北京农村人群膳食(烹调后)9种微量元素摄入量研究

报告了北京农村人群膳食(烹调后)9种微量元素摄入量。本研究采用美国总膳食研究的方法,通过膳调、食物聚类、采样、烹调加工、检测计算,对北京农村顺义、房山、密云3个区县210户居民家庭进行调查。结果北京农村人群膳食6种必需微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰、钴、硒平均摄入量为19.84、11.91、2.01、6.95、32.93、70.31μg/d·人。3种有害微量元素砷、铅、镉平均摄入量为159.89、161.14、13. 34μg/d·人。本文还对砷、铅、镉3种元素的食物来源进行了分析。     

膳食矿物质与骨密度关系调查

目的 研究老年人膳食中矿物质含量对骨密度（BMD）的影响，探讨防治老年骨质疏松的措施。方法 对309例60岁以上老人进行了膳食调查及健康检查。结果 老年女性骨矿物质含量（BMC）和骨密度（BMD）显低于男性。健康老人平均每日摄入钙、锰、铜、硒的量男性均显高于女性。OP患与同性别健康老人每日矿物质摄入量相比，OP组钾钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、磷、来源于奶的钙（简称奶钙）、硒摄入量均显低于同性别健康老人组，BMD与钾、钙、镁、锌、铜、磷、硒、奶钙摄入量和钙磷比值均呈显正相关。结论 膳食矿物质与BMD存在一定的关系，膳食钾、钙、锌等摄入量不足可能导致BMD降低。     

新疆维吾尔族儿童微量元素营养状况调查

目的 :探讨新疆维吾尔族儿童微量元素营养状况 ,预防新疆维吾尔族儿童微量元素缺乏。方法 :选取2 83名 1～ 7岁农村维吾尔族儿童 ,每 1岁年龄为 1组 ,分组调查他们从膳食中摄取钙、铁、铜、锌 4种元素的量 ,与标准摄入量相比较分析 ,同时 ,测定各组儿童头发中钙、铁、锌、铜 4种元素的含量。结果 :新疆维吾尔族儿童钙摄入量只有RNT的 31 2 %～ 5 6 9% ,3岁以上儿童铁、锌、铜摄入量接近和达到RNT标准。结论 :新疆维吾尔族儿童钙摄入量严重不足 ,应进一步改善膳食结构 ,加强微量元素的摄入量。     

农村儿童微量元素营养状况调查

目的：探讨农村儿童微量元素营养状况，预防农村儿童微量元素营养缺乏。方法：选取283名1--7岁农村儿童，每1岁年龄段为1组，分6组调查他们从膳食中摄入钙、铁、锌、铜4种元素的量。与标准摄入量相比较分析，同时测定各组儿童头发中钙、铁、锌、铜4种元素的含量以及血红蛋白的含量。结果：儿童钙摄入量只有RNT的32.9％——56．9％，3岁以上儿童铁、锌、铜摄入量接近和达到RNT标准；头发钙和铁的结果难以反映儿童身体这2种元素的营养状况；铁摄入量虽然较高，但仍有23．O％的儿童贫血，头发铁与血红蛋白含量无相关性。结论：农村儿童钙摄入量严重不足，铁吸收率低，应进一步改善膳食结构，加强微量元素的摄入和有效利用。     

锌、铜、铁、钙营养状况与高血压病的相关研究

对５２例高血压患者进行头发中锌、铜、铁、钙等１０种元素的含量测定，并同时测算相应膳食中锌、铜、铁、钙及蛋白质和热能的摄入量。结果表明：①高血压组发锌、铜、钙、硒、铬、锰、锶含量均低于健康组，发铁、铅含量则高于健康组。②高血压组膳食中锌、铜、钙、蛋白质的摄入量均明显低于健康组及ＲＤＡ标准，而铁及热能的摄入量则高于健康组及ＲＤＡ标准。③高血压组膳食中锌、铜、铁、钙的摄入量分别与相应发含量及蛋白和热能的摄入量呈显著性正相关。结果提示，高血压患者头发中锌、铜、铁、钙等元素含量可用来评价其营养状况。微量元素含量变化与高血压病的发生发展有密切关系。     

农村老年人硒暴露水平与认知能力关系及其影响因素的研究

目的了解不同硒(Se)暴露水平与老年人认知功能的关系以及影响老年认知的其他影响因素。方法采集当地环境样品、食物样品、研究对象指甲和血样,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定硒含量;对长年生活于当地的1000名农村老年人进行膳食问卷调查和6项认知能力调查,分析不同环境Se暴露组人群认知能力的差异;综合考虑可能影响老年认知能力的影响因素,进行影响综合认知功能评分的多元逐步回归分析。结果不同Se暴露指标间均有很好的相关性,在控制了年龄、性别等协变量的影响后,正常Se暴露人群认知能力显著高于低Se暴露组人群,影响老年认知能力的多元逐步回归结果显示,性别、年龄、受教育情况、是否看电视或听收音机、体质指数(BMI)和Se暴露水平对老年认知能力有显著影响。结论Se暴露水平的降低可能与老年认知能力的降低有关,此外,年龄、性别、受教育情况等也可显著影响老年认知能力。     

