乳癌Ⅲ区淋巴结清扫的临床意义

目前乳癌根治术大多采用保留胸大肌的术式,由于受到胸大肌的限制,要做到高位腋淋巴结尤其Ⅲ区淋巴结清扫是比较困难的.为了观察Ⅲ区淋巴结清扫是否必要,我们回顾了自1995年8月至2002年8月手术的265例腋淋巴结阳性的乳癌病例,对其中Ⅲ区淋巴结阳性病例与Ⅲ区淋巴结阴性病例在局部复发、远处转移及生存率等方面进行比较,现报告如下.     

经胸大肌清扫Ⅲ组淋巴结在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的探讨经胸大肌间隙入路清扫Ⅲ组淋巴结在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用及其临床意义。方法观察组采用保留胸大小肌的乳腺癌改良根治术（Auchincloss手术）,同时沿胸大肌肌问沟切开胸大肌,彻底清除Ⅲ组淋巴结（锁骨下淋巴结）。对照组采用仅保留胸大肌、切除胸小肌的乳腺癌改良根治术（Patey手术）。结果与对照组比较,观察组能彻底清扫腋淋巴结,明显减少胸大肌萎缩率,提高术后生活质量。结论经胸大肌清扫Ⅲ组淋巴结既保留胸大肌功能,又彻底清扫腋淋巴结,值得临床推广。     

胸大肌切开第Ⅲ水平淋巴结清扫在乳腺癌改良根治术中的意义

目的:了解乳腺癌第Ⅲ组淋巴结的受累情况,探讨Auchincloss改良根治术加胸大肌开窗淋巴结清扫在乳腺癌诊断与治疗中的意义。方法:选取乳腺癌患者130例,在Auchincloss改良根治术基础上,施行胸大肌开窗清扫第Ⅲ组淋巴结,对该组淋巴结的受累情况及相关因素进行分析。结果:乳腺癌患者第Ⅲ水平淋巴结阳性率13.08%,与原发肿瘤大于5cm、腋淋巴结阳性个数≥4枚及高复发率有关,术后无胸肌萎缩、严重的淋巴水肿等并发症。结论:联合胸大肌劈开的乳腺癌改良根治术,创伤较小,对腋窝第Ⅲ组淋巴结清扫效果明确,能为乳腺癌术后的综合治疗提供准确的临床病理依据。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌几种术式疗效的比较

自 198 5年 2月至 1995年 6月 ,我科共收治Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌 86例 ,采用了乳房切除并部分腋淋巴结清除术 ,并与根治术进行回顾性分组对照研究。现报告如下。1　临床资料全组 86例 ,年龄 2 4～ 70岁 ,中位年龄 45岁。通过术前穿刺细胞学、术中冰冻病理证实为乳腺癌。乳房切除并腋淋巴结清除术组 (ＭＡＤ组 ) 35例 ,根治术组 (ＲＭ组 ) 5 1例。ＭＡＤ组清除腋下群或腋中群即胸小肌后淋巴结、ＲＭ组 2 0例行Ｈａｌｓｔｅｄ根治术 ,31例采用Ａｕｃｈｉｎｃｌｏｓｓ仿根治术 (保留胸大、小肌及内外侧胸神经 ) ,腋淋巴结清除范围为腋下、中群淋巴结…     

乳腺癌改良根治术中清扫腋窝Ⅲ组淋巴结的经验与技巧

腋窝淋巴结状态是影响乳腺癌病人预后的一项重要独立因素。乳腺癌手术治疗中，不管是乳腺癌根治术、改良根治术，还是保留乳头的改良根治术乃至保留乳房手术，腋窝淋巴结清扫均是不可或缺的重要内容。腋淋巴结以胸小肌为标志分为3组（level）。Ⅰ组（1evelⅠ）又称腋下组或胸小肌外侧组：在胸小肌外侧，包括乳腺外侧组、中央组、肩胛下组及该段腋静脉淋巴结，胸大、小肌间淋巴结也归本组；Ⅱ组（level Ⅱ）又称腋中组或胸小肌后组：是指胸小肌深面的腋静脉淋巴结；Ⅲ组（level Ⅲ）又称腋上组或锁骨下组：是指位于胸小肌内侧的腋淋巴结，即锁骨下淋巴结。     

