内窥镜诊断和内窥镜超声波诊断

Endoscopy together with endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) are the most important diagnostics for esophageal cancer and staging of the primary. The results have important clinical consequences concerning type of resection or multimodal approach. Further refinements of endoscopy will increase its significance especially for early cancer. EUS has an accuracy of 80% for the primary compared to 60% for the N-staging. Therefore EUS represents the gold standard for T-staging but it is of little value for detection of lymph node metastasis.     

食管癌超声内镜诊断探讨

目的评估超声内镜（EUS）在食管癌的诊断及术前临床分期的价值。方法对经电子胃镜检查＋活检诊断为食管癌的56例行EUS检查及TNM分期,与手术病理分期结果比较。结果食管癌术前EUS检查T、N分期的诊断准确率分别为T1期80.0%,T2期78.6%,T3期89.7%,T4期87.5%,T分期总准确率为85.7%;N0期74.1%,N1期79.3%,N分期总准确率为76.8%。结论EUS对食管癌的诊断及T、N分期诊断准确率较高,对指导术前制定治疗方案、评估预后有重要意义。     

Endoscopic esophageal tumor length

BACKGROUND:

Pathologic esophageal tumor length (pL) is an independent predictor of long‐term survival. However, whether patients with longer (high‐risk) tumors can be identified by endoscopy before surgery has not been established. The objective of the current study was to determine the value of endoscopically measured tumor length (cL) in predicting overall survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

METHODS:

All patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who had undergone resection without neoadjuvant therapy and who had documented preoperative endoscopy findings were identified retrospectively by using prospectively collected databases at 2 institutions: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (n = 164; training set) and University of Rochester Medical Center (n = 109; validation set). Esophageal tumors were assessed preoperatively by endoscopy for cL, depth (cT), and lymph node involvement (cN). Univariate and multivariate analyses of cL and other standard prognostic factors were performed.

RESULTS:

In the training set, cL was correlated directly with pL (Pearson correlation [r] = 0.683; P < .001). Regression tree analyses suggested an optimum cutoff point of cL >2 cm to identify patients with decreased long‐term survival (5‐year survival rate: cL >2 cm, 29%; cL ≤2 cm, 78%; P < .001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that cL >2 cm was an independent risk factor for long‐term survival (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1‐4.4; P = .02) even after controlling for age, cT, and cN. Validation with the validation dataset confirmed that cL was correlated directly with pL (r = 0.657; P < .001) and predicted long‐term survival using a cL cutoff point of >2 cm (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4‐5.8; P = .004; univariate analysis).

CONCLUSIONS:

Endoscopic esophageal tumor length was identified as an independent predictor of long‐term survival and may help to identify high‐risk patients before they receive cancer‐directed therapy. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

微探头超声内镜和CT在胸段食管癌术前分期中的应用

Objective： To compare mini-probe endoscopic ultrasonography （MCUS） with computed tomography （CT） in preoperative T and N staging of esophageal cancer, and to find out the MCUS parameters to judge lymph nodes metastasis for esophageal cancer. Methods： Thirty-five patients received both MCUS and CT preoperatively, on both of which the T and N stages were determined. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predicting value and negative predicting value were compared with the postoperative pathological results. Results： The accuracy of MCUS was 85.7% in T staging and 85.7% and 80.0% in N staging by two different methods, which were 45.7% and 74.3%, respectively, by CT. Conclusion： MCUS is better than CT in preoperative staging for esophageal cancer. The ratio of short to long axis （S/L） combined with short axis is a useful way to determine lymph nodes metastasis.     

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

Endoscopic mucosal resection is indicated in limited esophageal carcinomas with infiltrationof the mucosa.As submucosal cancer is combined with a rate of lymph node metastasis in up to 30%mucosectomy is not the procedure of choice.The main techniques of endoscopic mucosal resection arethe “suck and cut” technique using a cap on the endoscope or a ligation device to create a pseudoeroupof the carcinoma.Submucosal injection of saline or other solutions is recommended prior to diathermicmucosectomy in order to reduce the risk of perforation or haemorrhage.The long term results of endoscopicmucosal resection show tumor specific 5 year survival rates of about 97% especially if the indication isrestricted to ml and m2 mucosal carcinomas.     

