姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun氨基末端激酶3和突触后密度蛋白95表达的影响

目的 探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压(SH)大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun 氨基末端激酶3(JNK3)和突触后密度蛋白95(PSD95)表达的影响.方法 与雄性WKY同源的SH大鼠135只和雄性WKY大鼠90只,清洁级,体重275～325 g,采用随机数字表法,将WKY大鼠随机分为2组(n=45):假手术组(W-S组)及脑缺血再灌注组(W-I/R组),将SH大鼠随机分为3组(n=45):假手术组(S-S组)和脑缺血再灌注组(S-I/R组)及姜黄素组(S-C组).采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血再灌注模型.W-S组和S-S组仅分离双侧颈总动脉,W-I/R组和S-I/R组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射玉米油10 ml/kg,S-C组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射姜黄素100 mg/kg.于再灌注2 h,6 h、1 d、3 d和7d时进行海马凋亡神经元计数,并测定海马JNK3和PSD95蛋白的表达水平.结果 与W-S组比较,S-S组海马凋亡神经元计数增加(P<0.05),JNK3蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与S-S组比较,S-I/R组海马凋亡神经元计数增加,JNK3蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与S-I/R组比较,S-C组海马凋亡神经元计数减少,JNK3蛋白表达下调(P<0.05).各组海马PSD95蛋白表达比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 姜黄素可抑制SH大鼠脑缺血再灌注时神经元凋亡,其机制与下调海马JNK3蛋白表达有关,姜黄素下调海马JNK3蛋白表达可能与PSD95途径无关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of curcumin on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in hippocampus during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SH) .Methods One hundred and thirty-five male rats (homologous with WKY) with SH and 90 male normotensive WKY rats, weighing 275-325 g,were used in this study. The WKY rats were randomized into 2 groups ( n = 45 each) : sham operation group (WS group) and cerebral I/R group (W-I/R group) . The rats with SH were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 45each) : sham operation group (S-S group), cerebral I/R group (S-I/R group) and curcumin group (S-C group) .Global cerebral ischemia was produced by 4 vessel-occlusion method. The bilateral common carotid arteries were only exposed but not ligated in W-S and S-S groups. Intraperitoneal corn oil 10 ml/kg was injected at 30 min of reperfusion in W-I/R and S-I/R groups. Intraperitoneal curcumin 100 mg/kg was injected at 30 min of reperfusion in S-C group. Three animals in each group were sacrificed at 2 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d of reperfusion and their brains were harvested for determination of apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and the expression of JNK3 and PSD95in hippocampus. Results The number of apoptotic neurons was significantly increased in S-S group compared with W-S group ( P < 0.05) . The number of apoptotic neurons was significantly increased and the expression of JNK3was up-regulated in S-I/R group compared with S-S group ( P < 0.05) . The number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased and the expression of JNK3 was down-regulated in S-C group compared with S-I/R group (P <0.05) . There was no significant difference in the expression of PSD95 among all the groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion Curcumin can inhibit apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and the mechanism is related to down-regulation of the expression of JNK3 in hippocampus. The mechanism by which curcumin down-regulates the expression of JNK3in hippocampus may not be related to PSD95 pathway.     

