组织灌注导向红细胞输注策略对重症患者预后的影响

  目的  比较依据美国东部创伤外科学会/美国重症医学院/美国重症医学联合会(Eastern Association for Surgery of Trauma/American College of Critical Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine, EAST/ACCM/SCCM)成人创伤与重症患者输血指南(2009年)的红细胞(red blood cell, RBC)输注策略与组织灌注导向的RBC输注策略对重症患者预后影响的差异。  方法  北京协和医院重症医学科在2013年采用依据EAST/ACCM/SCCM成人创伤与重症患者输血指南(2009年)的RBC输注策略指导临床输血, 2014年采用组织灌注导向的RBC输注策略指导临床输血。比较两年所有重症监护病房(intensive care unit, ICU)患者和急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ, APACHE Ⅱ)≥ 15分患者的住院死亡率、ICU停留时间、新发的器官功能损伤发病率、输RBC前平均血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)水平、入ICU血乳酸水平(Lac_入)、输RBC前血乳酸水平(Lac_输RBC前)、人均RBC输注量, 以及输血相关并发症发生率。  结果  2014年ICU收治患者2638例, 2013年2110例。2014年患者平均入ICU APACHE Ⅱ评分及APACHE Ⅱ评分≥ 15分患者占所有患者比例均高于2013年(P < 0.05)。2014年输注RBC患者占所有患者比例显著低于2013年(P < 0.05)。两年间输血前Hb水平、Lac_入、Lac_入 < 4 mmol/L患者占所有患者比例差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。2014年Lac_输RBC前显著高于2013年[(4.16±1.18)mmol/L比(2.78±1.03)mmol/L, P=0.031], 2014年输RBC患者中Lac_入 < 4 mmol/L患者占所有患者比例显著低于2013年(20.5%比33.4%, P=0.018), 人均RBC输注量2014年比2013年显著下降[(1.02±0.51)U比(1.55±0.70)U, P=0.037]。全部ICU患者两年间住院死亡率差异无统计学意义(2.77%比2.39%, P=0.749), 但平均ICU停留时间2014年明显较短[(5.31±1.98)d比(6.84±2.36)d, P=0.025];新发的急性肾损伤、急性肝损伤、急性心肌损伤及急性肺损伤的发病率两年间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而在APACHE Ⅱ ≥ 15分患者中, 2014年住院死亡率比2013年显著降低(7.00%比12.01%, P=0.018), 平均ICU停留时间显著短于2013年[(7.16±3.53)d比(12.44±5.27)d, P < 0.001], 新发的急性肾损伤、急性心肌损伤及急性肺损伤的发病率也显著低于2013年(P < 0.05)。两年均未发生输血相关感染及输血相关性溶血的不良事件。总ICU患者及APACHE Ⅱ ≥ 15分患者的非溶血性发热性输血反应及输血相关肺损伤发病率两年间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。  结论  组织灌注导向的RBC输注策略与EAST/ACCM/SCCM指南指导下的RBC输注策略相比, 能够有效降低ICU患者RBC输注量, 缩短ICU停留时间, 特别是对APACHE Ⅱ ≥ 15分的重症ICU患者, 还能有效降低其住院死亡率, 降低新发急性肾损伤、急性心肌损伤及急性肺损伤的发病率, 而不增加输血相关并发症发生率。     

危重患者血糖水平控制的研究

目的 研究危重患者血糖水平控制的方法、范围及其对患者预后的影响。方法 随机选择2002年1月至2004年12月两家医院观察室、留观病房、ICU、急诊康复病房的388例危重患者作为研究对象，分成两组：A组采用皮下注射胰岛素，B组采用微泵或输液泵持续输注胰岛素。每组均分为3个亚组（称之为A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3）：1组血糖控制在4—6mmol／L，2组血糖控制在6．1-8．9mmol／L，3组血糖控制在9.11mmol／L。观察6个亚组的死亡率、住院时间、所需肾脏替代治疗的例数、所需机械通气治疗的例数、所需血管活性药物支持的例数，抗菌药使用时间超过2周的例数等指标。结果 A、B两组中1、2亚组的死亡率、住院时间、所需肾脏替代治疗的例数、所需机械通气治疗的例数、所需血管活性药物支持的例数，抗菌药使用时间超过2周的例数均较3组明显的减少或降低，P〈0．05，而各1、2亚组在组间和组内相比均无明显差异（P〈0．05）。但在低血糖发生率方面，1组较2组明显（P〈0．05），同时发现A组较B组更甚，P〈0．01。结论 采取微泵或输液泵持续输注胰岛素将血糖控制在6．1—8．9mmol／L左右将缩短住院时间、保护重要脏器的功能，降低危重患者的死亡率。     

