Surgical treatment of mid-gut carcinoid tumors

Coincident with medical antitumor treatment of 138 patients suffering from mid-gut carcinoid tumors, 51 patients were subjected to surgery with the principal aims of removing primary tumors and debulking mesenteric or liver metastases. Sixteen patients had previously been operated with intestinal resection or, when the tumors had been considered inexcisable, with intestinal bypass or laparotomy alone. Apart from exhibiting symptoms related to the carcinoid syndrome, the majority (approximately 60%) of the 51 patients had generally intermittent, subileus-like abdominal pain and weight loss. In 18 patients, these symptoms were pronounced and associated with intestinal obstruction or severe malnutrition. Computed tomography and arteriography efficiently demonstrated mesenteric and liver metastases. At laparotomy, the primary intestinal tumors were small, mainly less than 1 cm in diameter, and they were multiple in 39% of the patients. Mesenteric metastases measuring up to 12 cm in diameter were present in 86% of the patients. These metastases were frequently associated with a pronounced mesenteric and retroperitoneal fibrosis causing fixation, angulation, and obstruction of the bowel as well as incipient intestinal gangrene in 8 patients. In all but 6 patients, the primary tumors could be removed by comparatively limited intestinal resections although bulky mesenteric metastases were often dissected from the mesenteric vessels. Liver metastases, found in 49% of the patients, were generally bilateral and multiple, and major hepatic metastases were resected in 6 patients. The results support a role for surgery also in the more compromised patients with mid-gut carcinoid tumors and that such intervention may be associated with considerable symptomatic relief and substantial periods of survival.

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Resumen Coincidente con el tratamiento médico antitumoral de 138 pacientes con tumores carcinoides del intestino medio, 51 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía con el propósito principal de remover los tumores primarios y disminuir la masa tumoral de metástasis mesentéricas o hepáticas. Dieciseis pacientes habían sido operados previamente con realización de resección intestinal o, cuando el tumor fue considerado no resecable, derivación intestinal o sólo laparatomía. Además de los síntomas relacionados con el síndrome carcinoide, la mayoría (60%) de los 51 pacientes presentó dolor abdominal intermitente y pérdida de peso, en 18 casos estos síntomas fueron severos y aparecieron asociados con obstrucción intestinal o con malnutrición severa. La tomografía computadorizada y la arteriografía demonstraron bien las metástasis mesentéricas y hepáticas. En la laparotomía los tumores intestinales primarios aparecieron como de tamaño pequeño, la mayoría de menos de un centimetro de diámetro, y múltiples en 39% de los casos. Metástasis mesentéricas hasta de 12 cm de diámetro ocurrieron en 86% de los pacientes. Tales metástasis con frecuencia aparecieron asociadas con marcada fibrosis mesentérica y retroperitoneal, produciendo fijación, angulación, y obstructión del intestino, así como gangrena intestinal incipiente en ocho pacientes. En todos los pacientes, menos en 6, se pudo resecar los tumores primarios mediante resecciones intestinales relativamente limitadas, aunque tumores muy voluminosos tuvieron que ser disecados de los vasos mesentéricos. Las metástasis hepáticas, presentes en 49% de los pacientes, generalmente fueron bilaterales y múltiples; en 6 pacientes se efectuó la resección de metástasis hepáticas mayores. Los resultados dan apoyo a la conducta de tratamiento quirúrgico también para los pacientes más comprometidos con tumores carcinoides del intestino medio y demuestran que la intervención puede resultar en considerable mejoría sintomática y sustanciales períodos de supervivencia.

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Résumé Parmi 138 patients traités par chimiothérapie pour tumeurs carcinoïdes intestinales, 51 ont eu une résection de leur tumeur primitive ou une chirurgie de réduction des métastases mésentèriques ou hépatiques. Seize patients avaient déjà été opérés d'une résection intestinale ou, quand on avait considéré les tumeurs comme inextirpables, d'une dérivation intestinale ou d'une laparotomie exploratrice. Mis à part les symptômes en rapport avec le syndrome carcinoïde, la plupart (60%) des 51 patients se plaignaient en général d'une douleur abdominale intermittente semblable à celle de l'occlusion intestinale et une perte de poids. Chez 18 patients ces symptômes étaient aigus et associés à une occlusion intestinale ou à une malnutrition sévère. Tomodensitométrie et artériographie ont été employés pour mettre en évidence les métastases du mésentère et du foie. A la laparotomie, les tumeurs intestinales primitives étaient petites, avec en général moins d'un cm de diamètre, et il y en avait plusieurs chez 39% des patients. Des métastases du mésentère mesurant plus de 12 cm de diamètre étaient présentes chez 86% des patients. Ces métastases était souvent associées à une importante fibrose mésentérique et rétropéritonéale provoquant adhérences, angulation et occlusion de l'intestin et un début de gangrène intestinale chez 8 patients. Chez tous les patients sauf 6, nous avons pu enlever les tumeurs primitives avec une résection de l'intestin relativement limitée alors qu'il existait de grosses métastases du mésentère, souvent dissociables des vaisseaux mésentériques. Les métastases du foie, retrouvées chez 49% des patients, étaient en général bilatérales et multiples, et, chez 6 patients, réséquables. Nos résultats parlent en faveur de la chirurgie même chez les patients avec des tumeurs carcinoïdes de l'intestin, même évoluées, et confirment que cette intervention peut être associée à d'importantes améliorations symptomatiques et à des périodes de survie conséquentes.