磷酸肌酸对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨磷酸肌酸对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,体重150～170 g,采用高脂饲养联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法制备糖尿病模型,造模成功的27只大鼠饲养2周后,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=9):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和磷酸肌酸组(PP组).I/R组和PP组采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30 min再灌注2 h的方法制备心肌缺血再灌注模型,PP组于缺血前30 min腹腔注射磷酸肌酸1g/kg,I/R组给予等容量生理盐水.再灌注2 h时采集静脉血样,测定血浆肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的浓度,然后处死大鼠,取心肌组织,采用免疫组化法测定Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3表达的水平,并计算Bcl-2与Bax表达的比值(Bcl-2/Bax 比),采用TUNEL染色法检测细胞凋亡情况,计算凋亡指数(AI);电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构.结果 与S组比较,I/R组血浆cTnT浓度升高,心肌组织Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3表达上调,Bcl-2/Bax比降低,AI升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与I/R组比较,PP组血浆cTnT浓度降低,心肌组织Bcl-2表达上调,Bax和Caspase-3表达下调,Bcl-2/Bax比升高,AI降低(P＜0.01).PP组心肌病理学损伤程度轻于I/R组.结论 磷酸肌酸可抑制细胞凋亡,从而减轻糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与上调Bcl-2表达、下调Bax和Caspase-3的表达有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of phosphocreatine on apoptosis following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 150-170 g were used in this study.Diabetes mellitus was induced by high fat diet and intraperitoneal streptozotocin. Twenty-seven rats in which diabetes mellitus was successfully induced were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 9 each): sham operation group (group S);myocardial I/R group(group I/R )and phosphocreatine group (group PP). Myocardial I/R was induced by 30 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery followed by 2 h reperfusion in I/R and PP groups. In group PP phosphocreatine 1 g/kg was given intraperitoneally 30 min before myocardial I/R. Blood samples were collected at the end of 2 h reperfusion for determination of plasma concentration of calcium troponin T (cTnT). The animals were then sacrificed and iscbemic myocardial specimens were isolated. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 in isehemic myocarcdium was determined and Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated. Myocardial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and apoptotic index was calculated. The ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was examined with electron microscope. Results Myocardial I/R significantly increased plasma cTnT concentration and Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 expression in myocardium and apoptosis index and decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Phosphocreatine significantly attenuated I/R-induced above-mentioned changes and myocardial damage. Conclusion Phosphocreatine can reduce myocardial I/R injury in diabetic mellitus rats by reducing myocardial apoptosis through up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and down-regulation of Bax and Caspase-3 expression.     

七氟醚预处理联合后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时血栓素A2和前列腺素I2的影响

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning on thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2 during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Fifty healthy male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each) : sham operation group (group S) , I/R group, sevoflurane preconditioning group (group Spr), sevoflurane postconditioning group (group Spo)and combination of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning group (group Spr + po). Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion in anesthetized rats. In group S the anterior descending branch was only exposed but not ligated. Group Spr received 15 min inhalation of 2.5 % sevoflurane and 15 min wash-out 30 min before ischemia. Group Spo received 5 min inhalation of 2.5% sevoflurane 1 min before reperfusion. Arterial blood samples were taken at 2 h of reperfusion for determination of the levels of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thromboxane B2(TXB2), and 6-keto-prostaglandin (6-keto-PGF1α) and platelet maximum aggregation rate. TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio was calculated. The myocardial tissues were taken for microscopic examination. Mitochondria] injury was assessed by using Flameng score and stereology (Specific surface, δ and Numerical density on area, NA) .Results Compared with group S, the levels of CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, TXE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly increased, while δ and NA were significantly decreased in group I/R (P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CK-MB,LDH and cTnI, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio and Flameng score were significantly lower, and 6-keto-PGF1α level, δand NA were significantly higher in Spr and Spo groups than in group I/R ( P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CKMB, LDH, cTnI and TXB2 , TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly lower and 6-keto-PGF1α level,δ and NA were significantly higher in group Spr + po than in Spr and Spo groups(P < 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury through inhibiting the release of thromboxane A2 and promoting the release of prostaglandin I2 in rats.     

