肝癌合并胆管癌栓的外科手术治疗疗效分析

目的分析肝癌合并胆管癌栓外科手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2014年9月于我院接受手术治疗的100例肝癌合并胆管癌栓患者的临床资料。结果①所有患者均根据肝癌类型选择合适的手术方式,其中接受根治性手术58例,包括肿瘤局部切除术+胆总管切开取栓+T管引流术18例,肝叶切除+胆总管切开取栓术+T管引流术40例;接受姑息性手术42例,其中胆总管切开取栓+T管引流术+患侧肝动脉结扎术28例,胆总管切开取栓+T管引流术14例;手术整体切除率为70.00%。②不同外科手术方式治疗肝癌合并胆管癌栓术后并发症发生率相近;③根治性手术患者术后1年、术后2年总生存率为65.52%、44.83%,均高于姑息性手术的19.05%、7.14%,对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对无手术禁忌症的肝癌合并胆管癌栓患者建议尽可能行根治性手术治疗,以提高患者术后生存率。     

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的外科治疗方式选择

目的探讨原发性肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(TTPV)的外科治疗方式选择。方法对1990年1月至2003年1月期间收治的138例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料进行分析和总结。结果37例行保守姑息治疗患者1至8个月内死亡,平均生存时间3．9个月。101例患者行手术治疗,其中23例行单纯肝癌切除术,平均生存时问10．9个月;78例采取各种手术方式行肝癌切除加门静脉癌栓取栓术,平均生存时间26．8个月。其中52例术后采用了肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗,其1、3、5年生存率为96．2％、51．9％、11．5％,26例未行插管化疗,1、3、5年生存率为76．9％、23．1％、0％。结论手术治疗比保守治疗能相对延长肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的生存时间;手术在切除肝癌的同时应尽量使用各种方式取出门静脉癌栓;术后使用肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗可有效提高治疗效果。     

原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓的手术方法

目的　提高临床医师对肝癌合并胆管癌栓患者手术方法的技巧。方法　术前确切检查及特殊检查 ,术中间歇阻断肝门 ,切除原发病灶 ,肝断面肝管取癌栓 ,清除肝门胆管内癌栓 ,肝断面胆管与肝门胆管“会师” ,胆总管置T管引流。结果　切除原发病灶 ,取出癌栓 ,使患者生存质量改善 ,为化疗、生物治疗提供了条件 ,延长了患者生存期。结论　原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓的手术方法可行 ,较姑息手术或单纯手术生存时间延长 ,解除胆道高压 ,缓解症状 ,为后续治疗创造了有利条件。     

原发性肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的外科诊治分析

目的探讨原发性肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断及外科治疗效果。方法回顾性总结和分析20例原发性肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的外科诊治情况。采用肝叶切除及癌栓取出术7例、单纯胆管癌栓取出3例;肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization,TACE)后肝切除加癌栓取出术10例。术后均行胆管引流及TACE。结果术前行TACE的10例患者,术中胆道出血(45.2±12.5)ml,明显少于未行TACE者(90.5±10.5)ml,差异显著(P0.05)。全部病例均获随访,平均时间22(2～54)个月。肝叶切除及癌栓取出7例,平均生存(21.5±2.8)个月;术前TACE、2周后行肝叶切除加癌栓取出10例,平均生存(28.5±3.1)个月;单纯癌栓取出3例,平均生存(4.1±0.5)个月,术前行TACE组生存时间明显长于其余两组(P0.05)。结论对原发性肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓早期诊断、积极切除肿瘤并清除胆管癌栓,配合术前术后TACE术,是改善预后的有效治疗方法。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断与治疗

肝细胞癌（简称肝癌）合并胆管癌栓不常见。胆管癌栓通常是由肝癌侵入其所在部位的肝内胆管而形成并沿肝内胆管向肝门部胆管甚至胆总管生长,最终导致梗阻性黄疸或合并胆道出血。肝癌合并胆管癌栓并不是一种终末期疾病,有时会被误诊为胆管癌,及时正确诊断至关重要。积极手术切除治疗有助于延长生存时间、改善远期预后。     

