公共场所中央空调系统冷却塔水及气溶胶军团菌污染的风险评估和预警研究

目的 构建中央空调系统冷却塔水及气溶胶军团菌污染的风险评估指标体系和风险预警模型.方法 于2008、2009年的5-9月采集马鞍山市16户宾馆、商场、公共浴室冷却塔水样70份,冷却塔气溶胶样品110份,分别进行军团菌分离培养和嗜肺军团菌mip基因的PCR检测.分析冷却塔水军团菌检出与气溶胶军团菌检出之间的关系,筛选可能...     

汕头口岸中央空调系统冷却塔军团菌污染现状及消毒效果评价

目的对汕头口岸中央空调系统军团菌污染现况进行监测,对采取的消毒措施进行初步的效果评价,为口岸卫生监督指导性。方法通过对汕头口岸中央空调系统冷却塔水采样开展军团菌检测;对污染的冷却塔水消毒处理后再次采样检测。结果从11份采集的冷却塔样本中检出嗜肺军团菌阳性标本5份,阳性率为45.45%;对污染的冷却塔采取消毒处理后,未检出军团菌。结论汕头口岸中央空调系统存在着军团菌污染,采取规范的消毒措施,可以降低军团菌病发生的风险。     

上海奉贤区公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况调查

目的 应用PCR技术对奉贤地区部分公共场所空调冷却塔水及其他环境(淋浴设施等)进行军团菌污染状况调查.方法 于2010-05和2010-10,分别采集中央空调冷却塔水样品及环境样品用聚合酶链(PCR)对其进行嗜肺军团菌检测,同时用常规法进行分型鉴定.结果 采集的125份样品中,PCR法检出嗜肺军团菌45份,阳性检出率为36％,水样检出率远高于环境(分别为67.19％和3.28％).在检出的59株军团菌中共鉴定出6种不同菌型,其中LP1为重点菌型,占50.85％.且在同一样品中检出不同菌型有2株以上的占35.29％.结论 奉贤地区中央空调冷却塔及环境中存在军团菌污染.     

2012年漳州市部分公共场所中央空调冷却水军团菌污染情况调查

目的了解漳州市公共场所中央空调冷却水军团菌污染情况,为防制提供依据。方法于2012年对漳州市12家公共场所中央空调系统冷却塔水48份样品进行军团菌培养及鉴定。结果采集12家空调冷却塔水48份标本中,检出军团菌5株,阳性率占10.42%。其中,嗜肺军团菌1株,阳性率占2.08%;非嗜肺军团菌4株,阳性率占8.33%。结论漳州市公共场所中央空调系统军团菌污染情况值得关注,需加强监测,督促定期消毒和清洗,以预防军团菌病发生。     

江西省公共场所中央空调系统及二次供水系统军团菌污染调查

目的 了解江西省公共场所中央空调系统及二次供水系统军团菌污染现状,为制定军团菌的监测方案提供科学依据.方法 分别于2005和2006年7-9月,采用灭菌玻璃瓶采集江西省南昌市、抚州市、新余市、九江市的大型宾馆、医院、银行中央空调系统的冷却水、冷凝水、循环水,以及二次供水系统的蓄水池水、水箱水和末梢水水样.利用GVPC和BCYE培养基进行军团菌的分离培养,采用微量凝集试验和双重PCR试验进行军团菌的鉴定,并进行分析.结果 共采集水样145件,军团菌阳性15件,阳性率为10.34%.2005年检测水样阳性率为9.52%(8/84),低于2006年[11.48%(7/61)],差异无统计学意义(P=0.703).共检测中央空调系统水样78件,军团菌阳性7件,阳性率为8.97%.Lp5有2株,Lp3、Lp11、Lp13、Lp14、Lm各1株.冷却塔水水样中军团菌的阳性率与冷凝水和循环水比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.494).共检测二次供水系统水样67件,军团菌阳性8件,阳性率为11.94%.Lp2有2株,Lp5、Lp6、Lp9、Lp13、Lp14、非嗜肺军团菌各1株.末梢水水样中军团菌的阳性率与蓄水池水和水箱水比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.850).中央空调系统中,医院的军团菌阳性率最高,宾馆次之,银行未检出,三者间差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.748,P=0.013);二次供水系统中,银行的军团菌阳率最高,宾馆次之,医院未检出,三者间差异无统计学意义(P=0.113).结论 应加强对公共场所中央空调系统(特别是医院)及二次供水系统(特别是银行)军团菌的监测.     

