原发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响原发性蛛网膜下腔出血( PSAH)患者预后的相关因素.方法 对52例PSAH的患者进行回顾性分析,讨论PSAH患者的预后与性别、年龄、有无高血压病史及Hunt-Hess分级的关系.结果 PSAH患者合并高血压病及HuntHess分级高者预后差.而年龄、性别与预后无显著相关性.结论 PSAH患者有无高血压病史及Hunt-Hess分级有助于PSAH的预后评价.     

影响外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血病人预后的因素分析

目的 探讨可影响外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）病人治疗结果的因素及其CT变化的特点。方法 回顾性分析了一组连续收治的入院时经头颅CT检查确诊为tSAH的闭合性颅脑损伤病人资料，记录其入院时和病情加重时的头颅CT情况、入院时GCS评分、以Fisher分级法对出血量进行分级情况、伤后6个月以GOS评分法评估的治疗结果，并对数据加以统计分析。结果 多因素Logisitc回归分析显示，初次CT扫描tSAH出血量Fisher分级（OR=50．7，P〈0．001）、入院时GCS评分（OR=2．86，P〈0．001）、初次CT扫描基底池tSAH（OR=0．35，P=0．030）与tSAH患者的不良结果存在显著相关。最初CT显示脑挫裂伤与入院后CT出现恶化（OR=2．92，P=-0．003）及入院后CT示显著恶化（OR=3．21，P〈0．001）有显著相关性。结论 tSAH病人的治疗结果与入院时GCS评分、出血量及脑挫裂伤的存在或范围有关，这些也是头颅CT出现显著恶化的相关因素，说明头颅CT显示出的恶化与治疗结果是有其内在联系。     

Increased risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with sleep apnea

Journal of Neurology - Recent retrospective studies found sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea and its symptoms to occur more often in patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid...     

Risk factors and outcome in 100 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and surgical outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured aneurysm were assessed in comparison to pre-operative data and risk factors such as previous medical history, clinical presenting condition, CT findings and site of bleeding. METHODS: We evaluated 100 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH. Gender, color, history of hypertension, smoking habit, site and size of aneurysm, admittance and before surgery Hunt Hess scale, need for cerebro-spinal fluid shunt, presence of complications during the surgical procedure, Glasgow Outcome Scale, presence of vasospasm and of rebleeding were assessed and these data matched to outcome. For statistical analysis, we applied the chi-squared test or Fisher's test using the pondered kappa coefficient. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of continue variables. Tendency of proportion was analyzed through Cochran-Armitage test. Significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS: Patients studied were mainly white, female, without previous history of hypertension and non-smokers. Upon hospital admittance, grade 2 of Hunt-Hess scale was most frequently observed (34%), while grade 3 of Fisher scale was the most prevalent. Single aneurysms were most frequent at anterior circulation, between 12 and 24 mm. The most frequent Glasgow Outcome Scale observed was 5 (60%). Hunt Hess upon the moment of surgery and presence of complications during surgical procedure showed positive correlation with clinical outcome (p=0.00002 and p=0.001, respectively). Other variables were not significantly correlated to prognosis. Tendency of proportion was observed between Hunt-Hess scale and Fisher scale. CONCLUSION: Among variables such as epidemiological data, previous medical history and presenting conditions of patients with ruptured aneurysms, the Hunt-Hess scale upon the moment of surgery and the presence of surgical adversities are statistically related to degree of disability.     