Liberal Transfusion versus Restrictive Transfusion and Outcomes in Critically Ill Adults: A Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether the restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy was superior to the liberal one in reducing all-cause mortality in critically ill adults.MethodsThe MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from inception to January 2019 to identify meta-analyses or systematic reviews and published randomized controlled trials which were restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion with mortality as the endpoint in critically ill adults. We used two search routes whereby one search was restricted to systematic reviews, reviews, or meta-analysis, and the other was not restricted. There were no date restrictions, but language was limited to English and the population was restricted to critically ill adults. The data of study methods, participant characteristics, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed independently by 2 reviewers. The main outcome was all-cause mortality.ResultsThrough screening the obtained records, we enrolled 7 randomized clinical trials that included information on restrictive versus liberal red-cell transfusion and mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Involving a total of 7,363 ICU adult patients, ICU mortality (risk ratio [RR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62, 1.08, p = 0.15), 28/30-day mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.84, 1.13, p = 0.74), 60-day mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.87, 1.16, p = 0.91), 90-day mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.92, 1.14, p = 0.69), 120-day mortality (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.67, 2.47, p = 0.44), and 180-day mortality (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.75, 1.12, p = 0.38) were not statistically significantly different when the restrictive transfusion strategy was compared with the liberal transfusion strategy. However, we surprisingly discovered that 112 out of 469 (24%) patients who received a unit RBC transfusion when hemoglobin was less than 7 g/dL, and 142 out of 469 (30.3%) who received a unit of RBC transfused with hemoglobin less than 9 g/dL, had died during hospitalization (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64, 0.97, p = 0.03). The results showed that the restrictive transfusion strategy could decrease in-hospital mortality compared with the liberal transfusion strategy. It was safe to utilize a restrictive transfusion threshold of less than 7 g/dL in stable critically ill adults.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that the restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy potentially reduced in-hospital mortality in critically ill adults with anemia compared with the liberal strategy.     

2015年北京协和医院消化内科红细胞输注情况

目的　总结2015年北京协和医院消化内科红细胞输注情况,为临床合理用血提供依据。方法　回顾性分析2014年及2015年1月至10月在北京协和医院消化内科住院并输注红细胞患者的病例资料,统计输血量、输血例数、输血原因及输血前血红蛋白水平等指标。 结果　2015年消化内科输血76人次,红细胞总输注量403 U,占非手术科室红细胞用量的8.4%。2014年和2015年输血量最多的两类疾病均为消化道出血和炎症性肠病。2015年37例消化道出血患者的总输血量为204 U;人均用血量最多的疾病为淋巴瘤,人均输血量为21.5 U。需急诊外科手术止血的病例占9.2%。消化内科患者红细胞输注前血红蛋白中位数为65.5 g/L,符合我国输血指南推荐阈值。结论　消化内科用血量较多主要与消化内科收治病种及收治患者病情较重有关。加强科室间协作,准确把握手术时机,可能有助于降低消化内科输血量。     