原发性肝癌并发胆管癌栓的手术治疗：附13例报告

笔者回顾性分析14年间手术治疗的13例原发性肝癌伴有胆管癌栓患者的临床资料。全组病例术前均有黄疸，总胆红素水平在54～574 mol/L，平均251 mol/L。B超术前确诊肝癌伴有胆管癌栓7例，CT术前确诊肝癌伴有胆管癌栓9例。 13例均行手术治疗，其中11例行肝切除+胆管癌栓取除，包括右半肝切除2例，右半肝不规则切除2例，左半肝切除3例，左外叶切除2例，肝方叶切除1例，肝中叶切除1例;2例仅行胆总管切开取癌栓，T管引流。术后1年内死亡2例。行肝切除者，术后生存时间为6个月~5年9个月。中位生存时间为15个月;未切肝者2例，分别生存11个月和17个月。提示对原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓者应积极手术治疗，仍有可能获得较好的效果。     

原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科手术治疗及其治疗效果。方法回顾性对15例原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸行外科手术治疗的总结和分析。结果行左半肝切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术5例,行肿瘤切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术7例,行胆总管切开取癌栓 肝总动脉结扎3例,术后随访2年,平均生存时间为14.5个月,最长存活23个月。结论外科治疗明显提高了患者生活质量,延长了生存时间。     

肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的探讨肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院2000年1月～2006年12月收治的肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓63例的临床资料。根据治疗方式的不同分为综合治疗组(21例)、门静脉取栓组(12例)和姑息治疗组(30例),比较各组的生存期。结果综合治疗组、门静脉取栓组和姑息治疗组的中位生存时间分别为12.7个月、7.4个月和4.3个月,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。综合治疗组、门静脉取栓组的疗效均明显优于姑息治疗组。结论对于能耐受手术的门静脉癌栓病人应积极行肝癌切除术并术中取栓治疗。     

Diagnosis and treatment of primary hepatocellular cancer with bile duct tumor thrombi

目的 探讨原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断方法和治疗方式的选择.方法 通过回顾分析41例原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断方法、误诊原因及综合治疗效果.结果 34例行手术切除肿瘤+胆管取癌栓,6例仅行胆管切开取癌栓.术后随访至今,其中肿瘤切除+胆管取癌栓患者平均生存时间超过2年,最长生存时间已超过10年,仅行胆管切开取癌栓平均生存时间18个月.结论 对于肝癌合并胆管癌栓,早期诊断并积极选择合适的手术方式可以获得症状的缓解和长期的生存,甚至获得根治.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的治疗

目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓的治疗。方法对1995年1月～2002年12月收治的34例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果34例中1例未予治疗,6例行PTCD, 27例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d死亡率为22.2%(6/27), 并发症发生率为55.6%(15/27)。16例行肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为1个月～27个月,中位生存期为16.5个月。结论HCC合并胆管癌栓的预后差,但对其早期诊断和扩大手术治疗,是改善此病预后的关键。     

The benefit of curative liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) is an uncommon event. The role of a curative hepatic resection and associated long-term outcomes remain controversial. In addition the necessity for bile duct resection is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of hepatectomy with a selective bile duct preservation approach for HCC with BDTT in comparison to outcomes without BDTT.MethodsA total of 22 HCC with BDTT patients who had undergone curative hepatic resection with a selective bile duct preservation approach at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. These were compared to group of 145 HCC without BDTT patients. The impact of curative surgical resection and BDTT on clinical outcomes and survival after surgical resection were analyzed.ResultsAll HCC with BDTT cases underwent major hepatectomy vs. 32.4% in the comparative group. Bile duct preservation rate was 56.5%. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of HCC with BDTT patients in comparison to the HCC without BDTT group were 81.8%, 52.8% and 52.8% vs. 73.6%, 55.6% and 40.7% (P=0.804) respectively. Positive resection margin, tumor size ≥5 cm and AFP ≥200 IU/mL were significant risk factors regarding overall survival. However, it is unclear whether presence of a bile duct tumor thrombus has an adverse impact on either recurrence free survival or overall survival.ConclusionsBile duct obstruction from tumor thrombus did not necessarily indicate an advanced form of disease. Tumor size and AFP had greater impact on long-term outcomes than bile duct tumor thrombus. Major liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach in HCC with BDTT can achieve favorable outcomes comparable to those of HCC without BDTT in selected patients.     