PI3K-Akt信号通路在七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 评价磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶-丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(PI3K-Akt)信号通路在七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,体重220～280g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为6组(n=16):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、七氟醚预处理组(SP组)、渥曼青霉素组(W组)、二甲基亚砜组(D组)和七氟醚预处理+渥曼青霉素组(SW组).采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型.S组继续灌注180 min;I/R组平衡灌注30 min,缺血30 min,恢复灌注120 min;其余各组先平衡灌注15 min,SP组、W组、DMSO组和SW组分别用含2.4%七氟醚、100 nmol/L渥曼青霉察、20 μmol/L二甲基亚砜、2.4%七氟醚和100 nmol/L渥曼青霉素的K-H液灌注10 min,然后洗脱5 min,缺血30 min,恢复灌注120 min.各组随机取8个心脏,于平衡灌注末和再灌注15 min时,记录HR、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左心室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)和左心室内压最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax).再灌注15 min时取心肌组织,采用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,计算凋亡指数;采用Western blot法测定磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)表达.再灌注120 min时,取8个心脏,采用TIC染色法测定心肌梗死体积.结果 与S组比较,其余各组HR、LVDP和±dp/dtmax降低,LVEDP升高,I/R组、SP组和D组心肌p-Akt表达上调(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,SP组LVDP和±dp/dtmax升高,LVEDP和凋亡指数降低,心肌p-Akt表达上调,心肌梗死体积减小(P＜0.05),SW组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 七氟醚预处理可通过激活PI3K-Akt信号通路减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3k-Akt) signal pathway in the attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by sevoflurane preconditioning in isolated rat hearts. Methods Ninety-six adult male SD rats weighing 220-280 g were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n = 16 each): sham operation group (group S); I/R group; sevoflurane preconditioning group (group SP); wortmannin group (group W); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (group D) and sevoflurane preconditioning + wortmannin group (group SW) . Their hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution saturated with 95%O2-5%C02 at 37 ℃ . The hearts were continuously perfused for 180 min in group S. After 15 min of equilibration, the isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion in SP, W, D and SW groups. Croups SP, W, D and SW received 10 min of perfusion with K-H solution containing 2. 4% sevoflurane, 100 nmol/L wortmannin, 20 μmol/L DMSO, and 2.4% sevoflurane + 100 nmol/L wortmannin, respectively, followed by 5 min washout before I/R. Eight hearts in each group were selected and HR, left ventricular end-diabetic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and ± dp/dtmax were recorded at the end of equilibration and at 15 min of reperfusion, Myocardial tissues were obtained at 15 min of reperfusion for determination of apoptosis (by TUNEL) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) expression (by Western blot) . Another 8 hearts were selected at 120 min of reperfusion for determination of myocardial infarct size by TTC staining. Result Compared with group S, LVDP and ± dp/dt,^ were significantly decreased and LVEDP was significantly increased in groups I/R, SP, W, D and SW, and myocardial p-Akt expression was up-regulated in groups I/R, SP and D ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group I/R, LVDP and ± dp/dtmax were significantly increased, LVEDP and apoptosis index were significantly decreased, myocardial p-Akt expression was up-regulated, and myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced in group SP (P ＜0.05) . Conclusion Activation of PI3K-Akt signal pathway is involved in the attenuation of I/R injury by sevoflurane reconditioning in isolated rat hearts.     

阿片受体在异氟醚延迟预处理减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in the protective effects of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Forty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0-2.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (S); group II I/R; group Ⅲ isoflurane + I/R (Iso) and group IV Iso + naloxone + I/R (Nal). Myocardial I/R was induced by 40 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ (Iso) 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 was inhaled for 2 h and I/R was produced 24 h later. In group IV (Nal) naloxone 6 mg/kg was given iv 10 min before 2 h of 2% isoflurane inhalation and I/R was produced 24 h later. At the end of 120 min reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evan's blue and TTC staining. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy. The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was determined by Western blot. Results The IS was significantly smaller in group Iso ( Ⅲ ) ( 19.7% ± 2.8%) than in I/R group ( II ) (37.8% ±1.7%) (P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in group Iso than in group I/R. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Iso group than in group I/R. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane was prevented by naloxone pretreatment. ConclusionOpioid receptors may be involved in the protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane against myocardial I/R injury.     

阿片受体在异氟醚延迟预处理减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in the protective effects of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Forty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0-2.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (S); group II I/R; group Ⅲ isoflurane + I/R (Iso) and group IV Iso + naloxone + I/R (Nal). Myocardial I/R was induced by 40 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ (Iso) 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 was inhaled for 2 h and I/R was produced 24 h later. In group IV (Nal) naloxone 6 mg/kg was given iv 10 min before 2 h of 2% isoflurane inhalation and I/R was produced 24 h later. At the end of 120 min reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evan's blue and TTC staining. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy. The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was determined by Western blot. Results The IS was significantly smaller in group Iso ( Ⅲ ) ( 19.7% ± 2.8%) than in I/R group ( II ) (37.8% ±1.7%) (P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in group Iso than in group I/R. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Iso group than in group I/R. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane was prevented by naloxone pretreatment. ConclusionOpioid receptors may be involved in the protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane against myocardial I/R injury.     