Biologic and imaging diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few reports have described the combined use of biologic and imaging techniques in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. We prospectively evaluated lymph node metastasis diagnosed by biologic and imaging means in patients with esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Preoperative ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination were performed in 80 patients. Biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically examined using cyclin D1 (CD1) and desmoglein 1 (DG1) antibodies, and tumors were classified into three grades. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values of ultrasound examination were 88.2, 58.6, and 77.5%, respectively. The incidence of nodal involvement was 0% (0/10) in patients with grade 1 tumors, 57.1% (16/28) in those with grade 2 tumors, and 83.3% (35/42) in those with grade 3 tumors. Of the 57 patients with lymph node metastasis determined sonographically, 50 had grade 2 or 3 tumors that were histologically confirmed. The remaining seven patients with grade 1 tumors did not have involved nodes. Of the 23 patients without lymph node metastasis according to ultrasound examination, the incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors was 0, 16.7, and 50.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: When used together, imaging and molecular procedures may offer improved identification of lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.     

Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer: Present Status and Future Perspectives

This review provides information regarding the preoperative examinations, indications for endoscopic resection (ER), and curability assessment in subjects with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a more sensitive modality for detecting esophageal cancer than conventional observation, and esophageal observation using NBI is thus recommended for the detection of superficial esophageal cancer. It is also important to adjust the volume of air in the esophagus during observation. Workup by non-magnifying followed by magnifying endoscopy is a common process for diagnosing the invasion depth of superficial esophageal SCCs in Japan. Endoscopic ultrasonography carries a risk of overdiagnosis, and its routine use is therefore not recommended. The Japanese endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines for esophageal cancer considered the indications for ER based on the results of studies focusing on clinical MM/SM1 cancers, and concluded that clinical MM/SM1 carcinomas, except circumferential carcinoma, were an indication for ER. The curative effect of ER should be assessed based on histologic examination of the resected specimens. ER should be conducted based on a thorough understanding of the preoperative diagnosis, indication, curability, and additional treatment of esophageal SCC.     

FICE联合放大内镜对Barrett食管和早期食管癌的诊断价值

目的 评价FICE联合放大内镜对Barrett食管和早期食管癌的诊断价值.方法 选择60例Barrett食管患者和74例早期食管癌患者为研究对象,分别进行染色放大内镜和FICE联合放大内镜检测,同时进行病理组织活检,内镜下诊断结果 与病理诊断结果进行比较.结果染色放大内镜检测Barrett食管和早期食管癌的检出率低于FICE联合放大内镜的检出率,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).染色放大内镜对特殊肠化型上皮和异型增生检出率低于FICE联合放大内镜的检出率,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).FICE联合放大内镜对Barrett食管和早期食管癌患者腺管开口和毛细血管形态的清晰度均优于染色放大内镜,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 采用FICE联合放大内镜可明显提高Barrett食管和早期食管癌的检出率,对于Barrett食管和早期食管癌患者的诊断及防治具有重要的意义.     

Diagnostic Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for Preoperative Rectal Cancer Staging Estimation