哺乳期农村乳母乳汁无机元素含量的变化

目的了解哺乳期人乳无机元素含量的变化及其与乳母膳食的关联。方法采用横断面调查方法,收集55名陕西省澄城县农村健康乳母清晨乳样,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定乳汁钙、镁、铁、锰、锌和铜的浓度。采用24小时回顾法进行连续3天膳食调查,计算膳食营养素的摄入量。结果农村乳母乳汁中镁、锌、铜浓度随哺乳期延长明显降低,铁浓度随哺乳期延长而上升。乳母膳食钙摄入量约为钙膳食参考摄入量(DRI)1/3,膳食无机元素的摄入量与人乳相应元素之间无明显相关性。多因素分析表明,乳汁中钙与镁、铁与铜、锰与锌均呈正相关,钙分别与乳脂、铁、锌呈负相关。结论随哺乳期时间延长,成熟乳中镁、锌、铜浓度降低而铁浓度增加,乳母膳食钙的摄入严重不足,乳汁各元素与膳食相应元素之间无关联。     

饮水微量元素与老年人群认知能力关系研究

在中国山东与河南两省农村研究了饮水中微量元素与老年人群认知能力 (CognitiveFunction)之间的关系。采用中国国标方法分析了饮水中氟、钙、硒、铝、铁、锌、镉、铅、砷微量元素和pH值 ;用老年性痴呆症 (Dementia)调查表 ,进行了≥ 6 5岁老年暴露人群认知能力的测定。调整年龄、性别和文化水平后 ,对微量元素与老年认知能力之间的关系进行直线模型、二次方模型和联合作用模型的统计分析 ,评价饮水中每种微量元素浓度对老年认知能力的影响。结果表明 ,单因素分析时发现几种微量元素对老年认知能力有明显作用。然而 ,在调整其它元素水平后 ,其中一些元素的作用消失。饮水中钙浓度对老年认知能力呈现一作用曲线 ,即随着饮水钙水平升高而认知能力增加 ;到某一点高峰后 ,又随钙水平增加而认知能力降低。而锌与镉之间存在一种相互作用 ,即在低饮水镉水平时 ,锌浓度与认知能力呈正相关 ,但在高饮水镉水平时 ,锌浓度与认知能力呈负相关     

审定会议纪要

2005年8月14日由中国微量元素科学研究会理事会主持并组织研究会专家组参加的人发和血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰、镉、铅、钴的原子吸收测定方法标准和中国居民头发和血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰、镉、铅、钴、砷、硒、锶、汞元素正常参考值范围标准的审定会，对以上标准进行了审定。     

深圳市母乳中矿物质含量及重金属负荷水平研究

目的了解深圳市初产、顺产妇的乳汁中8种矿物质(钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜)含量和3种有毒元素(铅、砷、镉)负荷水平,以评估该地婴儿8种常量元素和微量元素的营养状况和3种有毒元素污染水平。方法于2007年7～10月采集在深圳生活5年以上20～35岁的初产妇产后3周～2月龄的母乳共60份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定母乳中的常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜及有毒元素铅、砷、镉的含量。结果所测母乳的8种矿物质和重金属中,常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁的平均含量分别是280.22、498.61、188.65和28.31mg/L,微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜的平均含量分别是2.29mg/L、358.88μg/L、8.28μg/L和339.16μg/L,铅的平均含量是2.13μg/L。砷和镉的含量均小于0.005μg/L。结论与国际原子能机构的标准及国内的一些地区调查结果比较,深圳地区母乳中常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和锌、铁、铜7种矿物质的平均含量基本合理,砷、镉的污染水平低,但是存在微量元素硒的缺乏和重金属铅的污染。     

农村老年人膳食微量元素摄入水平调查

目的了解四川省农村≥65岁老年人膳食微量元素摄入情况和食物来源。方法采集当地粮食、蔬菜等食物样品,测定其中8种微量元素的含量,结合膳食问卷调查结果计算个体日常膳食微量元素摄入情况。结果114份样品中各种微量元素的检出率均80%;人群膳食Se、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn每天平均摄入量分别为(14.325±8.914)μg,(333.407±269.785),(3.109±4.890),(18.179±27.515),(6.902±3.493)mg,其中Se、Ca、Cu、Fe和Zn的摄入量均有50%的老年人低于日推荐摄入量或日适宜摄入量;对人体有毒性作用的Cd和Pb周摄入量超过WHO推荐的周允许摄入量的老年人分别有439和154人;除男性膳食Cu日摄入量明显高于女性(P0.001)外,其他膳食微量元素摄入情况性别差异无统计学意义。结论四川省农村老年人膳食必需微量元素摄入量普遍不足,对人体有毒性作用的Cd和Pb摄入量严重超标。     