不同术式对T_1乳腺癌病人的疗效评估

目的：探讨不同术式对Ｔ１乳腺癌的疗效。方法：观察Ｈａｌｓｔｅｄ术、改良根治术和乳房象限切除加腋淋巴结清扫术对２７４例Ｔ１乳腺癌病人预后的影响;并分析全部病人的腋淋巴结转移情况。结果：Ｔ１乳腺癌病人１０年生存率为８４．７％;标准根治术与改良根治术后病人的１０年生存率分别为８０．５石％和８４．１％（Ｐ＞０．０５）;乳房象限切除加腋淋巴结清除术与根治术相比,Ｔ１Ｎ０Ｍ０病人的１０年生存率分别为１００％和９０．４％（Ｐ＞０．０５）;全组腋淋巴结转移率为２７．７％;９７．４％的转移淋巴结位于低位组。结论：３种术式治疗Ｔ１乳腺癌病人的效果相同,从美观及心理因素上考虑,提倡行保守性手术;２／３以上Ｔ１病人无腋淋巴结转移,一律行腋淋巴结清除对预后意义不大,前哨淋巴结活检可以解决这一问题;腋淋巴结转移绝大多数在低位组,在不能进行前哨淋巴结活检的情况下,可仅清除低、中位淋巴结。     

乳腺髓样癌90例临床分析

目的探讨乳腺髓样癌的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析90例乳腺髓样癌的临床资料:肿瘤直径(4.1±2.2)cm,左侧49例,右侧41例,21例有腋淋巴结肿大,其中19例术前误诊为良性肿瘤而行局部切除,术中冰冻切片确诊53例,术前细针穿刺确诊18例。行乳癌根治术(Hal-sted法)49例,改良根治术41例,其中保留胸大肌的改良根治术Ⅰ式(Patey手术)29例,保留胸大小肌的改良根治术Ⅱ式(Auchinc loss手术)12例。21例腋淋巴结肿大者行术前辅助化疗,术后均行化疗。结果确诊典型和不典型髓样癌各45例,其腋淋巴结转移率无区别。均获随访,时间5.8(1.5~11)年,3年、5年生存率分别为95.6%和88.9%。结论乳腺髓样癌预后较好,术前应行细针穿刺细胞学检查和术中冰冻切片检查,手术加辅助化疗是治疗的重要手段。     

乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫治疗早期乳癌

目的 探讨乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗治疗早期乳癌的临床效果。方法 对乳腺区段切除术加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗的46例（治疗组）,与标准根治术（Halsted根治术）加放疗66例（对照组）的生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率、生活质量和保留乳房的美观效果进行长期随访观察。结果 3,5,8年生存率治疗组分别为97．8％,80．5％,76．1％,对照组分别为97．0％,87．9％,71．2％,两组相比无显著差异。治疗组复发率为：4．3％,对照组为4．6％;治疗组远处转移率为19．6％,对照组为16．7％,两组相比无显著差异。治疗组保留乳房总优良率达93．2％。结论 乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗治疗早期乳癌疗效同Halsted根治术,是治疗早期乳癌的理想术式。     

乳癌处理中的全腋淋巴结清扫

在乳癌的处理中,腋淋巴结清扫的合适范围仍不清楚,自1974年以来常规施行全腋淋巴结清扫(TAL),即包括 Berg 平面Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(尖组)和胸肌间淋巴结(Rotter 淋巴结),近期有作者声称有限的腋淋巴结清扫能控制局部病灶,尤与放疗合并应用时。为了阐明 TAL 的作用,作者观察了264例乳癌中278次TAL 的结果。     

美蓝和专利蓝在乳癌前哨淋巴结活检中作用的研究

目的 探讨美蓝及专利蓝两种蓝染剂鉴别前哨淋巴结（SLN）的成功率及预测乳癌淋巴结转移的准确性。方法 从1999年10月－2001年4月我科收治的乳癌病例中选取94例实施了前哨淋巴结活检（SNB）,其中于术中在乳腺肿块周围腺体内注射1％美蓝32例（美蓝组）、注射1％专利蓝62例（专利蓝组）、以鉴别定位SLN。全部病例都实施了腋淋巴结清扫术。结果 SLN鉴别的成功率美蓝组和专利蓝组分别为65．6％（21／32）和88．7％（55／62）（P＜0．01）;预测腋淋巴结转移状态准确性分别为90．5％（19／21）和98．2％（54／55）（P＞0．05）。结论 与美蓝比,专利蓝是较理想的乳癌SNB的生物活性染料示踪剂。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.