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Presented at the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, September, 1989.

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Supported by the Swedish Cancer Society.     

Surgical treatment of functioning metastatic carcinoid tumors

Thirteen patients with functioning carcinoid syndrome and hepatic metastases were surgically treated. Localized hepatic metastases were resected in five patients, and diffuse hepatic metastases were treated with hepatic artery ligation in eight. There were no postoperative deaths, and follow-up ranged from six to 46 months. All patients were symptom-free after operation. In all patients with resection, levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) returned to normal or near normal, whereas in patients who underwent hepatic artery ligation, the average reduction in 5-HIAA level was 76%. Three patients died during the follow-up period--two of metastatic carcinoids and one without evidence of disease. The mean duration of response was 36 months for resection and 4.8 months for hepatic artery ligation. The addition of postoperative intra-arterial chemotherapy and sequential systemic chemotherapy may enhance the response to hepatic artery ligation.     

62例肺类癌的外科治疗及预后

目的 总结肺类癌的外科治疗经验并分析影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年10月收治的62例肺类癌临床资料,分别对性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤家族史、组织类型、TNM分期等进行单及多因素预后分析.结果 全组无手术死亡.1例手术当日因血胸行再次剖胸止血;1例左下肺切除者术后2周发生支气管胸膜瘘急诊行支气管残端修补加网膜填塞术,术后2周痊愈出院;1例右上叶支气管袖状切除者术后0.5年吻合口瘢痕增生致右余肺不张行右余肺切除术.患者3年、5年生存率分别为92.1％、77.8％,好于其他类型肺癌.42例典型类癌患者中4例(8.3％)淋巴结转移,均为N1,术后3年生存率为97.8％,5年生存率为94.7％;20例不典型类癌中6例(37.5％)淋巴结转移,4例N1,2例N2,术后3年、5年生存率分别为84.4％、58.8％.典型类癌患者和不典型类癌患者3、5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P =0.0047),有、无淋巴结转移患者3、5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P =0.0048).多因素分析显示,影响预后的独立因素是病理类型(P =0.038)及有无淋巴结转移(P =0.023).结论 原发性肺类癌预后好于其他肺癌,确诊主要依靠术后病理诊断,根治性手术是主要治疗手段,对中央型肺类癌应首选袖状切除术.影响其预后的独立因素是病理类型(P =0.038)及有无淋巴结转移(P =0.023).     

Surgical treatment of carcinoid tumors of the intestine]

Carcinoid tumours arise from the neuroendocrine system and present a characteristic morphological picture. They occur in almost every organ, predilected sites are the appendix and the small intestine. Prognosis depends on the primary localization and tumour size. Carcinoids of the appendix and rectum are mostly small and thus have a good prognosis. Growth of bronchial, stomach and small intestinal carcinoids is aggressive and implicates a high percentage of metastatic disease. First choice therapy is the surgical removal of the tumour. Depending on tumour size surgical treatment includes fulguration, local excision and oncologic radical resection up to extended organ extirpation. Reoperation and repeated surgery have good chances to be successful concerning tumour remission and improvement of the carcinoid syndrome. Additive treatment comprises in particular somatostatin therapy and, in some cases, chemotherapy.     