土壤中的军团菌和嗜肺军团菌PCR检测研究

目的调查土壤中军团菌的污染状况并探讨土壤中军团菌的污染来源。方法于2009年7—9月,在江苏省南京市冷却塔水军团菌培养法阳性的公共场所集中空调冷却塔0～2m处及距离冷却塔2km的居民区分别采集20件和10件土壤样品。普通聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法扩增军团菌属5SrRNA基因,巢式PCR方法扩增嗜肺军团菌种Mip基因,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物。结果冷却塔旁土壤和居民区土壤中军团菌阳性率分别是80%(16/20)和70%(7/10);嗜肺军团菌阳性率分别是55%(11/20)和0。冷却塔旁土壤中军团菌的阳性率与居民区土壤比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.373,P=0.542)。结论环境土壤中存在军团菌,受集中空调冷却塔水污染的土壤中可检出嗜肺军团菌。     

广东新会地区公共环境冷却塔水系军团菌污染状况调查

目的查明广东新会地区公共环境冷却塔水系军团菌分布状况,为预防和控制军团菌病暴发流行提供依据。方法自2004-2006年8～10月,在新会区各大宾馆、饭店、学校、医院和公共娱乐场所共采集中央空调冷却塔水样112份,进行军团菌分离培养和PCR快速鉴定。结果在新会区采集的112份公共环境中央空调冷却塔水样中分离培养检出嗜肺军团菌26株,检出率23.2%;PCR直接检测嗜肺军团菌(LP-DNA)阳性57份,阳性率50.9%。结论在广东新会地区环境水源中嗜肺军团菌污染具有普遍性,PCR检测嗜肺军团菌是一种快速、敏感、特异性良好的检测法。     

汕头口岸中央空调系统军团菌污染现状及人群感染水平的监测研究

〔目的〕对汕头口岸中央空调系统军团菌污染现况及目标人群感染水平进行监测。〔方法〕在2008—2010年,通过对汕头口岸中央空调系统冷却塔水和冷凝水开展军团菌采样检测;对目标人群160人采集血液样本,进行血清学检测。〔结果〕从44份采集的样本中检出嗜肺军团菌阳性标本5份,阳性率为11.36%;从160个目标人群血清中发现军团菌阳性标本2例,阳性率为1.25%。〔结论〕汕头口岸中央空调系统和人群分别存在着军团菌污染和军团菌隐性感染的情况,必须加强口岸环境卫生监督和中央空调系统定期卫生处理工作,防范军团菌病的发生与传播。     

南京市土壤中嗜肺军团菌污染状况调查

目的了解南京市土壤被嗜肺军团菌污染情况。方法分别从南京市冷却塔水嗜肺军团菌培养法阳性的12个公共场所中,采集冷却塔2m范围内及距离冷却塔>2km居民区土壤样品,用PCR方法检测军团菌的5srRNA和Mip基因。结果冷却塔旁土壤样品中军团菌阳性率为75.0%(36/48),居民区土壤样品军团菌阳性率为70.8%(34/48),差异无统计学意义。冷却塔旁军团菌阳性土壤样品中嗜肺军团菌阳性率为50.0%(18/36),居民区军团菌阳性土壤样品中未检出。结论冷却塔旁土壤中嗜肺军团菌阳性率较高,存在导致军团病散发流行或暴发的潜在危险。     

集中空调冷却塔运行管理中军团菌繁殖的主要影响因素初探

目的分析集中空调冷却塔结构、设置、管理、消毒等环节中影响军团菌繁殖的因素,为有效控制冷却塔军团菌污染提供科学依据。方法于2013年5—9月,采集北京市16家大、中型公共建筑集中空调冷却塔的192件冷却水样品进行军团菌检测,现场勘查冷却塔设置环境、塔体及部件现况、管理及消毒措施、相关设施设备运行维护等情况,以军团菌检测结果为因变量进行非条件logistic回归分析。结果单因素logistic回归显示,冷却水管是否存在死水区、消毒剂投加地点、消毒剂投加频率、冷却塔运行时长及冷却水样品采集时间均对冷却水军团菌检出有影响,阳性率较高(P0.05);进一步采用多因素logistic回归显示,冷却水管存在死水区(OR=12.987)、消毒剂投加在系统(OR=3.019)、投加消毒剂时间间隔≥2 d(OR=3.390)、采样时间为夏季(OR=4.406)是冷却水嗜肺军团菌污染的危险因素,均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采样季节和消毒措施对冷却塔军团菌污染有影响,可据此制定更为有效的冷却塔军团菌污染控制措施。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.