Health outcomes 1 year after subarachnoid hemorrhage: An international population-based study. The Australian Cooperative Research on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group

BACKGROUND: There is limited information about the long-term consequences of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Data were obtained from a population-based study of aneurysmal SAH conducted in Australia and New Zealand between 1995 and 1998. The authors report health outcomes for survivors 1 year after the onset of SAH. RESULTS: From a total of 432 first-ever cases of SAH (76% due to confirmed cerebral aneurysm rupture) registered in four cities in Australia and New Zealand, 242 (56%) were alive approximately 1 year later (mean time 1.2 years), with 230 (95%) available for interview. Of those interviewed, 105 (46%) reported an incomplete recovery, with ongoing problems with memory (50%), mood (39%), speech (14%), and self-care (10%). Compared with age- and sex-adjusted Australian population norms, health-related quality of life, as determined by Short Form-36, was significantly lower for cases in the domains of role limitations that result from physical problems. However, there were no patient or disease characteristics that predicted complete recovery from SAH. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of long-term survivors of SAH experience ongoing deficits in high level (neuropsychological) functioning. These deficits result in impairment in social roles.     

Prognostic factors varying with age in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

With the advent of an aging society, more elderly patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have been treated. We investigated if prognostic factors differ with age in aSAH patients. In a prospectively maintained aSAH database at multiple institutions from 2013 to 2016, 238 patients who underwent clipping or coiling for a ruptured aneurysm within 48 h of onset were divided into elderly (≥75 years; 57 patients) and non-elderly groups, or categorized into 4-age groups (<54, 55–64, 65–74, and ≥75 years). Prognostic factors and clinical characteristics were retrospectively analyzed. The elderly group had a higher incidence of pre-morbidities, co-morbidities, poor admission World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grades, modified Fisher grade 4, and resultantly 90-day poor outcomes (modified Rankin scale [mRS] 3–6). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that independent determinants for poor outcomes were hypertension and modified Fisher grade 4 in the elderly group, and admission WFNS grades IV–V, systemic complications, non-procedural cerebral infarction and shunt-dependent chronic hydrocephalus in the non-elderly group. The 4-age group analyses showed that higher age group was more frequently associated with the prognostic factors. As higher age itself causes poor outcomes and more association of prognostic factors, prognostic factors in elderly patients may be rather limited.     

Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. STAR Study Group

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether antifibrinolytics in combination with treatment to prevent cerebral ischemia improve outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in whom occlusion of the aneurysm is delayed. BACKGROUND: Antifibrinolytic treatment reduces rebleeding, but outcome does not improve because of a concurrent increase in the occurrence of cerebral ischemia. Because treatment of ischemia has improved, antifibrinolytics might now have a beneficial effect. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial was performed. Randomized were 462 patients (229 received tranexamic acid, 233 placebo) admitted within 96 hours after onset of SAH, in whom treatment of the aneurysm was delayed beyond 48 hours after SAH. All patients were treated with calcium antagonists and hypervolemia. At 3 months, outcome was assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The occurrence of cerebral ischemia and other complications were recorded, and the effects of treatment were related to the clinical condition on admission. RESULTS: Antifibrinolytic treatment had no beneficial effect on outcome (relative risk [RR], 1.10; 95% confidence limits [CL], 0.91-1.34). Antifibrinolytics significantly reduced the occurrence of rebleeding (RR, 0.58; 95% CL, 0.42-0.80); the occurrence of ischemic and other complications was the same in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Antifibrinolytic treatment combined with treatment to prevent cerebral ischemia does not improve outcome.     