Surgical treatment of advanced-stage carcinoid tumors: lessons learned

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes in a large group of advanced-stage carcinoid patients (stage IV) following multimodal surgical therapy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Patients with advanced-stage carcinoid have traditionally experienced poor 5-year survival (18%-30%). Few recent series have evaluated a large number of patients treated with aggressive surgical rescue therapy. METHODS: This single-center retrospective review analyzes the records of 82 consecutive carcinoid patients treated by the same 2 surgeons, from August 1998 through August 2004 with a 3- to 72-month follow-up. RESULTS: Surprisingly, one third of 26 (32%) patients were found to have intestinal obstructions; 10 being moribund at presentation. Mesenteric encasement with intestinal ischemia was successfully relieved in 10 of 12 cases. Five of eighty-two "terminal" patients were rendered free of macroscopic disease. Karnofsky performance scores improved from 65 to 85 (P < 0.0001). Two- and four-year survival for patients with no or unilateral liver metastases (n = 23) was 89%, while 2- and 4-year survival for patients with bilateral liver disease (n = 59) was 68% and 52% (P = 0.072), respectively. CONCLUSION: We think that all patients with advanced-stage carcinoid should be evaluated for possible multimodal surgical therapy. Primary tumors should be resected, even in the presence of distant metastases to prevent future intestinal obstruction. The "wait and see" method of management of this slow-growing cancer no longer has merit. We offer an algorithm for the surgical evaluation and management of these patients.     

侵及大血管的腹部肿瘤9例术式分析

目的 探讨腹部肿瘤与受侵大血管一同切除手术的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析1998年9月至2004年6月联合受侵大血管切除的腹部肿瘤根治术9例病人的临床资料。结果 9例腹部肿瘤病人均得到根治性切除。其中下腔静脉中段切除重建3例，肝静脉以下下腔静脉全部切除重建3例，下腔静脉部分切除结扎术1例，肿瘤剥脱保存肾脏和下腔静脉1例，下腔静脉与腹主动脉联合切除1例。无围手术期死亡。术后随访中1例病人18个月后死于肺转移，其余均长期生存。结论 联合切除腹部肿瘤和受侵大血管能够提高远期存活率。     

Serum peptide profiles in patients with carcinoid tumors

BACKGROUND: Patterns of elevated serum peptides may reveal additional markers and permit better classification of tumors based on (secondary) peptide secretion. METHODS: Fasting peptide profiles were obtained from 31 carcinoid patients. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neurotensin, substance P, gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP), calcitonin, gastrin, and pancreastatin were measured. Peptide elevation patterns were correlated with disease sites, syndrome, and survival. RESULTS: Elevations in patients were as follows: VIP 0%, PP 13%, neurotensin 10%, substance P 20%, GRP 3%, calcitonin 10%, and gastrin 3%. There were no consistent patterns of elevated peptides with regard to site or syndrome. Pancreastatin was elevated in 81% of profiles and was the only abnormal peptide in 57% of patients. CONCLUSION: Peptide profile results do not permit improved classification, predict syndrome development, or correlate with survival. In contrast, pancreastatin is elevated in most cases and may be utilized to monitor disease progression and evaluate response to therapy.     

Surgical treatment of patients with rupture of abdominal aorto-aneurysm

Thr experience in surgical treatment of 69 patients with rupture of abdominal aorto-aneurysm was analyzed. Multifactorial statistical analysis was carried out to determine detect influence of different parameters on postoperative lethality. The most significant parameters were initial blood loss (odds ratio (OR) -- 10.4, confidence interval (CI) -- 2.0-37.1, intraoperative hemorrhage (OR=8.5, CI 1.5-27.8), minute diuresis (OR=15,7, CI 1.8- 49.3), location of rupture (OR=12.1, CI 2.0-33.5). Combination of two and more factors led to the most unfavorable prognosis. The proposed algorithm allowed the authors to optimize treatment policy and improve significantly results of surgical treatment of patients with rupture of abdominal aorto-aneurysm: postoperative lethality has decreased from 71.4 to 28.5%.     

Cytoreductive surgery in patients with advanced-stage carcinoid tumors

The role of aggressive surgical resections as well as criteria for resectability in patients with advanced carcinoid tumors is not clearly defined. Thirty patients (17 male and 13 female) who were previously diagnosed to have "unresectable carcinoid disease" were treated using a multimodality approach over a period of 2 years. Extensive liver involvement was present in 28 of 30 (93%) of the cases. Small bowel involvement was noted in 22 of 30 (73%), and peritoneal/retroperitoneal/mesenteric invasion was observed in 15 of 30 (50%) of the cases. Three patients had remote metastases (brain, bone, and eye). Twenty of 30 (66%) patients had carcinoid syndrome with severely disabling symptoms. Eight patients (26%) had small bowel obstruction. All patients underwent at least one surgical exploration/intervention. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of one or more liver lesions was performed as an adjunct in 22 of 30 (73%) patients. Six patients (20%) had a second surgical procedure. There were 11 complications in eight patients (27%) after the initial operation. Median hospital stay for patients who underwent RFA only, RFA/liver resection, and liver resection with abdominal tumor debulking were 2, 4, 8, and 16 days respectively. Twenty-five of 30 patients (83%) showed symptomatic improvement. Mean pre- and postoperative Karnofsky physical performance scores were 55 and 85 respectively (P < 0.02). Small bowel obstruction was due to adhesions in five patients. All patients with intestinal obstruction had complete relief of their symptoms postoperatively. 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid levels decreased by 50 per cent in all patients with follow-up determinations available. Aggressive surgical exploration and tumor debulking could be performed with significantly improved symptomatic outcome and relatively minor complications. Longer follow-up is needed for assessment of effect on survival.     