2010年与2013年北京协和医院住院患者红细胞输注情况

目的　初步了解2010年和2013年北京协和医院住院患者红细胞输注的概况和变化。方法　随机抽取2010年和2013年在北京协和医院住院期间行红细胞输注的患者资料,比较其性别、年龄、输血时所在科室、第1次红细胞输注前的血红蛋白值等临床信息。结果　本研究纳入住院期间行红细胞输注的患者2010年为174例,2013年为500例。住院患者红细胞输注前平均血红蛋白2010年非手术科室为（67.71±11.31）g/L,手术科室为（78.68±15.64） g/L;2013年非手术科室为（63.75±12.41）g/L,手术科室为（81.53±17.09）g/L;2010年和2013年非手术科室患者红细胞输注前血红蛋白检测率均为100%;手术科室患者2013年红细胞输注前血红蛋白检测率为68.6%,较2010年的47.7%提高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。结论　北京协和医院非手术科室和手术科室启动红细胞输注的血红蛋白阈值均符合我国与国际输血指南所推荐的范围,体现本院对红细胞输注一贯严格把握输血指征,用血行为合理,并不断完善进步。     

Transfusion of Blood Products in Trauma: An Update

Background: Blood transfusion in the management of severely injured patients can be lifesaving. These patients are susceptible to developing early coagulopathy, thus perpetuating bleeding. Objectives: This article presents recent advances in both the civilian and military clinical arena to improve the treatment of trauma patients with severe hemorrhage, the use of agents to support coagulation, perspectives on restrictive transfusion strategies, and transfusion-related risks. Discussion: Massive blood transfusion is an adjunct to surgical care. The volume of blood products transfused and the ratio of blood components have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The adverse clinical effects of transfusion and the limited supply of blood products have resulted in modern resuscitation protocols to limit the volume of blood transfused. Conclusion: A restrictive blood transfusion strategy and the use of hemostatic agents may decrease morbidity and mortality in trauma patients, but insufficient data are available for their use in trauma patients. Massive transfusion should reflect an equal ratio of packed red cells and plasma to limit coagulopathy. Prospective randomized trials are needed to standardize an effective protocol.     

非血缘脐血移植术后患者输血情况相关影响因素分析

目的探讨行非血缘脐血移植术(UCBT)后患者成分输血及剂量的相关影响因素。方法回顾29例行非血缘脐血移植的血液病患者移植后60天内输血信息,将患者分为低剂量输注组:红细胞和血小板输注量总计<18 U;高剂量输注组:红细胞和血小板输注量总计≥18 U。分析患者的移植前临床资料、移植后植入情况、移植后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)发生以及一年内生存率与临床输血情况的关系。结果29例患者移植后60天内平均红细胞输注量为(10.97±11.80)U,平均血小板输注量为(7.12±5.06)U,血小板与红细胞的输入量呈显著正相关;高低剂量输注组移植前两组患者临床资料无显著差异,移植后中性粒细胞植入时间与血小板输注量呈正相关(P<0.05);移植后发生Ⅱ~Ⅳ级aGVHD的患者输注红细胞与血小板显著高于0~I级aGVHD的患者;低剂量输注组一年生存率显著高于高剂量输注组(P<0.05)。结论非血缘脐血移植患者移植后60天内红细胞和血小板输注量与供体植入,移植后aGVHD发生以及移植后生存期显著相关。     

Noninferior Red Cell Concentrate Quality after Repeated Air Rescue Mission Transport for Prehospital Transfusion

BackgroundTransfusion of red cell concentrates (RCCs) is an integral therapy after severe hemorrhage or trauma. Prehospital transfusion offers an immediate intervention in emergency cases. Air ambulance-based prehospital transfusion, already used in different countries, is currently established in Germany. Limited information is available for regulatory-compliant transport logistics of RCCs and their quality after repeated air rescue missions. Thus, the aim of this study was (i) to validate regulatory-compliant logistics and (ii) to assess product quality, analyzing biochemical parameters and RBC morphology.Study Design and MethodsDue to regulatory requirements, we adapted a rotation system of 1 day transport, 1 day quarantine storage and 1 day storage over the entire RCC shelf life. RCCs transported on air rescue missions (flight group) were compared against a control group, treated identically except for helicopter transport. RCCs were visually inspected, and their temperature was documented throughout the entire rotation cycles. RCCs at the end of shelf life (end point samples) were assessed for levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, free hemoglobin, hemolysis, mean corpuscular volume, potassium and pH. In addition, morphological changes were assessed using flow morphometry.ResultsIn total 81 RCCs were assessed in the flight group and 50 in the control group. Within the flight group, 30 RCCs were transfused. RCCs were dispatched on average 11 times (7–13 times). The average flight time was 18.3 h (6.6–28.8 h). The rotation system ensured adherence to regulatory guidelines, especially compliance to storage conditions of +2 to +6°C of intermediate storage. Biochemical and morphological quality parameters did not exhibit any changes upon repeated air rescue missions. A correlation with respect to the flight time was not observed either.DiscussionThe quality of RCCs after repeated air rescue missions is noninferior to control samples regarding biochemical and morphological parameters. The product quality is within German regulations for up to 42 days of storage. The logistics and maintenance of the thermal conditions are safe and feasible. Thus, a rotation system of RCCs offers a regulatory-compliant option to supply air rescue missions with RCCs to allow life-saving prehospital transfusions at the incident scene.     

