采用优化的基于体素的形态学方法研究智力障碍儿童脑灰质容积变化

目的 利用优化的基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)方法,比较病因不明且常规影像检查正常的智力障碍儿童与正常同龄儿童脑灰质容积的差异,探究患儿脑灰质发育与智力障碍间的联系.方法 选取21例智力障碍患儿和30名正常儿童进行高分辨率脑MR扫描,然后进行VBM分析,应用独立样本t检验比较两组儿童脑灰质容积总量以及不同区域灰质容积的差别.同时,对智力障碍儿童的智商评分与脑灰质容积总量进行偏相关性分析.结果 智障儿童脑灰质容积总量[(1.012±0.079)×106 mm3]明显大于正常儿童[(0.956±0.059)×106mm3],智障组与正常对照组儿童脑灰质总容积的差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.80,P＜0.05).智障组儿童脑局部区域灰质容积较正常对照组高,脑区包括双侧丘脑、额上回、直回和颞极,以及右侧额下回、海马旁回和右侧小脑.智障组儿童脑灰质容积与智商无相关性(r=0.078,P＞0.05).结论 VBM能够显示常规MRI表现正常的智力障碍儿童中的脑灰质发育异常.额叶-丘脑环路的脑灰质容积增加,提示其发育滞后,可能是导致儿童智力障碍的原因之一.

Abstract：

Objective To detect brain structural difference between children with unexplained mental retardation and children with typically normal development. Methods The high-resolution magnetic MR imaging were obtained from 21 children with unexplained mental retardation and 30 age-matched control children without intellectual disabilities. Voxel-based morphometry analysis with an optimization of spatial segmentation and normalization procedures were applied to compare differences of gray matter volume between the two groups. The total and regional gray matter volume were compared between the two groups with independent t test. Meanwhile, correlation was conducted to analyze the relationship between the total gray matter volume and intelligence quotient (IQ) with partial correlation test. Results The total gray matter volume was significantly increased in the mental retardation children [(1. 012 ±0. 079) × 106 mm3]in relative to the controls [(0. 956 ± 0. 059) × 106 mm3, t = - 2. 80, P ＜ 0. 05]. Compared to controls,children with unexplained mental retardation showed significantly increased gray matter volume in different regions, including the bilateral thalami, the bilateral superior frontal gyri, the bilateral gyri rectus, the bilateral temporal poles, the right inferior frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and the right cerebellum. No correlation was detected between the total gray matter volume and IQ in children with mental retardation (r = 0. 078 ,P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions VBM would detect the gray matter abnormalities that were not founded in routine MR scanning. The increase of gray matter volume in the frontal-thalamus network might indicate the delayed maturation of the brain development. This might be one of the causations of mental retardation in children.     

遗忘型轻度认知损害的全脑灰质基于体素的MRI形态分析

目的：利用优化基于体素的MRI形态分析（voxel-based morphometry,VBM）,研究遗忘型轻度认知损害（amnestic mild cognitive impairment,aMCI）和正常老年人的脑灰质体积变化。方法：选取aMCl患者20例和正常老年对照18例,MRI排除脑内其他病变,然后行高分辨率三维T1WI扫描。应用优化VBM方法处理数据,将脑组织分割成灰质、白质和脑脊液,最后应用两样本t检验比较两组被试灰质体积改变。结果：VBM结果显示与正常老年对照组比较,aMCI患者组双侧额颞叶出现广泛的灰质体积减少,具体脑区为右侧海马钩回、双侧额下回、双侧额中回、右侧额上回、双颞叶额中回、左侧颞下回、左侧颞上回、右侧顶上小叶、左侧枕中回等结构灰质体积小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论：VBM方法可显示aMCl患者全脑灰质萎缩情况,对临床早期诊断aMCl患者有重要价值,具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

