Determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma

We describe a method for determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma after stabilization of cyanide by addition of silver ions. The cyanide is then transferred from the acidified sample, by aeration, into sodium hydroxide and quantified by the K?nig reaction, with sodium hypochlorite as the chlorinating agent. A rapid loss of measurable cyanide found when cyanide was added to plasma in the absence of silver ions was attributed to a reaction with serum albumin. Cyanide added to whole blood was bound to a saturable component in erythrocytes, which we identified as methemoglobin.     

Glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine in whole blood,plasma and erythrocytes

A method for the simultaneous determination of glutathione and γ-glutamyl-cysteine in capillary blood samples is described.The whole blood levels of glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine are 1.09 ± 0.20 mmol/l and 25 ± 8 μmol/l (M ± S.D.), respectively. The plasma concentration is approximately 4 μmol/l for both compounds. It is important to treat the blood samples with a reducing agent before protein precipitation to release glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine from disulfide linkages since, otherwise, 30–40% of the glutathione and 80% of the γ-glutamylcysteine is lost with the protein precipitate. Whole blood is preferable to washed erythrocytes for the analysis since the washing procedure involves losses of, especially, γ-glutamyl-cysteine.     

Determination of zinc in whole blood, plasma and serum using Zeeman effect flame atomic absorption spectroscopy

Methods are presented for the determination of zinc in whole blood, plasma and serum using Zeeman effect flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and a flame microsampling funnel. Whole blood was diluted 1/25 with 0.10 mol/l hydrochloric acid; plasma and serum were diluted 1/5 with deionized water. Concentrations could be read directly from standards prepared in human blood pools. The within-run relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.50%, 0.82% and 0.61% for whole blood specimens with concentrations of 4 360 micrograms/l, 5 967 micrograms/l and 8 297 micrograms/l, respectively. The within-run RSD was 2.09%, 1.16% and 0.62% for plasma specimens with zinc concentrations of 442 micrograms/l, 976 micrograms/l and 1 731 micrograms/l, respectively. The within-run RSD was 1.18%, 1.22% and 1.02% for serum specimens with zinc concentrations of 492 micrograms/l, 1 023 micrograms/l and 1 533 micrograms/l, respectively. The detection limit was 3.6 micrograms/l.     

血硒与维持性血液透析患者甲状腺功能的关系

目的探讨血硒与维持性血液透析(MHD)患者甲状腺功能的关系及其临床意义。方法运用原子荧光光谱、放射免疫、生化比色和化学发光法分别对浙江省杭州市第二人民医院肾内科杭州师范学院肾脏病研究所20例MHD患者、20例非透析慢性肾衰竭(NOHD)患者和20例正常对照者的全血硒,血清总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、超敏促甲状腺激素(s-TSH),甲状旁腺激素(PTH),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量进行测定,并分析其相关性。结果①MHD患者全血硒含量明显低于对照组(P<0.01),也低于NOHD组,但差异无显著性;②血清TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4明显低于对照组(P<0.01),与NOHD组比较差异无显著性;③PTH明显高于对照组(P<0.01),低于NOHD组,但差异无显著性;④血清SOD、GSH-px明显低于对照组(P<0.01),MDA明显高于对照组(P<0.01);SOD和GSH-px均明显低于NOHD组(P<0.01),M0D.0A1与)、NFOTH3D(组r=0比.3较22差,P异<无0显.0著5)性、;S⑤OD直(r线=回0.归49和8,相P关<性0分.0析1)显和示G:SHM-HpDx患(r者=0血.硒39与0,TPT<3(0r.=010).呈42显9,著P<正相关,而与PTH(r=-0.491,P<0.01)和MDA(r=-0.315,P<0.05)呈显著负相关;血清TT3与MDA呈显著负相关(r=-0.365,P<0.01),而与SOD(r=0.359,P<0.01)和GSH-px(r=0.296,P<0.05)呈显著正相关;FT3与MDA(r=-0.302,P<0.05)呈显著负相关,而与GSH-px(r=0.306,P<0.05)呈显著正相关;FT4与GSH-px(r=-0.327,P<0.01)呈显著负相关。结论缺硒可使Ⅰ型脱碘酶(ID-Ⅰ)生物活性降低、血清PTH浓度增高以及氧化应激增强而阻碍T4向T3转化,使T3生成减少,进而影响MHD患者的甲状腺功能。     

Colorimetric determination of potassium in whole blood, serum, and plasma

This spectrophotometric method for the direct determination of potassium in serum or plasma is based on the selective complexing of potassium by a specific macrocyclic polyether, with the subsequent formation of an ion-pair with a colored anion. The colored anion is extracted into an organic solvent, clarified by centrifugation, and then measured at 415 nm. The absorbance of the chromogen varies linearly with [K+] to at least 15 mmol/L. Results of this colorimetric method (y) correlate well with the results obtained by a flame-photometric method (y = 1.04x - 0.22, r = 0.97, n = 81), with CVs ranging from 2 to 4%. We observed no interferences from lipemia, added bilirubin, or various electrolytes. We also evaluated the use of this reagent in a new automated blood analyzer developed by Abbott, a two-dimensional centrifugal system (Clin Chem 31:1457-1463, 1985). Potassium determined with this system (y) correlated well with results by flame photometry: y = 1.02x + 0.02 (r = 0.94, n = 168). With this system one can use whole-blood specimens in measuring potassium.     

