辛芩口服液抗过敏作用的实验研究

目的研究辛芩口服液的抗过敏作用。方法利用动物模型进行评价。采用卵蛋白（OA）致大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏和豚鼠鼻黏膜过敏,测定其吸光度值（OD）,观察药物过敏抑制率;采用磷酸组胺致豚鼠过敏反应,计算过敏反应的致敏阈及持续时间;采用2,4-二硝基氯苯（DNCB）诱发的DTH小鼠迟发性超敏反应模型,计算肿胀度与脾指数、胸腺指数,观察辛芩口服液对迟发性超敏反应的影响。结果与空白对照组比较,辛芩口服液能显著抑制大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏和豚鼠鼻黏膜过敏反应,提高豚鼠对磷酸组胺的致敏阈并缩短过敏反应的持续时间,抑制DTH小鼠迟发性超敏反应,大剂量时还可增加小鼠的胸腺指数及脾指数。结论辛芩口服液具有一定的抗过敏作用。     

白芷挥发油抗过敏的实验研究

目的 研究白芷挥发油(EOAD)抗过敏作用.方法 采用大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏反应(PCA),大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒,组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高的实验.结果 与对照组比较,EOAD低剂量组对PCA、大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒、组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高有显著差异,EOAD高剂量组对PCA、大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒、组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高有非常显著差异.结论 EOAD具有抗过敏作用,可用于过敏性疾病的治疗.     

白芷挥发油抗过敏的实验研究

目的研究白芷挥发油(EOAD)抗过敏作用。方法采用大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏反应(PCA),大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒,组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高的实验。结果与对照组比较,EOAD低剂量组对PCA、大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒、组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高有显著差异,EOAD高剂量组对PCA、大鼠颅骨骨膜肥大细胞脱颗粒、组胺致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高有非常显著差异。结论EOAD具有抗过敏作用,可用于过敏性疾病的治疗。     

毛冬青口服液抗炎作用实验研究

目的 研究毛冬青口服液的抗炎作用.方法 用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀、醋酸至小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加及大鼠棉球肉芽肿等动物实验模型研究其抗炎作用.结果 毛冬青口服液对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加及大鼠棉球肉芽肿等均有显著的抑制作用.结论 毛冬青口服液具有明显的抗炎作用.     

鼻渊灵口服液的抗炎作用

目的：研究鼻渊灵口服液的抗炎作用。方法：用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀、醋酸至小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加及大鼠棉球肉芽肿等动物实验模型研究其抗炎作用。结果：对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加及大鼠棉球肉芽肿等均有显著的抑制作用。结论：鼻渊灵口服液具有明显的抗炎作用。     

风热汤的抗过敏、抗炎和止痒作用研究

目的探讨风热汤对大鼠被动皮肤过敏反应的影响及其抗炎、止痒作用。方法制备大鼠被动皮肤过敏反应模型,观察风热汤的抗过敏作用。采用炎症模型,观察给药后对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶致大鼠足趾肿胀的影响。采用瘙痒模型,观察给药后对葡聚糖-40致小鼠瘙痒和磷酸组胺致豚鼠瘙痒的影响。结果风热汤对血清抗原有抗过敏作用,对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶所致的大鼠足趾肿胀有显著抗炎作用,能延长葡聚糖-40所致的小鼠瘙痒的潜伏期和减少瘙痒次数,对磷酸组胺致痒有止痒作用。结论风热汤具有抗过敏及抗炎、止痒的作用。     

复方利多卡因乳膏的抗炎镇痛和抗过敏止痒的实验观察

目的:研究复方利多卡因乳膏的抗炎镇痛和抗敏止痒的作用,为该药的临床研究提供依据。方法:采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法、小鼠热板法、大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏反应法、磷酸组胺致痒法等模型和方法,观察不同剂量的复方利多卡因乳膏对实验性动物的抗炎作用、镇痛作用、抗过敏作用和止痒作用的效果。结果:复方利多卡因乳膏能有效地抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓的炎症肿胀,能显著提高热板试验小鼠的痛阈,能不同程度地抑制抗血清诱发的大鼠同种被动皮肤过敏反应,能明显增加豚鼠耐受磷酸组胺的致痒阈,并均呈现良好的量效依赖关系。结论:复方利多卡因乳膏具有抗炎、镇痛、抗过敏和止痒作用,为临床应用提供了实验依据。     

鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂拮抗大鼠实验性鼻炎的药效学研究

目的:观察鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂时克雷伯肺炎杆菌所致实验性大鼠鼻炎的影响及其抗炎活性.方法:以克雷伯肺炎杆菌感染大鼠鼻腔,造成鼻黏膜炎症;采用醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加,二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、大鼠棉球肉芽肿试验,观察其抗炎活性.结果:鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂能够有效改善鼻炎动物的一般状态及鼻黏膜局部状况;对鼻炎的病理学改变具有抑制修复作用反有效控制致病细菌的局灶性感染.药物能够抑制醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加,明显减轻二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀的程度,有效控制大鼠棉球肉芽组织的炎性生长.结论:鱼腥草鼻用喷雾剂具有显著的抗炎活性,具备拮抗急、慢性鼻炎的药效学基础.     