硒暴露水平与农村老年人认知能力关系的研究

目的了解硒(Se)暴露水平与农村老年人认知能力的关系以及影响因素。方法对200名农村老年人进行膳食问卷调查和6项认知能力调查,采集当地环境样品、食物样品以及研究对象的指甲和血样,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定样品中硒含量,结合膳食和问卷调查结果,综合考虑可能影响老年认知能力影响因素。结果不同Se暴露指标间均有很好的相关性,在综合考虑了年龄、受教育情况、APOE基因型等因素后,膳食Se摄入量和血Se含量水平的减少与老年认知能力的下降有显著性正相关关系(P0.001)。结论老年认知能力的降低可能与Se暴露水平的降低有关。     

Relationships between dietary intake and cognitive function level in Korean elderly people

We examined the relationship between dietary intake and cognitive performance in Korean elderly people. Data for dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and cognitive function tests were collected and the relationships of the variables were analyzed. A random sample of 210 men and 239 women in Korea, aged 60 and over, was selected. Subjects were free-living elderly people who had not experienced major cognitive function impairment. Main outcome measures, 24 h dietary recall method, food behaviour variables, anthropometrics indices, health variables, and Kwon's Mini-Mental State Examination for Koreans (MMSE-K) for cognitive function test. The prevalence rate of poor cognitive function (MMSE-K score < or = 19) of Korean elderly was 22.3%: women with poor cognitive function had a higher rate (31.0%) than that in men (12.3%). Cognitive ability was related negatively with age and positively with school education level. Female subjects of poor cognitive function had significantly lower intakes of total amount of foods, cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk, spices, and also, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin than those of the normal cognitive score (> or = 24) group (P < 0.05). Male subjects of poor cognitive function had significantly lower intakes of fruits, fiber, and vitamin C than the normal subjects (P < 0.05). The MMSE-K score of female subjects showed a significant positive correlation with total amount of foods, cereals, beans, fruits, milk, oil, spices, and energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, Fe, P, riboflavin and niacin intakes. The consumption of adequate nutrients, by taking sufficient amounts and variety of foods, may be important in maintaining adequate cognitive function in elderly Koreans.     

Trace element intake and status of Italian subjects living in the Gubbio area

Daily intakes of certain trace elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, and Cr) were assessed using dietary history and weighed record methods and concurrent chemical analysis (CA) of duplicate portions, along with blood levels, in a group (21 M, 23 F) of inhabitants of the Gubbio area (Belvedere, Biscina, Scritto). The evaluation of only intake of trace elements was accomplished in 40 subjects (20 M, 20 F) 1 year later. In both surveys, trace element intakes were generally lower than the potential tolerable weekly intake. However, daily intakes of Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, and Cr were higher in men compared to women in both surveys (P<0.05). In fact, intakes at the 50th percentile were greater in men by approximately 75% for Pb, 91% for Cd, 20% for Ni, 45% for Hg, and 29% for Cr in the first survey. In the second survey, percentage differences for Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr were about 12%, 28%, 26%, and 26%, respectively. Blood trace element levels were slightly higher in men in the first survey. Interestingly, no correlation was observed between the intake of trace elements and corresponding blood values. Food basket and total diet, which were computed from the weighed record method for 2 days, showed relevant disagreements with CA of duplicate portion. Moreover, the comparison in content of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr obtained by CA of cooked dishes or by calculation using values of raw foods showed significant differences (P<0.05). It was concluded that trace element intake should be assessed by CA of duplicate portion.     

Levels of As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Se and Zn in bovine kidneys and livers in Jamaica

Paired liver and kidney samples from 100 free-range cattle in different parts of Jamaica were analyzed for essential and non-essential trace elements. We found significant enrichment of elements in the kidney (K) compared to the liver (L) with the K/L concentration ratios being 5.2 for Cd, 4.1 for Pb, 3.5 for Se and 2.1 for As, but the Cu contents of the kidney were significantly higher with the K/L ratio of 0.45. A large number of kidney and liver samples showed Cu concentrations in the ranges that were associated with deficiency effects in mammals. About 15% of the hepatic samples had Zn concentrations below 20 microg/g, suggesting that there might be zinc insufficiency in some of the animals. Positive associations were found between the metals in both the kidney and liver. On average, the intake of Cd from consumption of both bovine kidney and liver from the island was estimated to be 5.2 microg/day, equivalent to about 7% of the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), although anyone who habitually consumed the few kidneys or livers with >40 microg/g cadmium may be at some risk of exceeding the PTDI. The consumption of offal from local animals did not appear to be an important dietary source of any of the essential microelements.     