Determination of zinc in erythrocytes, granulocytes and serum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Zinc was determined in granulocytes, erythrocytes and serum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Using a Teflon sampling cup, the sample volume for a single granulocyte zinc determination was reduced to 100 microliter. Zinc in serum and erythrocytes was measured by aspirating the sample at a rate of 5 ml/min. The total volume of blood used was 23-28 ml. The intra-assay coefficient of variation of the method for granulocytes was 0.01 and of the method for serum and erythrocytes 0.018. The corresponding inter-assay coefficient of variation was 0.037 and 0.03, respectively. Recovery of zinc determined by the method of aspirating the small volume (100 microliter) was 103% and by the method of aspirating 5 ml/min 97%. The coefficient of correlation between the two methods was r = 0.9968.     

Changes in secretory immunoglobulin A level in the blood serum of patients with peptic ulcer

Serum levels of secretory IgA were measured in 66 patients with aggravation of peptic ulcer versus 52 healthy subjects. IgA concentrations in the patients were found elevated, the rise being dependent on the ulcer site, standing and severity of course. Treatment-induced decline of the ulcer exacerbation was accompanied by a fall in IgA levels. It is hold that serum IgA can serve a marker of gastroduodenal ulcer exacerbation.     

太原市人群血清硒水平与甲状腺功能的相关性研究

目的了解山西省太原市人群血清硒水平及甲状腺功能异常的患病率,同时探究血清硒水平与甲状腺功能的关系。方法选取山西省太原市1 470例居民进行调查,测定血清硒含量及促甲状腺素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb),TSH升高者加测游离四碘甲腺原氨酸(FT4),TSH下降者加测FT4和游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3),比较并分析血清硒水平与各个指标的关系,不同血硒水平甲功异常的患病率,正常人群与不同类型甲功异常的人群血硒浓度的差异。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0,正态分布数据多组间比较采用方差分析,非正态分布的数据用非参数统计分析,相关分析采用Spearman秩相关,率的比较用?2检验。结果 (1)采样人群血清硒中位数为79.38(58.85~128.05)μg/L;(2)血清硒水平与年龄(r=-0.083,P=0.001)、TSH(r=-0.057,P=0.030)呈负相关;TPOAb阳性时,血清硒与TPOAb滴度呈负相关(r=-0.257,P=0.002);(3)甲状腺功能异常人群血清硒水平低于甲状腺功能正常者,随着血清硒水平的升高,甲状腺功能异常的人数的比例有明显下降趋势,血清硒水平的高低尤其与TSH升高、TPOAb高度阳性(TPOAb>200 IU/ml)关系密切。结论人体硒水平可能与甲状腺自身免疫、TSH水平有关,低硒对于自身免疫性甲状腺炎、甲状腺功能减退症的发生可能有不利影响。     

Non-invasive evaluation of bone formation: measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase, whole body retention of diphosphonate and serum osteocalcin in metabolic bone disorders and thyroid disease

Three noninvasive indices of bone formation, serum alkaline phosphatase (s-AP), 24-h whole body retention of diphosphonate (WBR), and serum osteocalcin (s-OC), the two lastnamed clearance-corrected, were compared in 121 patients with various bone disorders and in 50 patients with thyroid disease. In conditions with qualitatively normal matrix formation and mineralization, i.e. thyrotoxicosis, primary hyperparathyroidism, myxoedema and osteoporosis, the three indices deviated from average normal by about the same extent: 134%/128%/200%, 120%/113%/133%, 105%/100%/79% and 89%/86%/69%, respectively. A disproportionately marked deviation of s-AP was observed in states of abnormal matrix formation or mineralization, i.e. osteomalacia and Paget's disease: 430%/145%/282% and 348%/145%/202%, respectively. Furthermore, the formation indices correlate differently with s-calcium in hyper- and hypocalcaemic conditions. In primary hyperparathyroidism the respective r-values were 0.32/0.62/0.68, while an inverse pattern was observed in osteomalacia: -0.60/-0.51/-0.47. As very little is known about the secretion of AP and OC and their role in bone formation and mineralization, the cause(s) for the observed differences remain(s) uncertain.     

Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of subjects with thyroid disorders

A specific and quantitative immunological method for determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (H.C.A.) isoenzyme B has been used to determine the contents of enzyme in the erythrocytes from healthy persons and from subjects with thyroid disorders.The investigations have shown a statistically significant decrease of H.C.A. type B in the erythrocytes of hyperthyroid subjects and an increase of this isoenzyme in hypothyroid subjects. Correlation was found between H.C.A. type B and serum-thyroxin. The value of H.C.A. type B determination in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders is discussed.     

Determination of manganese in whole blood and serum.

We describe methods for determination of manganese in whole blood and serum with Zeeman-effect flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. These analyses are performed on a twofold or fourfold dilution of the specimen in Triton X-100, 1 g/L. No predigestion or extraction procedures are required. The method of standard additions was used for quantitation. Within-run coefficients of variation for whole-blood manganese were 7.0 and 5.5% for 2.29 and 5.67 micrograms/L, respectively. For determination of serum manganese, coefficients of variation were 10.3 and 5.3% for 0.97 and 3.01 micrograms/L, respectively. Manganese detection limits for the assays were 3.0 pg. Whole-blood manganese concentrations, determined for 60 subjects, yielded a mean (+/- SD) of 9.03 (+/- 2.25) micrograms/L. Mean serum manganese concentration, determined for 20 subjects, was 1.82 (+/- 0.64) microgram/L. No correlation was found between blood manganese concentrations and age, sex, or smoking status.     

The filterability of whole blood (the role of leukocytes and erythrocytes)]

Filterability of the blood with various red cell and leukocyte concentrations was examined in 17 patients with coronary heart disease. The blood was filtered through a filter with pore diameter of 5 microns under a pressure of 100 cm water column. Blood filterability drastically deteriorated if leukocyte concentrations in the blood increased and depended on the leukocyte filtration characteristics. The number of red cells passed through the filter was in direct proportion with the blood red cell count.