苦瓜霜抗炎作用的研究

目的：研究苦瓜霜的抗炎作用。方法：观察二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀度;测定角叉菜胶致大鼠足踝关节周长;测定大鼠棉球肉芽肿重量;观察组胺致大鼠毛细血管通透性。结果：苦瓜霜明显抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀;明显抑制角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀;明显抑制大鼠棉球肉芽肿增生;明显抑制组胺致大鼠毛细血管通透性。结论：苦瓜霜具有明显的抗炎作用。     

鼻炎片的抗炎作用研究

目的：研究鼻炎片的抗炎作用并比较国产片与日本片作用异同。方法：采用二甲苯耳廓致炎法，角叉菜胶致足跖肿胀法和组织胺增高毛细血管通透性，观察鼻炎片的抗炎作用。结果：国产鼻炎片能显著对抗二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀、对抗角叉菜胶所致的足肿胀、对抗组织胺所引起的毛细血管通透性增高。国产片与日本片的抗炎作用无明显差异。结论：国产鼻炎片与日本片均具有良好的抗炎症作用，且作用相当。     

Effects of chronic administration of diphenylhydantoin on learning and offspring behavior

An original parent group of 72 Sprague-Dawley albino rats was subdivided into four treatment groups that were administered 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin and distilled water on days 5 to 55 after birth. At 85 days of age the drug females were bred to naive males to produce an F₁ generation. In similar fashion, the F₁ females were bred at maturity to produce an F₂ generation. Neither offspring group received any drug administrations or experimental treatments. All three groups were tested on avoidance conditioning at 75 days of age for a total of 150 trials. The results of statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in number of correct responses in the parent group, a significant Drug effect in the offspring groups and a significant Dose effect in the F₂ generation. This detrimental cross-generational effect on avoidance conditioning, caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin administration, is consistent with previously noted cross-generational effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and methylphenidate.     

The safety of levetiracetam

Levetiracetam is an antiepileptic drug approved for use as an adjunct agent in partial-onset seizures in adults and children aged ≥ 4 years. It was also approved as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of adults and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. A parenteral intravenous formulation has recently become available allowing for its use when oral administration is temporarily not feasible. Available literature has demonstrated and supported that levetiracetam has an acceptable safety profile and this review discusses the safety profile of levetiracetam, with attention to special populations. The most common adverse effects are somnolence, asthenia and dizziness, which usually appear early after initiation of levetiracetam therapy and generally resolve without medication withdrawal. The most serious adverse effects are behavioral in nature and are more common in children and in patients with a prior history of behavioral problems.     

应重视病患者的用药心理对药物疗效的影响

目的强调患者用药过程中心理因素对药物疗效的重要影响作用,以便引起医护人员和药品厂商的重视。方法结合相关文献及实例,系统地阐述患者用药过程中心理因素与药物疗效之间的关系,简要分析医护人员和药品厂商的行为,并提出相应的建议。结果与结论应高度重视患者用药过程中心理因素对药物疗效的影响,从而确保患者用药的有效性和安全性。     

Endocrine and metabolic effects of smoking cessation

ABSTRACT

Background: Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological hazards of tobacco smoking have been well studied. Smoking may also have multiple effects on endocrine and metabolic systems affecting pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands; testicular and ovarian function; as well as energy balance; lipid, and glucose metabolism; and insulin resistance. Less is known about hormonal and metabolic effects that patients may experience while quitting smoking.

Scope: The objective of this article is to review systematically data on the endocrine and metabolic effects of smoking cessation. Articles based upon clinical trials, randomised controlled trials, and meta-analyses were obtained via a MEDLINE search (articles published between 1?August 1998 and 31?July 2008, inclusive; English language; human subjects; including abstracts) using key search terms relating to smoking cessation and endocrine or metabolic parameters. Additional studies were identified from the bibliographies of reviewed literature. Studies related to the search criteria were reviewed, 199 papers were identified, and 57 pertinent to this review were included.

Findings: Limited data are available on the short- and long-term effects of smoking cessation on hypothalamic– and thyroid–pituitary–adrenal axes, sex hormones, energy homeostasis, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Initial data indicate that smoking cessation is associated with decreased cortisol levels and in the short-term, smoking cessation does not correct the diminished adrenocortical responses to stress caused by chronic smoking. Cessation reverses smoking's effects on thyroid disorders and may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Finally, smoking cessation increases transiently food intake and sustained weight gain and is associated with increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that occur rapidly on cessation.

Conclusion: Further research may provide insight into post-cessation endocrine changes that may be caused by alterations to central and peripheral systems. Such research may increase the understanding of underlying biological mechanisms that lead to symptoms and clinical features of smoking cessation.     