Surgical Intervention for Obstructive Jaundice Due to Biliary Tumor Thrombus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

This retrospective study in eight surgically treated patients with obstructive jaundice due to biliary tumor thrombus in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was performed to evaluate the role of surgical intervention. All biliary tumor thrombi were confirmed preoperatively or intraoperatively. Only two manifested intraluminal biliary obstructions due to a primary tumor that had not been found preoperatively. The operative procedures included hepatectomy with removal of the biliary tumor thrombus (n = 3), hepatectomy combined with extrahepatic bile duct resection (n = 1), thrombectomy through a choledochotomy (n = 3), and piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation (n = 1). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively. Two patients survived more than 5 years. Surgical intervention was effective in patients with obstructive jaundice due to a biliary tumor thrombus in an HCC. Thus surgery for a recurrence can prolong survival, and liver transplantation is a treatment worthy of further investigation.     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的技术与疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年12月完成67例腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石临床及随访资料。 结果 全部67例患者合并左半肝或左外叶肝萎缩,腔镜手术方式包括左外叶肝切除48例、左半肝切除19例。其他腹腔镜下联合术式包括：胆囊切除术52例、胆总管探查术43例、T管引流术39例,胆总管一期修补术4例。手术切口长度（4.67±1.26）cm。术后发生胆漏3例,均经引流观察后自愈;1例因术后腹腔大出血合并胆瘘再手术治愈;肝脓肿1例,膈下脓肿1例,均经穿刺引流治愈。 结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石安全可靠,术中应尽量取净其他胆道残余结石并连续紧密缝合左肝管残端。如结石已被取净胆总管的探查和T管引流并非必需。     

Surgical Resection of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Analysis of Survival and Postoperative Complications

Background Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for hilar bile duct cancer. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of surgical management of hilar bile duct carcinoma, including radical hepatectomy, at a single institution. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 49 consecutive patients who underwent surgery at our hospital between 1990 and 2003. Results Altogether, 44 of 49 patients underwent radical hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy and lymphadenectomy. One and four patients underwent partial hepatectomy or bile duct resection, respectively. No patients underwent preoperative portal vein embolization. The 5-year survival rate was 39.7%, with a median survival time of 3.75 years. The postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 46.8% and 2.0%, respectively. Cox’s proportional hazard model revealed that lymph node status and the residual tumor factor were independent prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative hyperbilirubinemia, postoperative complications, and extended surgical procedures were independently associated with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia. After potentially curative resection, 39.4% of patients suffered from disease recurrence. In 60% of the total cases, the sites of recurrence were distant metastases. Conclusion Surgery, including radical hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy and lymph node dissection, is a feasible, effective treatment for hilar bile duct cancer.     

Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗(附35例分析)

目的总结Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的手术经验。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2006年12月,行手术切除的35例Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。Ⅲa型16例,行肝门部胆管切除8例,行联合右半肝＋右侧尾状叶切除7例,行联合右半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干左支吻合1例。Ⅲb型19例,行肝门部胆管切除8例,行联合左半肝＋左侧尾状叶切除9例,行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例．行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合、肝固有动脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例。结果本组32例获得随访,随访时间18～113个月。肝门部胆管切除病例术后病理根治性切除率为37．5％,联合肝叶切除病例术后病理根治性切除率73．7％,3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例均获术后病理根治性切除。肝门部胆管切除术后并发症发生率为31．3％,联合肝叶切除组术后并发症发生率为31．6％。3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例术后均无胆肠吻合口漏、肝断面坏死、胆漏等严重并发症。结论联合肝叶切除,必要时行受累分叉部血管切除重建,有益于提高Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率,且不增加术后并发症的发生率。     