阿片受体在异氟醚延迟预处理减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in the protective effects of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Forty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0-2.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (S); group II I/R; group Ⅲ isoflurane + I/R (Iso) and group IV Iso + naloxone + I/R (Nal). Myocardial I/R was induced by 40 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ (Iso) 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 was inhaled for 2 h and I/R was produced 24 h later. In group IV (Nal) naloxone 6 mg/kg was given iv 10 min before 2 h of 2% isoflurane inhalation and I/R was produced 24 h later. At the end of 120 min reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evan's blue and TTC staining. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy. The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was determined by Western blot. Results The IS was significantly smaller in group Iso ( Ⅲ ) ( 19.7% ± 2.8%) than in I/R group ( II ) (37.8% ±1.7%) (P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in group Iso than in group I/R. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Iso group than in group I/R. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane was prevented by naloxone pretreatment. ConclusionOpioid receptors may be involved in the protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane against myocardial I/R injury.     

阿片受体在异氟醚延迟预处理减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in the protective effects of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Forty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0-2.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (S); group II I/R; group Ⅲ isoflurane + I/R (Iso) and group IV Iso + naloxone + I/R (Nal). Myocardial I/R was induced by 40 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ (Iso) 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 was inhaled for 2 h and I/R was produced 24 h later. In group IV (Nal) naloxone 6 mg/kg was given iv 10 min before 2 h of 2% isoflurane inhalation and I/R was produced 24 h later. At the end of 120 min reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evan's blue and TTC staining. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy. The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was determined by Western blot. Results The IS was significantly smaller in group Iso ( Ⅲ ) ( 19.7% ± 2.8%) than in I/R group ( II ) (37.8% ±1.7%) (P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in group Iso than in group I/R. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Iso group than in group I/R. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane was prevented by naloxone pretreatment. ConclusionOpioid receptors may be involved in the protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane against myocardial I/R injury.     

七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠皮质C/EBP同源蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠皮质C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠36只,体重250～280 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=12):假手术组(S组)、局灶性脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和七氟醚预处理组(Sevo-pc 组).采用线栓法阻断右侧大脑中动脉1 h,再灌注24 h,制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型.Sevo-pc 组于缺血前1 h吸入2.7%七氟醚.各组于再灌注24 h时行神经功能缺陷评分后断头取脑,TIC染色法测定脑梗死体积,免疫组化法测定缺血侧皮质CHOP表达,TUNEL法计数凋亡神经细胞.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和Sevo-pc组神经功能缺陷评分升高,脑梗死体积比升高,缺血侧皮质CHOP表达上调,凋亡细胞数增加(P＜0.01);与I/R组比较,Sevo-pc组神经功能缺陷评分降低,脑梗死体积比降低,缺血侧皮质CHOP表达下调,凋亡细胞数减少(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 七氟醚预处理可能通过下调皮质CHOP表达减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) expression in the cerebral cortex after focal cerebral ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and the mechanism. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats weighing 250-280 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 12 each) : sham operation group (group S) , focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) and sevoflurane preconditioning group (group Sevo-pc). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg. In groups I/R and Sevo-pc, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion using a nylon thread with rounded tip inserted into the right internal carotid artery and advanced cranially until resistance was met. The occlusion was maintained for 1 h followed by 24 h reperfusion. Group Sevo-pc inhaled 2.7% sevoflurane for 1 h before ischemia. Neurological deficits were assessed and scored at the end of 24 h reperfusion and then the rats were decapitated. Their brains were immediately removed. The cerebral infarct size was determined by TTC staining. The CHOP expression in the ischemic cerebral cortex was determined by immunohistochemistry. The number of apoptotic neurons was counted using TUNEL. Results The neurological deficit scores were significantly higher, the cerebral infarct size was significantly larger, and the CHOP expression and the number of apoptotic neurons were significantly higher in groups I/R and Sevo-pc than in group S ( P ＜ 0.01) . The neurological deficit scores were significantly lower, the cerebral infarct size was significantly smaller, and the CHOP expression and the number of apoptosis neurons were significantly lower in group Sevo-pc than in group I/R ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01) . Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning may protect the brain against focal cerebral I/R injury by down-regulating CHOP expression in the cerebral cortex in rats.     