帕金森病认知障碍患者脑结构的体素形态学研究

目的：分析帕金森病(PD)患者脑灰质异常区域及分布特征,探寻与轻度认知障碍(MCI)有关的脑结构变化。方法采用基于体素的形态学测量(VBM)方法,对20例伴 PD-MCI 患者、17例无轻度认知障碍 PD(PD-nMCI)患者及20例正常对照组(NC)的3组3D-T1 WI 脑容积数据进行处理统计,得到3组全脑灰质图像。结果与 NC 组相比,PD-nMCI 组脑灰质体积异常减少的脑区包括：右侧梭状回、右颞中下回、右钩回及左侧颞上回。与 PD-nMCI 组相比,PD-MCI 组脑灰质体积异常减少的脑区包括：两侧额叶(两额中下回、左侧中央前回)、颞叶(右颞中回、左颞上回)、岛叶、右枕叶(右楔叶、舌回)、右后扣带回。结论PD-nMCI 患者灰质体积的缺失相对局限,随认知障碍的出现、发展,缺失脑区的范围逐渐扩大,其中两侧额叶中下回、左侧中央前回的体积缺失与 PD 患者的 MCI 关系密切。     

基于体素的形态测量学方法研究屈光参差性弱视患儿的相关区域脑结构

目的 利用基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)分析屈光参差性弱视患者全脑灰、白质体积变化.方法 采用1.5 TMR扫描仪对12例屈光参差性弱视患儿和年龄、性别相匹配的12名正常志愿者行3D快速扰相梯度回波(FSPGR)序列的全脑扫描.原始数据用统计参数图(SPM)5软件进行处理.结果 与正常对照组相比,弱视组脑灰质体积减少的脑区包括右侧楔叶、双侧枕中下回、右侧额中回、左侧颞中回、右侧颞上回、右侧楔前叶、右侧中扣带回(差异脑区体素＞ 10个).弱视组脑灰质体积增多的脑区包括右侧小脑半球、右侧海马旁回、左侧中央前回、左侧额上回(差异脑区体素＞ 10个).与对照组比较,弱视组脑白质体积减少的脑区包括双侧视放射区、双侧内囊,以右侧为著(差异脑区体素＞10).未见弱视组脑白质体积增多的脑区.结论 运用VBM方法可分析屈光参差性弱视患者全脑灰、白质体积变化,有助于从形态学的角度阐述屈光参差性弱视的可能神经机制.     

运用VBM方法检测创伤后应激障碍患者发病前脑灰质容积的改变

目的运用基于体素的形态学方法(voxel based morphometry,VBM)分析创伤后应激障碍(posttraumaticstress disorder,PTSD)患者是否于发病前即存在脑灰质容积的改变。方法 PTSD危险人群于创伤暴露后2天内行3 T MRI全脑扫描。搜集12例最终确诊的PTSD患者及12例年龄、性别及创伤暴露与之相匹配的对照组的脑结构图像,运用基于SPM5的VBM5进行数据分析,采用双样本t检验,以P<0.001(未校正)、核团体素>35视为差异有统计学意义。结果与对照组相比,PTSD组右侧杏仁核、海马旁回、前扣带回、额上回、颞中回、颞下回,楔前叶、左侧额下回、颞上回、岛叶、中央前回及中脑的灰质容积减少,未发现PTSD组较对照组灰质容积增加的区域。结论创伤暴露初期就能探测出PTSD患者存在与情绪控制、调节及记忆等功能相关的脑灰质结构改变,推测这些改变在创伤前可能已经存在,可能是PTSD的重要致病因素之一。     

