Endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal carcinoid tumor using grasping type scissors forceps

Endoscopic submucosal dissection （ESD） with a knife is a technically demanding procedure a ssociated with ahigh complication rate. The shortcomings of this meth-od are the inability to fix the knife to the target lesion,and compression of the lesion. These can lead to major complications such as perforation and bleeding. To reduce the risk of complications related to ESD, we developed a new grasping type scissors forceps （GSF）,which can grasp and incise the targeted tissue using electrosurgical current. Colonoscopy on a 55-year-old woman revealed a 10-ram rectal submucosal nodule.The histological diagnosis of the specimen obtained by biopsy was carcinoid tumor. Endoscopic ultrasonog-raphy demonstrated a hypoechoic solid tumor limitedto the submucosa without lymph node involvement. Itwas safely and accurately resected without unexpectedincision by ESD using a GSF. No delayed hemorrhage or perforation occurred. Histological examination confirmed the carcinoid tumor was completely excisedwith negative resection margin.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal granular cell tumor using the clutch cutter

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with a knife is a technically demanding procedure associated with a high complication rate.The shortcomings of this method are the deficiencies of fixing the knife to the target lesion,and of compressing it.These shortcomings can lead to major complications such as perforation and bleeding.To reduce the risk of complications related to ESD,we developed a new grasping type scissors forceps (Clutch Cutter,Fujifilm,Japan) which can grasp and incise the targeted tissue using an electrosurgical current.Esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a 59-year-old Japanese man revealed a 16mm esophageal submucosal nodule with central depression.Endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoechoic solid tumor limited to the submucosa without lymph node involvement.The histologic diagnosis of the specimen obtained by biopsy was granular cell tumor.It was safely and accurately resected without unexpected incision by ESD using the CC.No delayed hemorrhage or perforation occurred.Histological examination confirmed that the granular cell tumor was completely excised with negative resection margin.We report herein a case of esophageal granular cell tumor successfully treated by an ESD technique using the CC.     

口袋式内镜黏膜下剥离术在消化道早期肿瘤治疗中的应用

内镜黏膜下剥离术是胃肠道早期肿瘤的有效治疗方法,但在部分病例中,由于病变大小、部位等原因,无法取得预期疗效。口袋式内镜黏膜下剥离术是在内镜黏膜下剥离术的基础上发展而来的一项新兴内镜技术,具有手术时间短、病灶整块切除率高、并发症发生率低等优点,逐渐应用于消化道早期肿瘤的治疗中。     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for removal of superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms: A technical review

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now the most common endoscopic treatment in Japan for intramucosal gastrointestinal neoplasms (non-metastatic). ESD is an invasive endoscopic surgical procedure, requiring extensive knowledge, skill, and specialized equipment. ESD starts with evaluation of the lesion, as accurate assessment of the depth and margin of the lesion is essential. The devices and strategies used in ESD vary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Prior to the procedure, the operator must be knowledgeable about the treatment strategy(ies), the device(s) to use, the electrocautery machine settings, the substances to inject, and other aspects. In addition, the operator must be able to manage complications, should they arise, including immediate recognition of the complication(s) and its treatment. Finally, in case the ESD treatment is not successful, the operator should be prepared to apply alternative treatments. Thus, adequate knowledge and training are essential to successfully perform ESD.     

消化道早期癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后出血的危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗消化道早癌并发出血的独立危险因素。方法 2008年6月至2015年2月福建省立医院消化内镜中心,及2015年5月至2018年4月福建省立医院南院消化内镜中心,行ESD治疗的430例消化道早癌（449处病灶）,按术后出血情况分为出血组和未出血组,分析患者一般情况、内镜治疗情况及术后病理结果等因素与ESD术后出血的关系。结果 430例消化道早癌（449处病灶）行ESD治疗,16例（3.7%）发生术后出血。按是否发生术后出血分成出血组（n=16）和未出血组（n=433）后,单因素分析结果提示,患者年龄（t=0.465,P=0.642）、性别构成（χ2=0.035,P=0.642）、是否有糖尿病（χ2=0.647,P=0.421）、是否有冠心病（P=1.000）、病灶大小（t=1.598,P=0.111）、是否≥2个病灶（P=1.000）、病变部位（χ2=6.183,P=0.289）、操作时间（t=1.335,P=0.201）、病理分级（χ2=0.687,P=0.709）、病变浸润深度（χ2=0.134,P=0.714）2组间差异均无统计学意义,是否有高血压病2组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.793,P=0.029）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,有高血压病是ESD术后出血的独立危险因素（OR=3.358,95%CI：1.227～9.186,P=0.018）。结论 高血压与消化道早癌ESD术后出血密切相关,伴有高血压者ESD术后出血风险大。     

