰与主峰达到基线分离。结论:本方法简便、快速,结果准确,重复性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片的含量.方法:Diamonsil C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)为分析柱,流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(50:50),流速0.9 ml·min-1,检测波长290nm.结果:盐酸普萘洛尔在50.7～405.9μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.2%,RSD=0.92%(n=9).结论:本方法简单、快速、结果可靠.     

HPLC同时测定溴米那普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因、溴米那、苯酚三组分的含量

目的:建立同时测定溴米那普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因、溴米那、苯酚中三组分的含量的高效液相色谱法.方法:利用C8柱(4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),以0.09 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用三乙胺调pH至7.0)-乙腈(50:50)为流动相,流速:0.5 mL·min-1,外标法计算.结果:线性范围分别是盐酸普鲁卡因:6～30 mg·L-1,r=0.9999;溴米那4～20 mg·L-1,r=0.9999;苯酚12.6～63 mg·L-1,r=0.9999.回收率:盐酸普鲁卡因99.8%;溴米那99.7%;苯酚100.2%.结论:本方法分离效果好,快速,简便.     

HPLC测定茴三硫注射液中盐酸利多卡因的限度

目的 建立测定茴三硫注射液中盐酸利多卡因的方法.方法 采用HPLC法和C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-醋酸钠溶液(65:35)为流动相,流速为0.5 ml·min-1,测定波长为254 nm.结果 盐酸利多卡因26.00～1.04 × 103mg·L-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(γ=0.9999);平均回收率为98.36%,RSD=1.2%(n=9).结论 所建方法能有效地分离盐酸利多卡因和主药茴三硫及其相邻峰,空白无干扰,方法简便,结果准确.     

HPLC—ELSD法测定盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液中盐酸赖氨酸及葡萄糖含量。方法:采用 Covasil-C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.05 mol·L~(-1)醋酸铵-甲醇-乙腈(1:1:1)为流动相,流速为0.5 mL·min~(-1)。蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD),漂移管温度为40℃,空气流速为1.5 L·min~(-1)。结果:在选定色谱条件下,盐酸赖氨酸、葡萄糖分别在0.3～0.65 g·L~(-1)(r=0.9997),1.5～3.15 g·L~(-1)(r=0.9994)范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率分别为98.6%～100.3%,97.8%～99.5%。结论:本法简便,专属性好,可用于盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液中盐酸赖氨酸及葡萄糖含量检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.