阿片受体在异氟醚延迟预处理减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in the protective effects of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Forty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0-2.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation (S); group II I/R; group Ⅲ isoflurane + I/R (Iso) and group IV Iso + naloxone + I/R (Nal). Myocardial I/R was induced by 40 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ (Iso) 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 was inhaled for 2 h and I/R was produced 24 h later. In group IV (Nal) naloxone 6 mg/kg was given iv 10 min before 2 h of 2% isoflurane inhalation and I/R was produced 24 h later. At the end of 120 min reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evan's blue and TTC staining. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy. The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was determined by Western blot. Results The IS was significantly smaller in group Iso ( Ⅲ ) ( 19.7% ± 2.8%) than in I/R group ( II ) (37.8% ±1.7%) (P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in group Iso than in group I/R. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Iso group than in group I/R. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane was prevented by naloxone pretreatment. ConclusionOpioid receptors may be involved in the protective effects of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane against myocardial I/R injury.     

七氟烷预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨七氟烷预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时细胞凋亡的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠64只,体重270～350 g,随机分为4组(n=16):假手术组(S组)仅穿线不结扎,心肌缺血再灌注组(I/R组)阻断左冠状动脉前降支缺血30 min,恢复灌注2 h制备心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,七氟烷组(Sevo组)吸入2.5%七氟烷30 min,七氟烷预处理+心肌缺血再灌注组(SR组)吸入2.5%七氟烷30 min,15 min后制备模型.于再灌注2 h时随机取4只大鼠处死取左心室,采用氯化三苯四唑染色法测定心肌梗死范围,随机取4只大鼠处死取左心室,采用TUNEL法检测凋亡心肌细胞,计算凋亡指数,于缺血前即刻和再灌注2 h时分别随机取4只大鼠处死取左心室,采用Western blot法测定Bcl-2及caspase-3的蛋白表达水平.结果 与S组相比,再灌注2 h时I/R组和SR组心肌梗死范围增大,心肌细胞凋亡指数升高,caspase-3蛋白表达上调,Sevo组Bcl-2蛋白表达上调,I/R组Bcl-2蛋白表达下调,Sevo组和SR组缺血前即刻Bcl-2蛋白表达上凋(P＜0.05);与I/R组相比,再灌注2 h时SR组心肌梗死范围缩小、心肌细胞凋亡指数降低,Sevo组和SR组Bcl-2蛋白表达上调,SR组caspase-3蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05);与缺血前即刻相比,I/R组和SR组再灌注2 h时Bcl-2蛋白表达下调,caspase-3蛋白表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 七氟烷预处理可通过抑制细胞凋亡减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤.     

N-myc下游调节基因2在七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 评价N-myc下游调节基因2(NDRG2)在七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 健康雄性成年SD大鼠48只,体重280～320 g,采用随机数字表,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=16):假手术组(S组)、脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和七氟醚预处理组(Sev组).采用大脑中动脉阻断法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.大鼠吸入2％七氟醚lh,每天1次,连续5d行七氟醚预处理.Sev组于七氟醚预处理结束后24h制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.再灌注24h时行神经功能评分,随后处死大鼠,取脑组织,测定脑梗死体积百分比,采用Western Blot法测定缺血半暗带区NDRG2和活化的Caspase-3的表达,采用免疫组织荧光测定缺血半暗带区NDRG2的表达及定位.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和Sev组脑梗死体积百分比升高,神经功能评分降低,脑组织缺血区半暗带NDRG2和活化的Caspase-3表达上调(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,Sev组脑梗死体积百分比降低,神经功能评分升高,脑组织缺血区半暗带NDRG2和活化的Caspase-3表达下调(P＜0.05).Sev组核内NDRG2阳性染色较I/R组减浅.结论 七氟醚预处理可能通过抑制脑组织NDRG2的表达、活性和细胞凋亡,从而减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤.     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun氨基末端激酶3和突触后密度蛋白95表达的影响