Endoscopy dissection of small stromal tumors emerged from the muscularis propria in the upper gastrointestinal tract:Preliminary study

AIM:To investigate the feasibility and safety of the treatment of an upper gastrointestinal(GI) submucosal tumor with endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).METHODS:A total of 20 patients with esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors emerged from the muscular layer identified by endoscopic ultrasonography were collected from January 2009 to June 2010.Extramural or dumbbell-like lesions were excluded by an enhanced computerized tomography(CT) scan.All patients had intravenous anesthesia with propofol and then underwent the ESD procedure to resect these submucosal tumors.The incision was closed by clips as much as possible to decrease complications,such as bleeding or perforation,after resection of the tumor.All the specimens were collected and evaluated by hematoxylin,eosin and immunohistochemical staining,with antibodies against CD117,CD34,desmin,α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin to identify the characteristics of the tumors.Fletch’s criteria was used to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs).All patients underwent a follow-up endoscopy at 3,6 and 12 mo and CT scan at 6 and 12 mo.RESULTS:The study group consisted of 5 men and 15 women aged 45-73 years,with a mean age of 60.2 years.Three tumors were located in the esophagus,9 in the gastric corpus,4 in the gastric fundus,3 lesions in the gastric antrum and 1 in the gastric angulus.Apart from the one case in the gastric angulus which was abandoned due to being deeply located in the serosa,94.7%(18/19) achieved complete gross dissection by ESD with operation duration of 60.52±30.32 min.The average maximum diameter of tumor was 14.8±7.6 mm,with a range of 6 to 30 mm,and another lesion was ligated by an endoscopic ligator after most of the lesion was dissected.After pathological and immunohistochemical analysis,12 tumors were identified as a GI stromal tumor and 6 were leiomyoma.Mitotic count of all 12 GIST lesions was fewer than 5 per 50 HPF and all lesions were at very low(9/12,75.0%) or low risk(3/12,25.0%) according to Fletch’s criteria.Procedure complications mainly included perforation and GI bleeding;perforation occurred in 1 patient and conservative treatment succeeded by a suturing clip and no post-operative GI bleeding occurred.All patients were followed up for 6.5±1.8 mo(range,3-12 mo) by endoscopy and abdominal CT.Local recurrence and metastasis did not occur in any patient.CONCLUSION:ESD shows promise as a safe and feasible technique to resect esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors and the incidence of complications was very low.Clinical studies with more subjects and longer follow-up are needed to confirm its treatment value.     

Impact of formal training in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastrointestinal cancer: A systematic review and a meta-analysis

AIM: To summarize the clinical impact of a formal training for the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastrointestinal cancer.METHODS: We searched databases including PubM ed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library and Science citation Index updated to August 2014 to include eligible articles. In the Meta-analysis, the main outcome measurements were en bloc resection rate, local recurrence rate(R0) and the incidence of procedure-related complications(perforation, bleeding). RESULTS: En bloc resection was high for both, dissecting stomach tumors with an overall percentage of 93.2%(95%CI: 90.5-95.8) and dissecting colorectal tumors with an overall percentage of 89.4%(95%CI: 85.1-93.7). Although the number of studies reporting R0 resection(the dissected specimen was revealed free of tumor in both vertical and lateral margins) was small, the overall estimates for R0 resection were 81.4%(95%CI: 72-90.8) for stomach and 85.9%(95%CI: 77.5-95.5) for colorectal tumors, respectively. The analysis showed that the percentage of immediate perforation and bleeding were very low; 4.96(95%CI: 3.6-6.3) and 1.4%(95%CI: 0.8-1.9) for colorectal tumors and 3.1%(95%CI: 2.0-4.1) and 4.8%(95%CI: 2.8-6.7) for stomach tumors, respectively. CONCLUSION: In order to obtain the same rate of success of the analyzed studies it is a necessity to create training centers in the western countries during the "several years" of gastroenterology residence first only to teach EGC diagnose and second only to train endoscopic submucosal dissection.     