基于体素的形态学测量无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫的灰质改变

目的 利用基于体素的形态学分析(voxel-based optimized morphometry,VBM)及基于统计参数图的个体脑结构分析(individual brain atlases using SPM,IBASPM)软件,分析无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫患者全脑灰质结构的改变.方法 对30例颞叶癫痫患者及40例正常健康志愿者行全脑扫描,扫描序列为磁化快速梯度回波(magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo,MPRAGE)扫描序列,获得高分辨T1WI图像,数据分析采用以SPM5(statistical parametric mapping 5)软件包为基础的VBM及IBASPM技术进行处理,利用SPSS16.0分别进行统计学分析.结果 通过比较,VBM显示颞叶癫痫患者双侧扣带前回、右侧扣带中回、左侧丘脑、双侧中央后回、左侧中央前回、左侧颞上回及右侧颞下回不同程度的灰质体素值减少,癫痫组灰质总体积明显小于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05).癫痫组的双侧扣带前回、右侧扣带中回、左侧颞上回及右侧颞下回灰质体素值均小于对照组相应脑区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),癫痫组的左侧丘脑、双侧中央后回、左侧中央前回灰质体素值与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 利用VBM及IBASPM技术,说明无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫灰质总体积明显减小,并显示局灶性灰质体素值改变的脑区,提示了病变的主要部位,为临床精确治疗提供信息.     

基于VBM研究中度至重度COPD患者脑灰质体积变化

目的探讨基于VBM研究中度至重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者脑灰质体积变化。方法收集中度至重度COPD患者60例和55例性别、年龄、受教育程度、BMI与之相匹配的健康志愿者作为对照组,比较两组间肺功能、动脉血气分析指标及MoCA评分,采集两组被试高分辨率3D-T_1WI结构像MRI数据,运用VBM软件分析两组脑灰质体积的差异。结果共40例COPD患者及40例健康志愿者纳入最终分析。COPD组FVC、FVC%预计值、FEV_1、FEV_1%预计值、FEV_1/FVC比值均低于对照组,COPD组MoCA评分明显低于HC组,视空间与执行功能、注意、抽象、延迟记忆评分差异有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。VBM分析显示,与HC组相比,COPD组灰质体积降低的脑区为双侧颞中回、右侧枕中回、右侧额下回、双侧缘上回、左侧额中回、左侧中央前回、左侧楔前叶;灰质体积增加的脑区为双侧纹状体(P值均0.005)。而且,COPD组部分灰质异常与肺功能、动脉血气分析指标、MoCA评分相关。结论稳定期COPD患者存在多个脑区灰质体积的异常,部分灰质体积的变化与肺功能、动脉血气分析及神经认知评分相关,这些发现可能为COPD脑功能研究提供新的见解。     

特发性全身性癫痫患者脑灰质结构基于体素的形态学测量的研究

目的 运用基于体素的形态学测量(VBM)方法分析特发性全身性癫痫患者(IGE)和正常人全脑灰质体积的差异.方法采用GE 3.0T HDX 超导型磁共振扫描仪对28例IGE患者和25例正常对照进行全脑高分辨解剖像扫描.在Matlab 7.0平台上采用SPM5软件包对图像进行处理.采用双样本t检验,将P< 0.005、像素簇大小＞200个体素的脑区作为有统计学差异的脑区.结果 与正常对照相比,IGE患者显示双侧大脑半球广泛脑区的灰质体积减少,包括双侧扣带回、双侧额中回、右侧额上回、右侧额叶直回、右楔叶、左侧尾状核头;与正常对照相比IGE患者灰质体积增加的脑区包括左侧颞上回、左侧屏状核、右侧豆状核.结论 VBM能揭示IGE患者存在广泛脑区灰质密度异常,灰质密度减低脑区多与认知功能相关,是引起癫痫患者认知功能下降的原因之一.     