合成鱼腥草素的抗炎镇痛作用

合成鱼腥草素灌胃给药对巴豆油致小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高均有显著抑制作用．同时灌胃给药可以抑制醋酸所致的小鼠扭体反应，延长热痛反应潜伏期，拮抗甲醛致痛作用     

Differential inotropic--chronotropic action of thyronamine

J.R. BOISSIER, J.F. GIUDICELLI, S. LARNO and C. ADVENIER, Differential inotropic-chronotropic action of thyronamine, European J. Pharmacol. 22 (1973) 141–149.The cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects of thyronamine have been investigated in anesthetized dogs. Thyronamme produced dose-related increases in myocardial contractile force, cardiac output and left ventricular work but did not affect heart rate. These actions were not affected by atropinization or by bilateral vagotomy. However, the positive inotropic effects of thyronamine were completely abolished in dogs and almost completely abolished in isolated guinea-pig atria by prior administration of reserpine or by β-adrenergic blockade. These results suggest that thyronamine acts mainly by releasing endogenous catecholamines acting on β-adrenergic inotropic receptors. The differential inotropic-chronotropic effects of thyronamine, which resemble those of dopamine, suggest that the β₁-type adrenoceptors are not homogeneous and that inotropic and chronotropic receptors may differ from each other.     

Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana,alone and in combination,on mood and performance

The duration of behavioral impairment after marijuana smoking remains a matter of some debate. Alcohol and marijuana are frequently used together, but there has been little study of the effects of this drug combination on mood and behavior the day after use. The present study was designed to address these issues. Fourteen male and female subjects were each studied under four conditions: alcohol alone, marijuana alone, alcohol and marijuana in combination, and no active treatment. Mood and performance assessments were made during acute intoxication and twice the following day (morning and mid-afternoon). Acutely, each drug alone produced moderate levels of subjective intoxication and some degree of behavioral impairment. The drug combination produced the greatest level of impairment on most tasks and strong overall subjective ratings. There were few significant interactions between the two drugs, indicating that their effects tended to be additive. Only weak evidence was obtained for subjective or behavioral effects the day after active drug treatments, although consistent time-of-day effects (morning versus afternoon) were observed on several subjective and behavioral measures. In sum, this study provided little evidence that moderate doses of alcohol and marijuana, consumed either alone or in combination, produce behavioral or subjective impairment the following day.     

Measurement of cardiovascular and pulmonary function endpoints and other physiological effects following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers

Acute changes in select physiological parameters associated with cardiovascular physiology (systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)), pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, and exhaled CO and NO) and adverse events were measured in 105 clinically confined subjects who were randomized into groups that either completely or partially switched from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes or completely discontinued using tobacco and nicotine products altogether. Use of the e-cigarettes for five days under the various study conditions did not lead to higher BP or HR values, negative respiratory health outcomes or serious adverse health events. Reductions in BP and HR vital signs were observed in most of the participants that either ceased tobacco and nicotine products use altogether or switched completely to using e-cigarettes. Pulmonary function tests showed small but non-statistically significant improvements in FVC and FEV1 measurements in most use groups. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) benefits associated with smoking reduction were also noted in exhaled CO and NO levels. All study products were well tolerated. The study findings suggest that there are potential cardiovascular and pulmonary function benefits when smokers switch to using e-cigarette products. This further reinforces the potential that e-cigarettes offer smokers seeking an alternative to conventional tobacco products.     

4%与1%吲哚美辛乳膏的镇痛抗炎作用比较

目的:观察4%与1%吲哚美辛乳膏的镇痛抗炎作用.方法:以1%吲哚美辛乳膏为对比,对几种炎症、疼痛模型考察4%吲哚美辛乳膏的治疗作用.结果:4%吲哚美辛乳膏对甲醛致小鼠足部疼痛、热板法致小鼠足部疼痛、大鼠尾部压痛均有明显镇痛效果,对卡拉胶致大鼠足肿胀和二甲致小鼠耳肿胀有明显抗炎效果.结论:4%吲哚美辛乳膏具有明显的镇痛抗炎药效,优于1%吲哚美辛乳膏.     

Organic Azides

Twenty eight organic azides were synthesized and tested for their antithrombotic and blood pressure lowering activities in rats (60 mg/kg, p.o.). In fifteen compounds significant antithrombotic effects were observed. In thirteen cases a significant lowering of the blood pressure of s pontaneously h ypertensive rats (SHR) was seen. The peak activities in both systems were found for hexyl azide ( 4 ), 2-phenylethyl azide ( 14 ), and 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid azide ( 23 ). In these compounds the inhibition of thrombus formation in mesenteric arterioles was >20%. The lowering of blood pressure was >10% and long lasting (>6 h) in 4 and 14 while 23 had a shorter duration of action (?po4 h). In two classes of azides, namely branched aliphatic azides (e.g. 2-azidopentane 9 ) and aliphatic carbonyl derivatives (e.g. benzoyl-azido-methane 17 ), only antithrombotic properties were observed. A lack of endothelial metabolism is suggested to be the reason for this therapeutically favorable behaviour.