微量元素与冠心病关系初探

目的：探讨微量元素与冠心病的关系,方法：采用1：1配对病例对照研究方法,对186对冠心病和对照,应用光谱色仪扫描法测定了血清17种微量元素并进行了相应统计分析,结果：冠心病患微量元素Fe,Cd,Pb,Ni,Ag含量升高,Cu ,Cr,Si,Sc,Sr,Mo降低,其中Fe,Cd,Pb和Cu,Cr,Si的变化更为显,高含量Fe,Cd是冠心病的重要危险因素,而Cu,Cr为保护性因素,元素原子量,原子序数增大且不稳定性增强时,易生产有害作用,Fe,Cd,Cu,Cr是冠心病比较理想的辨别指标,结论：血清微量元素与冠心病存在密切关系,Fe,Cd,Cu,Cr等是冠心病的重要影响因素,微量元素在冠心病的预防,诊断,治疗中可以发挥重要的作用。     

稀土元素钇对子代小鼠体内痕量元素的影响

探讨了稀土元素Y的长期摄入对子代小鼠脑、内脏组织中某些痕量元素及脑中Y含量的影响 ,以期为稀土生物效应的研究提供新的思路和数据。通过在饮水中加入稀土Y(0、2 3 2 5和 2 32 5 0 0mg L)使小白鼠长期摄入稀土 ,7个月后用ICP MS法和原子荧光法测定F1子代小鼠脑组织中微量元素Cu、Cd、Pb和Y以及脑、肝、脾、肾中Se的含量。结果显示 ,F1子代小鼠高浓度稀土负载组脑组织中稀土Y含量、脾脏中Se含量显著增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肝、肾中Se也有增加趋势 ,但无显著差异 ;脑组织中Cu、Cd、Pb并无明显变化 ;低浓度稀土负载组脾脏中Se含量显著增加 (P <0 0 5 )。提示稀土钇可进入幼鼠脑组织中 ;稀土的长期摄入不会增加Cd、Pb等有害元素的摄入和吸收 ;稀土元素的抗氧化性可能与增加Se的吸收有关     

上海地区7～20岁人群血清微量元素研究

作者检测了上海地区417名7～20岁人群的血清17种微量元素(包括12种必需微量元素)和3种常量元素的含量。其中血清Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Cr、Co、Mo、Si、Sn、Ni、V、Ca、P、Mg、Sr、Cd、Pb、Al、Ti共19种元素采用ICAP-9000型等离子体直读光谱仪测定,血清Se由F-78型脉冲极谱仪分析。结果表明,血清Zn、Cu及常量元素等分布比较集中,Cd、Pb、Co、Sr等变异度较大。多数元素与年龄存在相关关系,其中Zn、Fe、Mn、Sr等与年龄呈正相关,Cu、Se、Cr、Pb等则随年龄增长而下降。不同生长发育时期血清多数元素有明显差别,整个人群血清各元素男女间基本一致,但不同时期血清元素有一定性别差异。比较不同地区血清元素的分布,表明市区人群血清Cr、Si、Pb等元素较高,而市郊Cu、Fe、Mn、Sr值较高。     

Nutrition and cognitive deficit in the elderly: a population study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between a healthy diet indicator and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Population based. SUBJECTS: A total of 1651 subjects (560 men and 1091 women) including everybody aged 70 y or more, and a random sample of people (about 40%) aged 65-69 y resident in four rural towns in the province of Pavia, Italy in 1992-1993. INTERVENTIONS: The healthy diet indicator based on the WHO guidelines for the prevention of chronic diseases was calculated as reported by Huijbregts et al (1998; Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 826-831). Food intake was estimated by means of a 180-item food-frequency questionnaire and nutrient intake was calculated using the food composition database compiled for epidemiologic studies in Italy. The cognitive function was categorized into four levels-normal cognition, mild, moderate and severe cognitive deficit-according to the neuropsychological test score. The relationship between the dietary and the ordinal cognitive function variables was studied using the proportional-odds model. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, education, total energy intake, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, a better healthy diet score was associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive deficit. The cumulative odds ratio was 0.85 (95% CI 0.77-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association between a globally satisfactory diet and better cognitive performance in the elderly. However, the specific aspects of a 'healthy diet' for the elderly should be clarified. SPONSORSHIP: National Research Council (Italy), 'Invecchiamento' Project no. 95.01048.PF40.