应用基于体素的形态测量学方法分析视神经脊髓炎患者的脑体积变化

目的 应用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)比较视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者和正常志愿者局部脑灰质和白质的体积差异,并分析脑体积变化与临床指标的相关性.方法 对20例NMO患者和20例性别、年龄匹配的健康志愿者进行常规MRI和三维结构像扫描,采用统计参数图(SPM)5的VBM工具对NMO组及对照组数据进行分析,比较两组之间脑灰质和白质体积的差异.利用Pearson相关分析脑灰、白质异常的区域与患者病程和临床评分的相关性.结果 与对照组相比,NMO患者右侧额下回(体素数514)、左侧颞上回(282)、右侧颞中回(229)及右侧岛叶(211)等多个灰质脑区体积减小(t值为3.58～5.11,P值均＜0.05);NMO患者右侧中央前回、后回(体素数457、110)、左侧额中回(285)及右侧顶下小叶(231)等多个皮层下白质脑区体积减小(t值为2.90～4.25,P值均＜0.05).NMO脑灰、白质体积异常的区域与临床病程及残疾状态评分均无明显相关性.结论 应用VBM方法能发现NMO患者灰、白质局部脑区的萎缩,为NMO脑结构异常提供影像证据.     

采用基于体素的形态测量学方法研究肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者脑灰质的改变

目的 利用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)评价肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者的脑灰质体积变化及其与临床特征之间的相关性.方法 选取27例ALS患者和年龄、性别匹配的27名正常志愿者,采用VBM分析两组之间的全脑灰质体积和7个先验ROI:包括双侧中央前回,中央后回、额上、中、下回、额内侧回及岛叶灰质体积的改变;以P＜0.05[簇水平错误校正(FWE校正)]为差异有统计学意义.并使用偏相关分析,以年龄为控制因素,提取差异区域平均灰质密度与疾病严重程度评分、病程及疾病进展率进行相关性分析.结果 全脑灰质体积比较显示左侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、左侧额上回局部灰质体积减少,差异有统计学意义(统计体素数目分别为388、112、127,Z值分别为4.83、4.09、6.42,P值均＜0.05,FWE校正).ROI分析显示左侧中央前回、右侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、左侧额上回和左侧岛叶灰质体积减少,差异有统计学意义(统计体素数目分别为1104、34、114、91、107,Z值分别为5.87、3.71、4.26、6.29、3.51,P值均＜0.05,FWE校正).所有局部灰质体积减少程度与各临床指标间未发现有统计学差异的线性关系.结论 ALS可出现运动皮层及非运动皮层多个脑区灰质体积减少,进一步证实ALS系一种多系统变性病.相对于全脑比较,ROI分析能敏感地揭示更广泛的脑区改变.VBM所揭示的结构改变与临床指标之间缺乏相关性,考虑与病情本身的异质性和方法学的敏感性有关.     

Eclampsia with a transient neurological deficit

The results of certain clinical studies indicated the possibility of the onset and development of cerebrovascular diseases during pregnancy. Pathogenesis of this cascade of developments is frequently unknown. Eclampsia is the leading clinical syndrome, associated with numerous neurological complications. This is a case report of a 24 years old patient, who in a short period became extremely psychomotorically, agitated, with bilateral iridoplegia and positive Babinsky reflex during the development of eclampsia. Soon, a series of grand-mal epileptic attacks developed in the patient. However, the revealed clinical phenomenology was completely withdrawn within 6 hours, after the adequate estimation of clinical status and timely therapeutic measures. We have concluded that the patient had transient global cerebral ischemia, as a part of acute hypertensive endephalopathy.     

Dorsiflexion deficit during jogging with chronic ankle instability

The purpose of the study was to determine whether individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) demonstrate altered dorsiflexion/plantar flexion range of motion (ROM) compared to controls during jogging. The case control study took place in a university motion analysis laboratory. Fourteen volunteers participated in the study, seven suffered from CAI (age 25 ± 4.2 years, height 173 ± 9.4 cm, mass 71 ± 8.1 kg) and seven were healthy, matched controls (age 25 ± 4.5 years, height 168 ± 5.9 cm, mass 67 ± 9.8 kg). All subjects jogged on an instrumented treadmill while a ten-camera motion analysis system collected three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremities. The main outcome measure was sagittal plane (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion) range of motion of the ankle throughout the gait cycle. CAI subjects had significantly less dorsiflexion compared to the control group from 9% to 25% during jogging (4.83 ± 0.55°). CAI subjects demonstrated limited ankle dorsiflexion ROM during the time of maximal dorsiflexion during jogging. Limited dorsiflexion ROM during gait among individuals with CAI may be a risk factor for recurrent ankle sprains. These deficits should be treated appropriately by rehabilitation clinicians.     