目的 探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压(SH)大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun 氨基末端激酶3(JNK3)和突触后密度蛋白95(PSD95)表达的影响.方法 与雄性WKY同源的SH大鼠135只和雄性WKY大鼠90只,清洁级,体重275～325 g,采用随机数字表法,将WKY大鼠随机分为2组(n=45):假手术组(W-S组)及脑缺血再灌注组(W-I/R组),将SH大鼠随机分为3组(n=45):假手术组(S-S组)和脑缺血再灌注组(S-I/R组)及姜黄素组(S-C组).采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血再灌注模型.W-S组和S-S组仅分离双侧颈总动脉,W-I/R组和S-I/R组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射玉米油10 ml/kg,S-C组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射姜黄素100 mg/kg.于再灌注2 h,6 h、1 d、3 d和7d时进行海马凋亡神经元计数,并测定海马JNK3和PSD95蛋白的表达水平.结果 与W-S组比较,S-S组海马凋亡神经元计数增加(P<0.05),JNK3蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与S-S组比较,S-I/R组海马凋亡神经元计数增加,JNK3蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与S-I/R组比较,S-C组海马凋亡神经元计数减少,JNK3蛋白表达下调(P<0.05).各组海马PSD95蛋白表达比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 姜黄素可抑制SH大鼠脑缺血再灌注时神经元凋亡,其机制与下调海马JNK3蛋白表达有关,姜黄素下调海马JNK3蛋白表达可能与PSD95途径无关.     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun氨基末端激酶3和突触后密度蛋白95表达的影响

目的 探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压(SH)大鼠脑缺血再灌注时海马神经元凋亡及c-Jun 氨基末端激酶3(JNK3)和突触后密度蛋白95(PSD95)表达的影响.方法 与雄性WKY同源的SH大鼠135只和雄性WKY大鼠90只,清洁级,体重275～325 g,采用随机数字表法,将WKY大鼠随机分为2组(n=45):假手术组(W-S组)及脑缺血再灌注组(W-I/R组),将SH大鼠随机分为3组(n=45):假手术组(S-S组)和脑缺血再灌注组(S-I/R组)及姜黄素组(S-C组).采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血再灌注模型.W-S组和S-S组仅分离双侧颈总动脉,W-I/R组和S-I/R组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射玉米油10 ml/kg,S-C组于再灌注30 min时腹腔注射姜黄素100 mg/kg.于再灌注2 h,6 h、1 d、3 d和7d时进行海马凋亡神经元计数,并测定海马JNK3和PSD95蛋白的表达水平.结果 与W-S组比较,S-S组海马凋亡神经元计数增加(P<0.05),JNK3蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与S-S组比较,S-I/R组海马凋亡神经元计数增加,JNK3蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与S-I/R组比较,S-C组海马凋亡神经元计数减少,JNK3蛋白表达下调(P<0.05).各组海马PSD95蛋白表达比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 姜黄素可抑制SH大鼠脑缺血再灌注时神经元凋亡,其机制与下调海马JNK3蛋白表达有关,姜黄素下调海马JNK3蛋白表达可能与PSD95途径无关.     

七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马TREK-1表达的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马机械敏感性钾通道TREK-1表达的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠36只,体重240～280 g,随机分为3组(n=12):假手术组(S组)、局灶性脑缺血再灌注组(l/R组)和七氟醚预处理组(Sevo组).结扎右侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉,采用线栓法阻断颈内动脉2 h,再灌注24 h制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型;Sevo组于缺血前1 h经半密闭的吸入箱持续吸入含2.5%七氟醚的02;S组仅分离并结扎右侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉,不置入线栓.各组于再灌注24 h时行神经功能缺陷评分后断头取脑,TIC染色后测定脑梗死体积,采用RT-PCR法测定海马TREK-1 mRNA的表达.结果 与S组相比,I/R组和Sevo组神经功能缺陷评分和脑梗死体积比升高(P<0.01);与I/R组相比,Sevo组神经功能缺陷评分和脑梗死体积比降低,海马TREK-1 mRNA表达上调(P<0.05).结论 七氟醚预处理可通过激活海马TREK-1减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤.     