活检钳钳除法治疗上消化道小息肉样病变56例

目的:探讨活检钳钳除法治疗上消化道小息肉样病变的疗效和安全性.方法:回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院2000-2009 年电子胃镜检查发现上消化道小息肉样病变(直径≤0.5 cm) 并行活检钳钳除病例治疗和随访资料,并与同期高频电切除病例资料(病变直径≤2.0 cm) 对比,比较两种治疗方法的并发症和病变复发情况.结果:入选...     

Routine mucosal closure with a detachable snare and clips after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric epithelial neoplasms: a randomized controlled trial

Background/Aims

The aim of this study was to determine whether the routine closure of mucosal defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) can enhance mucosal healing and reduce ESD-associated bleeding.

Methods

Patients with gastric epithelial neoplasias and no obvious submucosal invasion were prospectively enrolled. Mucosal defects were left untreated in the control group. In the study group, mucosal closure was attempted with a 2-channel endoscope, a detachable snare, and clips. All participants received a second-look endoscopy the day after ESD, and coagulation therapy was administered to patients with visible vessels and active bleeding points.

Results

Fifty-two patients were enrolled in the study, and 26 patients were assigned to each group. Complete mucosal defect closure occurred in 16 patients (61%) in the study group; incomplete closure occurred in 8 patients (31%) in the study group, and failed closure occurred in 2 patients (8%). Coagulation therapy at the second-look endoscopy was performed more often in the control group than in the study group (31% vs 4%, p=0.024). There were no significant differences in the incidence of immediate or delayed bleeding or in the two-week decrease in hemoglobin between the groups. The prevalence of open ulcers after 8 weeks was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (18% vs 43%, p=0.012).

Conclusions

Routine mucosal closure after ESD supports earlier healing of artificial ulcers. A larger-scale trial is necessary to determine whether mucosal closure can reduce ESD-associated bleeding.     

Endoscopic therapy for early gastric cancer: Standard techniques and recent advances in ESD

The technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)is now a well-known endoscopic therapy for early gastric cancer.ESD was introduced to resect large specimens of early gastric cancer in a single piece.ESD can provide precision of histologic diagnosis and can also reduce the recurrence rate.However,the drawback of ESD is its technical difficulty,and,consequently,it is associated with a high rate of complications,the need for advanced endoscopic techniques,and a lengthy procedure time.Various advances in the devices and techniques used for ESD have contributed to overcoming these drawbacks.     

Current status of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the management of early gastric cancer: a Korean perspective

The early diagnosis of gastric cancer allows patients and physicians to pursue the option of endoscopic resection,which is significantly less invasive than conventional surgical resection.In Korea,the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has been increasing,and many reports on ESD have been published.In addition,Korean gastroenterologists from several hospitals performing ESD have conducted formal meetings to discuss useful information regarding ESD.Here,we discuss the Korean experience with ESD,inc...     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: A meta-analysis

AIM: To compare endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) and endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) for early gastric cancer(EGC).METHODS: Computerized bibliographic search was performed on PubMed/Medline, Embase, Google Schol-ar and Cochrane library databases. Quality of each included study was assessed according to current Co-chrane guidelines. Primary endpoints were en bloc re-section rate and histologically complete resection rate. Secondary endpoints were length of procedure, post-treatment bleeding, post-procedural perforation and re-currence rate. Comparisons between the two treatment groups across all the included studies were performed by using Mantel-Haenszel test for fixed-effects mod-els(in case of low heterogeneity) or DerSimonian and Laird test for random-effects models(in case of high heterogeneity).RESULTS: Ten retrospective studies(8 full text and 2 abstracts) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall data on 4328 lesions, 1916 in the ESD and 2412 in the EMR group were pooled and analyzed. The mean operation time was longer for ESD than for EMR(stan-dardized mean difference 1.73, 95%CI: 0.52-2.95, P =0.005) and the "en bloc " and histological complete re-section rates were significantly higher in the ESD group [OR = 9.69(95%CI: 7.74-12.13), P 0.001 and OR = 5.66,(95%CI: 2.92-10.96), P 0.001, respectively]. As a consequence of its greater radicality, ESD provided lower recurrence rate [OR = 0.09,(95%CI: 0.05-0.17), P 0.001]. Among complications, perforation rate was significantly higher after ESD [OR = 4.67,(95%CI, 2.77-7.87), P 0.001] whereas the bleeding incidences did not differ between the two techniques [OR = 1.49(0.6-3.71), P = 0.39].CONCLUSION: In the endoscopic therapy of EGC, ESD showed a superior efficacy but higher complication rate with respect to EMR.     