The preoperative staging accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) was assessed in 38 rectal cancer patients who underwentrectal EUS and curative surgery from July 1992 to September1994. We used a GF-UM20 instrument with both 12- and 7.5-MHztransducers. Compared with the histological findings, the diagnosticaccuracy rate for EUS was 76% (29/38) for the invasion depthand 85% (sensitivity) and 72% (specificity) for level one lymphnode metastasis, resulting in an overall preoperative stagingaccuracy of 74% (28/38). The diagnostic accuracy of invasiondepth was poor (only 45%: 5/11) in cases shown histologicallyto be a1 (tumor invasion through muscularis propria into parietalfat), but ranged from 90 to 100% when the a1 cases were excluded.The diagnostic accuracy for level one lymph node metastasiswas proportional to the nodal size. The size of lymph nodesthat had been diagnosed as metastatic and non-metastatic (P> 0.05) differed significantly. Eighteen (86%) of the 21metastatic nodes with histologically massive invasion were detectedpreoperatively by EUS. Eight of the 11 undetected metastaticnodes were either less than 4 mm in diameter or showed onlyslight invasion. Most (81%) of the level one metastatic nodeslarger than 5 mm were found. The worst preoperative stagingdiagnostic accuracy was for stage II cases (63%: 5/8), and infour of the 10 misdiagnosed cases, the stage was understimateddue to slight nodal invasion or skip metastasis (2 cases each).Although it was difficult to diagnose nodal metastasis correctlyin these cases, preoperative staging using EUS was considereduseful for diagnosing almost 80% of our rectal cancer cases.     

经内镜放置金属食管支架24例体会

目的评价经纤维胃镜放置金属支架治疗食管狭窄的效果。方法：选择22例晚期食管癌及2例贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄患者，经纤维胃镜放置金属支架。结果：所有患者均一次置管成功，术后能经口进食软食，食管片示支架扩张至11．5～16．5mm，有12例患者放置支架后已生存3～6月。结论经纤维胃镜放置金属支架治疗晚期食管癌操作方便，疗效较好，值得推广使用。     

Endoscopic therapy of dysplasia and early-stage cancers of the esophagus

Endoscopic treatments have become a viable alternative for some patients with early-stage esophageal neoplasia. Although esophagectomy remains the standard of care for high-grade dysplasia and superficial cancers, surgical morbidity and mortality may deter patients who are medically unfit or reluctant to undergo surgery. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) are the best-studied nonsurgical approaches at present. PDT has been reported to eradicate high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early Barrett's cancers at rates ranging from 75% to 100% and 17% to 100%, respectively, and a recent randomized controlled trial confirmed that PDT may prevent progression of HGD to cancer. Complete remission rates greater than 90% have also been reported with EMR and other mucosa-ablating interventions, although recurrence rates necessitate close endoscopic surveillance and retreatment in some patients. In addition to PDT and EMR, several emerging endoscopic treatment options for superficial esophageal neoplasia may provide attractive alternatives to surgery.     

Therapeutic endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound for gastrointestinal malignancies

Gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound not only provide strategies to diagnose and stage malignancy, but also to administer palliative and definitive care. Options for anticancer therapy include endoscopic mucosal resection, photodynamic therapy, thermal therapy, self-expanding metal stents and recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapy, such as intratumoral injection. This review summarizes the available endoscopic techniques with a discussion of indications and recent clinical data pertaining to gastrointestinal malignancy. This review will inform the reader of emerging treatment options and stress the importance of incorporating gastroenterologists into the multidisciplinary approach in the management of gastrointestinal cancers.     

胃癌特异染色剂对早期胃癌的诊断价值

目的探讨一种胃癌特异染色剂对早期胃癌的诊断价值。方法用经20例预试验筛选而最终确定的自配核染色剂进行活体模拟染色试验。标本采自经胃镜及病理确诊的195例胃癌患者。结果胃癌组织均在15％～20％浓度染色剂中短时间（≤30s）内着色，而癌周胃黏膜组织60s及以后才开始着色，两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不同病理类型的胃癌在不同浓度染色剂下显色时间有所不同。结论自配核染色剂在特定浓度、短时间内可使胃癌组织特异染色，使肉眼可区别癌周黏膜组织，有望成为一种新型的胃癌特异染色剂，用于色素内镜诊断早期胃癌。     