Surgical treatment of bronchial carcinoid

84 patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors were analysed on during of 28 years. 26 of them were detected by radiography and 58 by symptoms. The bronchoscopy with biopsy is the most important diagnostic procedure. The preoperative histological or cytological diagnosis was correct in 25 cases. The suspicion was given only in 39 patients. The surgical therapy was carried out in all cases with conventional resection of lung as well as parenchyma preserving methods. We used atypical or typical segmental lung resections, bronchotomy with direct suture, sleeve or wedge resection of the bronchus and fenestration of bronchus with closure of the window with free skin graft. The prognosis after surgical treatment is very good. The 5-year-survival was 89%.     

Surgery as primary treatment in patients with liver metastases from carcinoid tumors: a retrospective, unicentric study over 13 years

BACKGROUND: The heterogeneous nature of carcinoid tumors makes it difficult to develop a standardized treatment strategy for the primary tumor itself and for probable liver metastases. However, prolongation of the 5-year survival rate (5-ysr) and amelioration of the incapacitating symptoms after resection of the primary tumor and its metastases demonstrate that surgical intervention must be the treatment of choice in these tumors. METHODS: The data of 31 patients (17 patients with midgut carcinoids, 10 patients with an endocrine carcinoma (carcinoid) of the pancreas, and 4 patients with carcinoids of the lung) who underwent liver operation for metastatic carcinoid tumors between 1983 and 1996 were analyzed, with special regard to factors influencing postoperative survival. RESULTS: Ten patients underwent curative resection (5-ysr, 86%), and palliative operations were performed in 21 patients (5-ysr, 26%). The overall 5-ysr was 47%, with a mean postoperative follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 4 months to 10.8 years). Postoperative morbidity rate was 13%. Size of liver metastases, radicality of the operation and localization of the primary tumor were factors influencing postoperative survival. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for metastatic carcinoid tumors may be curative or palliative, with a potential for cure in some cases and prolongation of survival and amelioration of symptoms in the majority of patients.     

140例胃间质瘤的外科治疗分析

Objective To analyze the outcome of the patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after surgical treatment and identify the associated risk factors. Methods Clinical data and the tissue slices including immunohistochemistry staining of 140 patients with gastric GIST from January 1990 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 16.0 for Windows software package was used for statistical analysis. Results The overall survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 96.8%,86.7% and 79.3%, respectively. The survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 98.1%, 90.0% and 85.4% in patients who underwent complete tumor resection. But the survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 38.1%, 0 and 0 in patients with incomplete tumor resection. The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). Gender, preoperative metastasis, tumor size, pathology type, karyokinesis, recurrence and metastasis were associated with survival rates in patients with complete tumor resection by univariate analysis. However, only tumor size, karyokinesis, recurrence and metastasis were associated with survival rates by Cox regression multivariable analysis (P＜0.05). Conclusion Surgery remains the main treatment for gastric GIST. Local complete resection is the principal treatment.     

Surgical importance of carcinoid tumors of the ileum

We have presented two cases of carcinoid of the ileum. In one of these there was partial bowel obstruction caused by the tumor (Case II), while in the other case the tumor per se apparently produced the symptom complex found with appendiceal disease. In neither case, could the diagnosis be made preoperatively. In neither case was there any evidence of metastasis. The treatment of choice must be bowel resection in carcinoid of the ileum, not only because of the bowel obstruction as found in Case II but also because of the high incidence of metastasis found in this type of tumor. We believe that this type of tumor must be treated like a malignancy of the bowel, i.e., by resection, but that the patient can be given a good prognosis. Because small carcinoids of the ileum sometimes produce a symptom complex highly suggestive of recurrent appendicitis, we cannot help but wonder how many of these tumors are missed because of the small “button-hole” incisions with appendectomy in the so-called chronic appendicitis cases.     