单中心早期胃癌内镜下治疗10年回顾性研究

目的：探讨早期胃癌内镜下治疗的疗效、安全性及其影响因素。 方法：回顾性分析2006年1月至2015年12月于北京协和医院消化内镜中心拟诊早期胃癌、接受内镜下治疗并证实的病例186例次,根据内镜下治疗适应证分组,统计治愈性切除率及并发症的发生率,分析其影响因素。统计随访事件的发生情况。 结果：研究期间,接受内镜下切除的早期胃癌共186例次,绝对适应证组治愈性切除率86.9%（73/84）,扩大适应证组61.7%（50/81）,非适应证组33.3%（7/21）,不同适应证组治愈性切除率有显著差异（P<0.01）。多因素分析显示,胃下1/3、无溃疡、直径≤2cm、无黏连、分化型癌均为治愈性切除的独立预测因素。病理分化程度改变或浸润深度升级是完全切除的扩大适应证病变无法达到治愈性切除的主要原因。出血及穿孔的发生率分别为4.8%（9/186）、3.8%（7/186）。胃下1/3、无黏连、整块切除的病变穿孔发生率低,差异有统计学意义。成功随访154例患者,中位随访时间22.3个月。治愈性切除者同时癌及异时癌的发生率分别为7.5%、0.9%。 结论：早期胃癌内镜下治疗的绝对适应证患者其治愈性切除率高;而扩大适应证者采取内镜下治疗需慎重。术前应进行细致的内镜评估,尤其是辨别未分化成分及垂直浸润深度。内镜治疗后应密切随访以早期发现同时癌及异时癌     

激素预防食管早癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄效果的Meta分析

目的探讨激素预防食管早癌内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)术后食管狭窄的效果。 方法检索截止2017年11月发表在CBM、Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane Library数据库中有关激素预防食管早癌ESD术后食管狭窄效果的相关研究,采用RevMan5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。 结果共有12项研究535例患者纳入分析。Meta分析结果显示,局部注射激素可降低食管早癌ESD术后食管狭窄发生率(RR＝0.41,95%CI：0.27～0.63,P<0.0001),口服激素可降低非全环周ESD术后食管狭窄发生率(RR＝0.25,95%CI：0.11～0.54,P＝0.000 4),而对于降低全环周ESD术后食管狭窄发生率无明显效果(RR＝0.54,95%CI：0.16～1.84,P＝0.33)。口服激素(RR＝－10.73,95% CI：－15.47～－5.98,P<0.0001)和局部注射激素(RR＝－3.22,95% CI：－5.11～－1.34,P＝0.0008)均可减少食管狭窄后EBD扩张次数。 结论激素对于预防食管早癌ESD术后的食管狭窄是安全有效的;口服激素可以降低非全环周ESD术后食管狭窄的发生率,但对于预防全环周ESD术后食管狭窄无明显效果;口服激素和局部注射激素均可以减少ESD术后食管狭窄的EBD扩张次数,并且口服激素减少的效果优于局部注射激素。     

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: a 10-year data analysis of Northern China

Objective: Endoscopy is the main method to treat gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs), but the specific indications are still controversial. We aim to investigate the clinical outcomes of GI-NETs patients who experienced endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features and prognosis of 65 GI-NETs patients who underwent ESD between 2008 and 2018.

Results: A total of 65 patients diagnosed with GI-NETs pathologically, bearing 75 lesions, were found by endoscopy incidentally for other symptoms. The locations of these lesions were stomach (n?=?24), duodenal bulb (n?=?4) and rectum (n?=?47). The diameter of 75 tumors were as follows: size ≤ 1?cm (78.7%), 1?cm?<?size ≤ 2?cm (17.3%), 2?cm?<?size ≤ 3.5?cm (4.0%). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) suggested that 72 lesions were confined to submucosa and 3 lesions invaded into muscularis propria. The rates of en bloc resection and complete resection were all 100% and the rates of intraoperative bleeding and perforation were 2.7% and 1.3%, respectively. None of the 65 patients had lymph nodes and distant metastasis during the period of study.

