长期航天飞行失重生理效应防护策略分析

载人航天50多年来,失重生理效应防护措施也已逐渐进入其成熟阶段.本文系统综述了美国和俄罗斯载人航天任务中的失重生理效应研究与防护措施在轨使用历史及其在轨应用方案,提出了失重生理效应防护措施未来三方面的发展策略:多锻炼方式的整合,锻炼与营养的整合,反向契合失重生理效应层次特征的锻炼-效果动态响应的应用.本综述旨在为我国相关的研究与应用提供参考.     

载人低重力模拟技术现状与研究进展

登月或登陆火星的航天任务中,航天员不可避免地会经受到低重力环境,由此需在地面上模拟出这种载人低重力环境.本文叙述了载人低重力环境模拟技术的定义、分类,分别介绍了失重飞机、悬吊、水下模拟、外力骨骼等模拟技术,对当前载人低重力模拟技术的现状和研究进展做了讨论.最后对我国研制载人低重力模拟设备提出了建议.     

失重对体内水和电解质平衡的影响

在人体适应航天环境中，水和电解质的平衡发生了变化。本文简要地介绍了载人航天中水和电解质的研究方法、失重对水电解质平衡的影响以及变化机理和危害。     

美国失重生理在轨研究证据分析与评价

自1961年4月12日苏联航天员加加林乘“东方1号”飞船首次进入太空以来,科学家们就开始采用各种手段和方法监测人体在失重环境中的生理变化,随着对失重生理效应认识的逐步深入以及载人飞行时间的延长,各种防护理念、防护措施以及防护效果的评估也逐步推进.本文系统地回顾了载人航天以来美国各次飞行任务的在轨失重生理学研究以及防护措施的评价,旨在为我国载人空间站的建设提供借鉴.     

失重对红细胞变形性的影响

失重对红细胞变形性的影响董颀沈羡云长时间的失重，不仅引起航天员心血管、前庭、骨胳、肌肉、免疫、内分泌等系统的变化，也会引起血液系统的改变。载人航天早期，航天医学家们便发现航天员在飞行后出现一系列类似的血液学改变，主要表现为红细胞质量（ＲＣＭ）下降、异...     

失重与航天员高温应激

载人航天中，高温应急事件已数起。本文分析了失重状态体重新分布、体液丧失、心血管功能改变、运动耐力下降、能量代谢改变等对人体高温耐力的可能影响。阐明了为保证航天员健康和安全研究航天中人体热调节的必要性。     

失重或模拟失重对人体交感肾上腺活动的影响

失重或模拟失重对人体交感肾上腺活动的影响杨玉华高淳航天时航天员的体液头向转移，使机体产生一系列的生理、生化变化。心血管功能失调是航天员返回地面时超重耐力和立位耐力下降的主要原因。因此失重对心血管系统的影响、失重时心血管系统的适应性变化过程，一直是航天...     

运动性肌肉疲劳影响预期姿势调节的研究进展

肌肉活检作为一项有效的科学研究技术，在骨骼肌失重防护中发挥重要作用。该技术以能直接获取肌肉组织，从微观层面进行实验研究的特点在国外航天医学领域中得到广泛应用，但在我国航天医学领域中的应用尚属空白。该文综合分析国内外利用肌肉活检技术的相关研究，对肌肉活检技术在骨骼肌失重防护中的应用进行全面阐述，并提出将该技术引入我国航天医学领域的研究中，旨在为我国载人航天利用肌肉活检技术研究骨骼肌失重防护机制提供理论指导与依据。     

失重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展

失重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展马永烈孙亚志中、长期失重或模拟失重条件下，人或动物的肌肉组织，特别是下肢抗重力肌出现了废用性萎缩。这是航天医学急待解决的问题之一，因为肌肉萎缩不仅影响航天员的飞行时间和工作效率，而且影响航天员返回地面后的再适应能力，...     

航天员应付失重的方法

为了克服失重对人体的不利影响,保证航天员的健康和飞行中的工作效率,在40多年的载人航天实践中,航天医学研究者们始终没有停止过对失重生理及对抗措施的研究。通过不断地深入研究和大量的航天飞行实践,他们摸索出一套应付失重的“招数”。只要航天员在航天飞行中能够运用这套制胜法宝,就能够最大限度地降低失重对其身体健康的影响,胜利完成航天飞行任务。体育锻炼适量的体育运动不但能够锻炼肌肉和骨骼,同时还可以增加人体的耗氧量,从而增强心血管系统的调节能力。因此,航天员都要进行体育锻炼,以防止失重导致的心血管功能失调、骨丢失和肌…     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.