140例胃间质瘤的外科治疗分析

目的 分析位于胃的胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）外科治疗效果及其影响因素.方法 对中山大学肿瘤防治中心外科1990年1月至2008年12月间收治的140例胃GIST临床资料和病理切片（含免疫组织化学检查）重新复核并加以随访,分析手术切除效果及影响手术疗效的因素.结果全组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为96.8%、86.7%和79.3%.肿瘤完全切除组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为98.1%、90.0%和85.4%,明显优于不完全切除术组的38.1%、0和0（P＜0.05）.完全切除术组中,肿瘤局部切除组与肿瘤及所在器官联合切除组患者的生存率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但这两组分别与扩大切除术组生存率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.完全切除术组患者的生存率与肿瘤大小、肿瘤性质、核分裂及肿瘤复发转移有关;多因素Cox回归分析显示,患者术后生存率仅与肿瘤大小、核分裂和复发转移相关（P＜0.05）.结论 胃GIST仍以外科治疗为主,原则上施行局部完全切除即可.     

140例胃间质瘤的外科治疗分析

Objective To analyze the outcome of the patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after surgical treatment and identify the associated risk factors. Methods Clinical data and the tissue slices including immunohistochemistry staining of 140 patients with gastric GIST from January 1990 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 16.0 for Windows software package was used for statistical analysis. Results The overall survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 96.8%,86.7% and 79.3%, respectively. The survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 98.1%, 90.0% and 85.4% in patients who underwent complete tumor resection. But the survival rates of 1-, 3-, 5-year were 38.1%, 0 and 0 in patients with incomplete tumor resection. The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). Gender, preoperative metastasis, tumor size, pathology type, karyokinesis, recurrence and metastasis were associated with survival rates in patients with complete tumor resection by univariate analysis. However, only tumor size, karyokinesis, recurrence and metastasis were associated with survival rates by Cox regression multivariable analysis (P＜0.05). Conclusion Surgery remains the main treatment for gastric GIST. Local complete resection is the principal treatment.     

老年巨大腹壁切口疝的外科治疗

目的 探讨老年巨大腹壁切口疝的手术方法并总结围手术期处理经验.方法 我院普外科2002 年1月至2011年1月采用单丝聚丙烯补片行开放式腹壁巨大切口疝修补术共21例,其中行肌前补片修补法(Onlay)3例,肌肉间补片修补法(Inlay)1例,肌后腹膜前补片修补法(Sublay)15例,腹腔内补片修补法(IPOM)2例.结果 手术时间(140.5±22.7)min;术中无血管和内脏损伤等并发症.无围手术期死亡,无切口感染及复发病例.结论 应用单丝聚丙烯补片无张力修补术治疗老年巨大腹壁切口疝安全可靠,加强围手术期合并症的处理可以减少术后并发症的发生.     

Bronchial carcinoid tumors: a retrospective analysis of 126 patients.

From 1970 until 1990, 8,958 cases of primary carcinoma of the lung were diagnosed at the Duke University Medical Center. During the same period, 126 patients (mean age, 53 +/- 13 years) were diagnosed with bronchial carcinoid. The overall survival was 78% for 5 years and 71% for 10 years. Surgical treatment in 106 patients included pneumonectomy (15), lobectomy (63 with 9 bronchoplastic procedures), stapled wedge resection (22), and bronchoscopic laser resection (6). The method of diagnosis was chest roentgenography (121), chest computed tomography (77), mediastinal tomography (31), bronchoscopy (81), bronchoscopic brushing and washing (50), bronchoscopic biopsy (40), transthoracic needle biopsy (27), thoracotomy (100), and autopsy (5). Univariate analysis of the medical history, presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic test results, and pathologic data predicted improved survival (p less than 0.001) for: female sex (n = 58), asymptomatic presentation (n = 47), normal serum serotonin or urinary hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels (n = 76), peripheral location of the primary tumor (n = 50), pathologic stage I or II (n = 91), negative lymph nodes (n = 80), primary tumor 2 cm or less in diameter (n = 67), and typical histology (n = 80). No significance (p greater than 0.1) was observed for age, smoking history, race, family history of carcinoid, environmental exposure, or hemoptysis. The most important factors affecting survival defined by multivariate analysis were (p less than 0.01) pathologic stage, atypical histology, and asymptomatic presentation. Bronchial carcinoid tumors are unique, making up 1% to 2% of primary lung neoplasms and having an excellent prognosis after resection with a 95% 5-year and 93% 10-year survival for pathologic stage I disease.