Diagnosis of Moyamoya Disease with Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Correlation Study with Magnetic Resonance Angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the diagnosis of moyamoya disease may be confirmed by digital subtraction angiography, recent studies have shown the accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography. Characteristics of transcranial Doppler, a noninvasive and cost-effective method, and specific transcranial Doppler parameters reflecting distinct vascular status in moyamoya disease are explored. METHOD AND PATIENTS: Consecutive patients (> 15 years of age) diagnosed with moyamoya disease by a typical clinical history and digital sub traction angiography or magnetic resonance angiography were included. The statuses of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries were graded as stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 by magnetic resonance angiography. Mean flow velocity and pulsatility index were compared between these groups, and the receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to define transcranial Doppler criteria for distinct vascular status. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included (37 women; mean age, 34.9 +/- 11.4 years). Mean flow velocity was higher and pulsatility index was lower in stage 2 (P < .01), while mean flow velocity was lower and pulsatility index was higher in stage 3 than in stage 1 (P < .01). Cutoff values reflecting stenosis or occlusion with substantial sensitivity and specificity were as follows: mean flow velocity > 85 cm/s or pulsatility index < 0.60 for stage 2, and mean flow velocity < 50 cm/s for stage 3 of middle cerebral artery; mean flow velocity > 80 cm/s or pulsatility index < 0.60 for stage 2 of anterior cerebral artery; and mean flow velocity > 60 cm/s or pulsatility index < 0.60 for stage 2 of posterior cerebral artery. CONCLUSION: Transcranial Doppler may help to refine magnetic resonance angiography findings and thus help clinicians differentiate severity or stages of moyamoya disease.     

颅内破裂动脉瘤开颅夹闭术后并发肺炎的危险因素

目的 探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤开颅夹闭术后并发肺炎的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月1日至2018年12月1日开颅夹闭术治疗的114例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料。采用多因素logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果 114例中,36例（31.5%）发生肺炎。多因素logistic 回归分析发现术前Hunt-Hess分级4~5级、术中出血量大、术后当天血红蛋白水平低是术后发生肺炎的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示术中出血量为325 ml、术后当天血红蛋白水平为106 g/L是术后肺炎的最佳判别界值。结论 对开颅夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤,病情重、术中出血量大的病人,术后发生肺炎风险明显增加,临床应注意防治。     

Risk factors and short-term outcome in patients with angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objectives

The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors for clinical outcome in patients with non-traumatic, angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate if patients on anticoagulant therapy may have a more unfavorable outcome than patients not receiving anticoagulant therapy.

Materials and methods

This study contains a retrospective analysis of 95 patients with non-traumatic, non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who were admitted to our institution in the period 2000–2011. The patients were classified according to risk factors, clinical presentation at admission, anticoagulant therapy at the time of hemorrhage and complications. The outcome was assessed with modified Rankin Score at discharge.

Results

Patients who were exposed to risk factors combined with a higher WFNS score at admission had an unfavorable outcome according to the modified Rankin Score at discharge. Unfavorable outcome was evaluated in relation to sex, anticoagulant therapy, hypertension, smoking and alcohol abuse. A strong correlation with anticoagulant therapy, smoking and alcohol abuse was found. None of the patients who developed vasospasms in this study were receiving anticoagulant therapy.

Conclusion

There is a correlation between antithrombotic state at admission and unfavorable outcome for patients with non-traumatic, non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The results from this study indicate that patients on anticoagulant therapy have a higher risk of developing complications after non-aneurysmal angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage compared to patients who were not receiving anticoagulant therapy.     

Analysis of risk factors correlated with angiographic vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using explainable predictive modeling

Cerebral vasospasm (CAV) is a major complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) was used to analyze the contribution of risk factors on the development of CAV. We obtained data about patients (n = 343) treated for aSAH in our hospital. Predictive factors including age, aneurysm size, Hunt and Hess grade, and modified Fisher grade were used as input to analyze the contribution and correlation of factors correlated with CAV using a random forest regressor. An analysis conducted using an XAI model showed that aneurysm size (27.6%) was most significantly associated with the development of CAV, followed by age (20.7%) and Glasgow coma scale score (7.1%). In some patients with an estimated artificial intelligence-selected CAV value of 51%, the important risk factors were aneurysm size (9.1 mm) and location, and hypertension is also considered a major influencing factor. We could predict that Fisher grade 3 contributed to 20.3%, and the group using Antiplatelet contributed to 12.2% which is expected to lower cerebral CAV compared to the Control group (16.9%). The accuracy rate of the XAI system was 85.5% (area under the curve = 0.88). Using the modeling, aneurysm size and age were quantitatively analyzed and were found to be significantly associated with CAV in patients with aSAH. Hence, XAI modeling techniques can be used to analyze factors correlated with CAV by schematizing prediction results in some patients. Moreover, poor Fisher grade and use of postoperative antiplatelet agent are important factors for prediction of CAV.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者认知功能研究