甲氧基聚乙二醇遮蔽红细胞表面抗原制备通用型血液的初步研究

目的 :探讨mPEG遮蔽红细胞表面抗原、制备通用型血液的可能性。方法 :使用mPEG修饰人红细胞 ,观察其对红细胞的影响。结果 :随着mPEG剂量的增高 ,红细胞的A、B和D抗原逐步减弱。在一定浓度下mPEG修饰不影响红细胞的形态、结构、功能及变形性 ,然而高浓度的mPEG修饰可能会使红细胞寿命缩短。结论 :尽管还有很多问题需要解决 ,mPEG修饰法制备通用型血液具有进一步研究的价值     

肝硬化患者肝移植术中红细胞输注影响因素

目的通过对资料回顾性分析,确定影响肝硬化患者肝脏移植术中红细胞输注因素。方法收集本院2003-2010年肝脏移植中肝硬化患者的临床资料328例,根据红细胞输注量将移植受体分为无红细胞输注组、一般输注组（8I细胞输注量〈12单位）和大量输注组（红细胞输注量≥12单位）3组,比较各组患者资料,并通过逐步回归分析选择预示术中红细胞输注指标。结果术中红细胞输注量与患者ChildPugh评分和MELD评分相关（相关系数分别为0．287和0．250,P〈0．01）,不同红细胞输注组的年龄、ChildPugh评分、MELD评分、术前白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、总胆红素水平和凝血酶原时间的差异有统计学意义,年龄、ChildPugh评分、术前前白蛋白、血红蛋白、总胆红素和肌酐水平对术中红细胞输注量有预示作用。结论患者术前的肝肾功能是影响肝硬化患者肝脏移植术中红细胞输注量的重要因素,其中肝脏合成功能受损作用更强。     

回收式自体输血在血液保护技术中的应用研究

目的:探讨自体血液回收技术在血液保护中的作用。方法:运用ZITI-2000型血液回收机进行术中自体血液回收与回输共116例,比较回输后HR、MAP、SPO2的变化;随机选择其中部分病例于术前、回输前、回输后、术毕24h采血测定HB、Hct、plt、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶原时间(PT)和部份凝血活酶时间(APTT);比较回收原血和回输血的RBC、HB和Hct。结果:(1)平均每例回收血3379ml、回输血1235ml,异体输血率为25·8%。(2)术中自体血回输后HR减慢(P<0·01),MAP上升(P<0·01)。(3)HB和Hct在回输后升高(P<0·01);Plt在回输后择期病例低于术前(P<0·01),急诊病例无显著变化,但术毕24h两者均比术前升高显著(P<0·01)。(4)急诊病例FIB、PT和APTT于术后24h增加(P<0·01);择期病例在回输前和回输后FIB降低(P<0·01),而PT、APTT则延长(P<0·01),但均在正常范围。(5)回输血与回收原血比较RBC、HB和Hct均显著增高(P<0·01)。结论:自体血液回输后循环功能较稳定,对凝血功能无明显影响,可节约血源和避免输血并发症。但出血量较大时,还不能完全避免异体输血。