Conclusion: For GI-NETs without lymph nodes and distant metastases, the lesion confined to submucosa with the diameter ≤1?cm is absolute indication of ESD. For rectal neuroendocrine tumors limited in submucosa with the diameter between 1 and 2?cm, and Type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors predicted to be T2, ESD should be prioritized to preserve gastrointestinal volume and function at initial treatment.     

Additional laparoscopic gastrectomy after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: A single-center experience

BACKGROUND The necessity of additional gastrectomy for early gastric cancer (EGC) patients who do not meet curative criteria after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is controversial. AIM To examine the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients who underwent additional laparoscopic gastrectomy after ESD and to determine the appropriate strategy for treating those after noncurative ESD. METHODS We retrospectively studied 45 patients with EGC who underwent additional laparoscopic gastrectomy after noncurative ESD from January 2013 to January 2019 at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. We analyzed the patients’ clinicopathological data and identified the predictors of residual cancer (RC) and lymph node metastasis (LNM). RESULTS Surgical specimens showed RC in ten (22.2%) patients and LNM in five (11.1%).Multivariate analysis revealed that positive horizontal margin [odds ratio (OR)=13.393, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.435-125, P=0.023] and neural invasion (OR=14.714, 95%CI: 1.087-199, P=0.043) were independent risk factors for RC. Undifferentiated type was an independent risk factor for LNM (OR=12.000, 95%CI: 1.197-120, P=0.035). Tumors in all patients with LNM showed submucosal invasion more than 500 μm. Postoperative complications after additional laparoscopic gastrectomy occurred in five (11.1%) patients, and no deaths occurred among patients with complications. CONCLUSION Gastrectomy is necessary not only for patients who have a positive margin after ESD, but also for cases with neural invasion, undifferentiated type, and submucosal invasion more than 500 μm. Laparoscopic gastrectomy is a safe, minimally invasive, and feasible procedure for additional surgery after noncurative ESD. However, further studies are needed to apply these results to clinical practice.     

Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms: A systematic review

AIM: To investigate potential therapeutic recommendations for endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/ T1b esophageal neoplasms. METHODS: A thorough search of electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane Library, from 1997 up to January 2011 was performed. An analysis was carried out, pooling the effects of outcomes of 4241 patients enrolled in 80 retrospective studies. For comparisons across studies, each reporting on only one endoscopic method, we used a random effects meta-regression of the log-odds of the outcome of treatment in each study. "Neural networks" as a data mining technique was employed in order to establish a prediction model of lymph node status in superficial submucosal esophageal carcinoma. Another data mining technique, the "feature selection and root cause analysis", was used to identify the most impor-tant predictors of local recurrence and metachronous cancer development in endoscopically resected patients, and lymph node positivity in squamous carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) separately in surgically resected patients. RESULTS: Endoscopically resected patients: Low grade dysplasia was observed in 4% of patients, high grade dysplasia in 14.6%, carcinoma in situ in 19%, mucosal cancer in 54%, and submucosal cancer in 16% of patients. There were no significant differences between endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the following parameters: complications, patients submitted to surgery, positive margins, lymph node positivity, local recurrence and metachronous cancer. With regard to piecemeal resection, ESD performed better since the number of cases was significantly less [coefficient: -7.709438, 95%CI: (-11.03803, -4.380844), P < 0.001]; hence local recurrence rates were significantly lower [coefficient: -4.033528, 95%CI: (-6.151498, -1.915559),P < 0.01]. A higher rate of esophageal stenosis was observed following ESD [coefficient: 7.322266, 95%CI: (3.810146, 10.83439), P < 0.001]. A significantly greater number of SCC pa     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃印戒细胞癌的疗效及非治愈性切除的危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗早期胃印戒细胞癌(SRCC)的疗效及预后,并探讨非治愈性切除的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2012年10月至2020年10月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院、南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院、泰州市人民医院、南京市高淳人民医院行ESD治疗的62例早期胃SRCC患者的临床病理资料,根据术后病...