目的通过对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者认知功能的动态评估,探讨认知功能变化的临床意义。方法选择颅内前循环动脉瘤100例,并经血管内治疗或开颅夹闭处理。在入院时、出院时和出院后2月以简易智能量表等评估患者的认知功能。结果100例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者认知功能损害率入院时37.0%,出院时60.0%,出院后2月38.0%;出院时认知功能损害率高于入院时（P〈0.01）和出院后2月（P〈0.01）;认知功能损害主要反应在注意力和计算力、短程记忆和反应速度等方面;血管内治疗组和开颅夹闭组出院时和出院2月时认知功能损害率均差异显著（P〈0.05）。结论动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者在不同时间段存在不同程度的认知功能损害,前瞻性预防和外科处理措施的改进能提高该类患者的生活质量。     

Multiple Giant Intracranial Aneurysms Associated with Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiographic Study

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder that frequently has central nervous system manifestations. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis has clinical features similar to both vasculitis and lymphoma. The pathological hallmarks of this disease include necrotic angiecentric and angiodestructive infiltrations of premalignant or malignant lymphoid cells. There are, to the authors' knowledge, only a few magnetic resonance imaging reports and no magnetic resonance angiographic reports of this disorder. Presented here is a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis producing multiple giant fusiform and saccular aneurysms throughout the major intracerebral arteries, along with patterns of vascular beading typically seen with vasculitis demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血预后的影响因素分析

目的 分析自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者预后的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析109例自发性SAH患者的临床资料,按发病后6个月的改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分分为转归良好组与转归不良组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法评估影响预后的因素.结果 迟发性脑血管痉挛(CVS)、发病早期的Glasgow昏迷评分(GCS)及既往卒中史是预后不良的影响因素.结论 预防CVS、使用合理的评估工具及做好卒中的预防是改善SAH预后的主要途径.     

Incidence and risk factors associated with in-hospital venous thromboembolism after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Our purpose was to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with in-hospital venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried from 2002 to 2010 for hospital admissions for subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage and either aneurysm clipping or coiling. Exclusion criteria were age <18, arteriovenous malformation/fistula diagnosis or repair, or radiosurgery. Primary outcome was VTE (deep vein thrombosis [DVT] or pulmonary embolus [PE]). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess association between risk factors and VTE. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay and hospital charges. A total of 15,968 hospital admissions were included. Overall rates of VTE (DVT or PE), DVT, and PE were 4.4%, 3.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the following factors were associated with increased VTE risk: increasing age, black race, male sex, teaching hospital, congestive heart failure, coagulopathy, neurologic disorders, paralysis, fluid and electrolyte disorders, obesity, and weight loss. Patients that underwent clipping versus coiling had similar VTE rates. VTE was associated with pulmonary/cardiac complication (odds ratio [OR] 2.8), infectious complication (OR 2.8), ventriculostomy (OR 1.8), and vasospasm (OR 1.3). Patients with VTE experienced increased non-routine discharge (OR 3.3), and had nearly double the mean length of stay (p < 0.001) and total inflation-adjusted hospital charges (p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the largest study evaluating the incidence and risk factors associated with the development of VTE after aSAH. The presence of one or more of these factors may necessitate more aggressive VTE prophylaxis.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的相关因素分析

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）是一类病死率和致残率较高的急性脑血管病。评价SAH患者预后的危险因素较多,且各学者报道不一。为了探讨影响SAH预后的可能相关危险因素,以便有针对性地采取行之有效的防治措施,降低病死率和致残率,现将本院2006年1月至2009年6月期间收集的458例SAH患者的临床资料进行分析,结果报告如下。