线粒体通透性转换孔在七氟醚延迟预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 探讨线粒体通透性转换孔(mPTP)在七氟醚延迟预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠80只,体重250～300 g,随机分为5组(n=16):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、七氟醚延迟预处理组(SP组)、mPTP开放剂苍术苷+七氟醚延迟预处理组(A+SP组)和苍术苷组(A组).IR组、SP组、A+SP组和A组采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30 min后进行再灌注的方法制备心肌缺血再灌注模型.SP组和A+SP组吸入2.5%七氟醚l h,其余组吸入纯氧1 h,停止吸入后24 h进行心肌缺血.A+SP组和A组在缺血前15 min经尾静脉注射苍术苷5 mg/kg.再灌注120 min时采集颈动脉血样,测定血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度.然后处死大鼠,测定心肌梗死体积,检测心肌组织Bcl-2及Bax表达水平,电镜下观察心肌超微结构.结果 与S组比较,其他各组血清cTnI浓度升高,心肌梗死体积扩大,Bcl-2表达下调,Bax表达上调(P＜0.05).与IR组比较,SP组血清cTnI浓度降低,心肌梗死体积缩小,Bcl-2表达上调,Bax表达下调(P＜0.05),心肌病理学损伤减轻.苍术苷可取消七氟醚延迟预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的效应(P＜0.05).结论 抑制mPTP开放后可导致Bcl-2表达上调,Bax表达下调,参与了七氟醚延迟预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤.     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 探讨诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只,体重250～330 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为5组(n=6):假手术组(S组)只穿线,不结扎;心肌缺血再灌注组(I/R组)采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注120 min的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型;舒芬太尼预处理组(SF组)缺血前24 h经尾静脉输注舒芬太尼120μg/kg,输注时间30 min;舒芬太尼预处理+iNOS特异性抑制剂S-甲硫脲组(SF+SMT组)缺血前24 h经尾静脉输注舒芬太尼120μg/kg,缺血前10 min静脉注射SMT 10 mg/kg;SMT组缺血前10 min静脉注射SMT 10 mg/kg.于缺血前30 min、缺血30 min、再灌注120 min时记录HR和MAP,计算RPP(SP× HR).于再灌注120 min时取颈动脉血样2 ml,测定血浆NO浓度,随后取心脏制病理切片,测定缺血危险区(AAR)和梗死区(IS)体积,计算心肌梗死体积(IS/AAR),测定心肌iNOS表达.结果 与S组比较,余4组再灌注120 min时MAP和RPP降低,IS/AAR升高,I/R组和SMT组缺血30 min时MAP和RPP降低(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,SF组、SF+SMT组和SMT组HR、MAP和RPP差异无统计学意义,SF+SMT组和SMT组IS/AAR和血浆NO浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),SF组IS/AAR降低,血浆NO浓度和心肌iNOS表达升高(P＜0.05).结论 iNOS参与了舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的过程.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in reduction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by sufentanil preconditioning in rats. Methods Thirty adult male SD rats, weighing 250-330 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n =6 each): sham operation group (group S),I/R group, sufentanil preconditioning group (group SF), sufentanil preconditioning + a specific inhibitor of iNOS S-methyl thiourea (SMT) group (group SF+ SMT) and S-methyl thiourea group (group SMT). In I/R,SF,SF+SMT and SMT groups, myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Group SF received 30 min infusion of sufentanil 120 μg/kg via caudal vein 24 h before ischemia. Group SF + SMT received infusion of sufentanil 120 μg/kg via caudal vein 24 h before ischemia and then SMT 10 mg/kg was injected 10 min before ischemia. In group SMT, SMT 10 mg/kg was injected 10min before ischemia. MAP and HR were recorded at 30 min before ischemia, at 30 min of ischemia and at the end of reperfusion. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately at the end of reperfusion to determine the plasma concentration of NO. Then the animals were sacrificed and myo cardial tissues were obtained to determine the area at risk (AAR), infarct size (IS) and iNOS expression. IS/AAR was calculated. Results Compared with group S, MAP and RPP were significantly decreased, while IS/AAR was significantly increased at 120 min of reperfusion in the other four groups, and MAP and RPP were significantly decreased at 30 min of ischemia in I/R and SMT groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group I/R, no significant change was found in HR, MAP and RPP in SF, SF + SMT and SMT groups, and in IS/AAR and plasma NO concentrations in SF + SMT and SMT groups ( P ＞ 0.05), but IS/AAR was significantly decreased, and the plasma NO concentration and iNOS expression were significantly increased in group SF ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion iNOS is involved in reduction of myocardial I/R injury by sufentanil preconditioning in rats.