An unusual case of jaundice: Biliary tumor thrombus in fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundFibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare and unique variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whose presentation remains inadequately described. We present a resectable case of FL-HCC which involved tumor thrombus of the common bile duct.PresentationA 27 year-old male presenting with jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, hepatic dysfunction and hyperbilirubinemia was found to have a large liver mass and lymphadenopathy on preoperative imaging. A right hepatectomy with perihepatic lymph node dissection and cholecystectomy was performed. Intraoperative cholangiogram demonstrated common bile duct (CBD) obstruction. CBD exploration revealed biliary tumor thrombus relieved with biliary thrombectomy.DiscussionFL-HCC can initially present with invading obstructing biliary tumor thrombus of the CBD causing jaundice.ConclusionPreoperative surgical approach should consider CBD exploration on an individual basis for underlying obstructive biliary tumor thrombus.     

Biliary cystadenoma: short- and long-term outcome after radical hepatic resection

The intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma is a rare benign tumor of the liver, originating from an intrahepatic bile duct: it becomes symptomatic only when it causes obstruction of the bile duct itself. Regardless of the various diagnostic modalities available, it is difficult to distinguish preoperatively the cystadenoma both from a simple liver cyst, and from a cystic carcinoma of the bile duct. An incomplete surgical removal of the cyst often results in a higher risk of size increase and recurrence, even considering that the lesion may degenerate into a cystadenocarcinoma. Between January 2004 and May 2011, 1,173 liver resections were carried out at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit of San Raffaele Hospital: 12 of these were performed for cystadenoma. Forty-six patients underwent laparoscopic liver cysts deroofing: definitive histological examination in six of these patients revealed instead the diagnosis of cystadenoma. In 50% of cases, the diagnosis of cystadenoma was therefore acquired as a result of an incidental finding. The patients were all female, median age 45 years. The liver resection included six cases of left hepatectomy, three left lobectomies, and three of the right hepatectomy. The operations were performed by laparotomy, with the exception of two left lobectomies completed laparoscopically. In all cases, the postoperative course was without major complications. The resection was radical in all cases and the median hospital stay was 5 days. At a median follow-up of 16 months (range 7-30), all patients are alive and disease free. Biliary cystadenomas can easily be misunderstood and interpreted as simple hepatic cysts. Radical surgical resection is necessary and provides good short- and long-term outcomes.     

Intrahepatic bile duct recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma without a detectable liver tumor

INTRODUCTIONInvasion of the portal and hepatic veins by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common, but macroscopic bile duct invasion is rare. Once a tumor thrombus completely obstructs the main bile duct, it causes obstructive jaundice. This type of HCC, known as icteric-type HCC (IHCC), has a poor prognosis.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 72-year-old woman had been treated for chronic hepatitis C since 1997. In 2002, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy was performed for HCC in segment 8. HCC recurrence occurred in 2004, and she underwent transarterial embolization (TAE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In 2006, an S8 segmentectomy was performed for re-recurrence of HCC. Three years after surgery, computed tomography (CT) revealed a tumor occupying the right anterior intrahepatic bile duct and extending into its right main branch. With a preoperative diagnosis of HCC recurrence in the bile duct, we performed a right hepatectomy and thrombectomy. Histological examination showed moderately to poorly differentiated HCC. No tumor tissue other than the intrahepatic bile duct tumor was detected in the resected liver specimen.DISCUSSIONHCC with biliary tumor thrombus is associated with a poor prognosis. In general, IHCC is difficult to diagnose and treat in the early stages. A characteristic radiological finding for this type of IHCC is the hypervascularity of the tumor thrombus.CONCLUSIONTo the best of our knowledge, this is a rare case of IHCC recurrence as a tumor thrombus without recurrence in the resected liver specimen.