内镜下结直肠神经鞘瘤诊断与治疗

目的:旨在探讨内镜下结直肠神经鞘瘤的诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析2011年03月至2017年03月期间中国医科大学附属盛京医院11例结直肠神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料、肿瘤特征、治疗、病理、免疫组化和随访情况。结果:4例结直肠神经鞘瘤位于乙状结肠、3例位于直肠、4例位于横结肠。11例神经鞘瘤患者结肠镜下表现为黏膜下肿物或表面发黄的息肉样改变,其中8例黏膜下神经鞘瘤超声内镜下表现为起源于固有肌层的低回声肿物。11例患者均在内镜下完全切除肿物,其中3例行内镜下黏膜切除术,2例行内镜黏膜下剥离术,6例行内镜下全层切除术,术后均无并发症出现,随访期间均未发现复发或转移。结论:内镜及超声内镜对于诊断结直肠神经鞘瘤有一定的价值,内镜下治疗结直肠神经鞘瘤是安全有效的。     

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Versus Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for the Treatment of Early Esophageal Carcinoma: a Meta-analysis

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was originally developed for en bloc resection of large, flatgastrointestinal lesions. Compared with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), ESD is considered to be moretime consuming and have more complications for treatment of early esophageal carcinoma, such as bleeding,stenosis and perforation. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of ESD and EMRfor such lesions. We searched databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Science CitationIndex updated to 2013 for related trials. In the meta-analysis, the main outcome measurements were the en blocresection rate, the histologically resection rate and the local recurrence rate. We also compared the operation timeand the incidences of procedure-related complications. Five trials were identified, and a total of 710 patients and795 lesions were included. The en bloc and histologically complete resection rates were higher in the ESD groupcompared with the EMR group (odds ratio (OR) 27.3; 95% CI, 11.5-64.8; OR 18.4; 95% CI, 8.82-38.59). The localrecurrence rate was lower in the ESD group (OR 0.13, 95 % CI 0.04-0.43). The meta-analysis also showed ESDwas more time consuming, but did not increase the complication rate (P=0.76). The results implied that comparedwith EMR, ESD showed better en bloc and histologically resection rates, and lower local recurrence, withoutincreasing the incidence of procedure-related complications in the treatment of early esophageal carcinoma.     

早期食管癌内镜治疗与外科手术疗效对比研究

[目的]比较早期食管癌内镜治疗与外科手术的治疗效果。[方法]101例早期食管癌患者分为内镜治疗组和外科手术组,内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）30例共32个病灶,内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）4例,外科手术67例共68个病灶。比较内镜治疗与外科手术的治疗效果。[结果]内镜EMR术后病理：31个病灶完全切除,切除成功率为96.9%（31/32）;内镜ESD术后病理：4个病灶均完全剥离,剥离成功率为100.0%。在随访期间内,内镜治疗组复发3例,复发率为8.8%（3/34）,死亡2例,死亡率为5.9%（2/34）,总生存率为94.1%（32/34）,术后3、4、5年生存率分别是93.8%（15/16）、84.6%（11/13）和75.0%（6/8）。外科手术组死亡2例,死亡率为3.0%（2/67）,总生存率为97.0%（65/67）,术后3、4、5年生存率分别是96.8%（30/31）、90.0%（18/20）和81.8%（9/11）。两组患者术后总生存率及3、4、5年生存率无明显差异（P＆gt;0.05）。[结论]早期食管癌内镜治疗与外科手术治疗效果相似。对无淋巴结转移的黏膜内癌,内镜EMR、ESD治疗有效,可代替外科手术。     

Interventional gastroenterology in oncology

Cancer is one of the foremost health problems worldwide and is among the leading causes of death in the United States. Gastrointestinal tract cancers account for almost one third of the cancer-related mortality globally, making it one of the deadliest groups of cancers. Early diagnosis and prompt management are key to preventing cancer-related morbidity and mortality. With advancements in technology and endoscopic techniques, endoscopy has become the core in diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal tract cancers. In this extensive review, the authors discuss the role endoscopy plays in early detection, diagnosis, and management of esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, ampullary, biliary tract, and small intestinal cancers.