Acute traumatic extension deficit of the knee

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the events leading to acute traumatic extension deficit of the knee and the arthroscopic findings in these patients. A total of 78 consecutive patients treated in the Turku university hospital during the years 1994-1996 were included. The mean annual incidence of acute traumatic extension deficits of the knee in our study was 1.1 per 10 000 inhabitants. The single most common (33%) event causing the extension deficit was non-sports related twisting of the knee. Various sports related activities accounted for 42% of the extension deficits, and soccer was the most common sport in this group. In conclusion, acute traumatic extension deficit of the knee is usually a sign of serious intra-articular damage, and the most likely finding (in 82% of the patients in our study) is either a meniscal rupture, an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, a patellar dislocation, or a combination of these. The lesions in these knees require prompt evaluation by an orthopaedic surgeon mainly because of the high number of bucket-handle and menisco-capsular insertion ruptures of the menisci, which are possibly suitable for repair.     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的功能磁共振成像研究

目的使用功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging，fMRI)方法研究正常儿童及注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在执行高级抑制功能执行-不执行(Go-NoGo)操作任务时脑功能状态及激活模式。方法注意缺陷多动障碍患儿10例与年龄、性别、利手匹配的正常儿童11例执行组块设计的Go-NoGo任务，采集全脑血氧水平依赖对比的fMRI扫描数据，用SPM99软件包进行￡检验统计分析，以获取执行不同任务与静息状态对比的脑功能图像。结果(1)在执行刺激匹配的Go任务时，正常儿童脑激活区主要在左侧丘脑及右侧扣带回，右侧额中回(BA9／10)有小范围激活。注意缺陷多动障碍儿童左侧丘脑激活范围显著减小，右侧基底节区及中脑出现了激活。(2)在执行反应匹配的Go任务时，正常儿童右侧岛叶、扣带回及左侧额叶可见激活。多动症儿童在右侧额中回(BA6／9)可见少量激活。(3)在执行NoGo任务时正常儿童右侧额中回(BA46)为主要激活区，左侧前扣带回、左侧额中回及右侧丘脑可见激活。多动症儿童右侧额叶激活区增多，但主要在BA8区，而前额叶(BA9、10)的激活并不显著，丘脑激活范围及强度较正常儿童均有增加。结论注意缺陷多动障碍儿童存在以前额叶及扣带回前部为主的功能低下脑区，同时有丘脑功能的异常。     

Intracranial vasospasm with delayed ischaemic deficit following epidermoid cyst resection

Intracranial vasospasm following surgical removal of intracranial tumours is rare. To our knowledge there have been no previously reported cases of delayed vasospasm occurring post debulking of epidermoid cysts. We report a case in which vasospasm led to established cerebral infarction 2 weeks postoperatively. MRI and serial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) reliably show initial multiple stenoses in the vertebral and internal carotid arteries followed by their spontaneous normalisation. MRA imaging is now of sufficient quality to enable it to be a safe and effective means of both looking for vasospasm and monitoring its resolution.Intracranial vasospasm leading to functional ischaemic deficit following surgical removal of intracranial tumours has been reported before but is not common. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear and is likely to be multi-factorial. We report a case in which delayed post-surgical transient vasospasm led to significant white matter infarction, presenting two weeks after surgical debulking of a recurrent epidermoid cyst. These findings were confirmed by serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) studies. To our knowledge, there has been one previously published case in which delayed vasospasm following dermoid cyst removal caused functional ischaemic deficit [1], but no previously published case reports of vasospasm occurring post debulking of an epidermoid cyst.