缺氧后处理对缺氧复氧心肌线粒体活性氧及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察缺氧后处理对缺氧复氧心肌线粒体活性氧及细胞膜和线粒体Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响,探讨其调控心肌细胞凋亡的机制.方法 构建大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤模型,将细胞分为对照组、缺氧/复氧纽(缺氧3h后复氧6h)、缺氧后处理组(缺氧3h后行复氧5min、缺氧5 min,反复3次,再复氧6 h).应用荧光酶标仪测定线粒体活性氧量,流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡,Western blot检测细胞膜和线粒体Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达.结果 缺氧/复氧组和缺氧后处理组心肌细胞线粒体活性氧量较对照组显著升高(P＜0.01).缺氧后处理组心肌细胞线粒体平均荧光强度为30.74±1.88a.u./μg,显著低于缺氧/复氧组(63.17±2.75a.u./μg,P＜0.01),仍高于对照组(14.41±2.15a.u./μg).缺氧/复氧组和缺氧后处理组心肌细胞凋亡率较对照组显著升高(45.86％±3.29％和26.99％±3.35％比5.72％±1.63％,P＜0.01),缺氧后处理组低于缺氧/复氧组(P＜0.01).细胞膜和线粒体Bcl-2蛋白在缺氧后处理组显著上调,在缺氧/复氧组显著下调;Bax蛋白在缺氧后处理组显著下调,在缺氧/复氧组显著上调.结论 缺氧后处理抑制线粒体活性氧爆发,减轻缺氧/复氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡,其抗凋亡机制可能与线粒体和细胞膜Bcl-2蛋白表达上调及Bax蛋白表达下调有关.     

Differential effects of membrane and soluble Fas ligand on cardiomyocytes: role in ischemia/reperfusion injury

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis by Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas signaling is associated with various pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury and congestive heart failure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that shedding of membrane FasL is a mechanism for downregulating FasL/Fas signaling and both membrane and soluble FasL are involved in cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. We also examined the relative importance of mitochondrial damage and direct cleavage of the executioner caspases by activated initiator caspase 8 in the propagation of FasL/Fas signaling activated by either recombinant membrane FasL or H/R. We demonstrated that in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes maintained under normal culture conditions, recombinant human soluble FasL increased caspase 3 activation by twofold but did not reduce cell viability. In contrast, infection with a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing the non-cleavable human FasL (Ad2/nchFasL) resulted in cardiomyocyte death that was attenuated by soluble FasL. H/R increased the mRNA levels of both FasL and Fas and activated caspases 8, 9 and 3, indicating the activation of FasL/Fas signaling. Z-IETD.fmk and Z-LEHD.fmk, selective inhibitors for caspases 8 and 9, respectively, abolished caspase 3 activation induced by Ad2/nchFasL or H/R. Z-IETD.fmk also significantly reduced Ad2/nchFasL- or H/R-induced cardiomyocyte death. H/R potentiated membrane FasL-induced cell death. These results suggest that shedding of membrane FasL downregulates FasL/Fas signaling in cardiomyocytes and both membrane and soluble FasL contribute to H/R injury. Activation of FasL/Fas signaling by either recombinant membrane FasL under normal culture conditions or H/R causes cardiomyocyte death mainly through the mitochondrial damage/caspase 9 activation pathway.     

过表达Fas激活的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶减轻缺氧/复氧损伤导致的心肌细胞线粒体呼吸功能障碍

目的 研究Fas激活的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase,FASTK)在缺氧/复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R)损伤导致的心肌细胞线粒体呼吸功能障碍中的作用.方法 分离(1-2)d的野生C57BL/6小鼠原代心肌细胞并进行体外培养.转染...     

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β transfers cytoprotective signaling through connexin 43 onto mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Despite compelling evidence supporting key roles for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+) (mitoK(ATP)) channels, and mitochondrial connexin 43 (Cx43) in cytoprotection, it is not clear how these signaling modules are linked mechanistically. By patch-clamping the inner membrane of murine cardiac mitochondria, we found that inhibition of GSK3β activated mitoK(ATP). PKC activation and protein phosphatase 2a inhibition increased the open probability of mitoK(ATP) channels through GSK3β, and this GSK3β signal was mediated via mitochondrial Cx43. Moreover, (i) PKC-induced phosphorylation of mitochondrial Cx43 was reduced in GSK3β-S9A mice; (ii) Cx43 and GSK3β proteins associated in mitochondria; and (iii) SB216763-mediated reduction of infarct size was abolished in Cx43 KO mice in vivo, consistent with the notion that GSK3β inhibition results in mitoK(ATP) opening via mitochondrial Cx43. We therefore directly targeted mitochondrial Cx43 by the Cx43 C-terminal binding peptide RRNYRRNY for cardioprotection, circumventing further upstream pathways. RRNYRRNY activated mitoK(ATP) channels via Cx43. We directly recorded mitochondrial Cx43 channels that were activated by RRNYRRNY and blocked by the Cx43 mimetic peptide (43)GAP27. RRNYRRNY rendered isolated cardiomyocytes in vitro and the heart in vivo resistant to ischemia/reperfusion injury, indicating that mitochondrial Cx43- and/or mitoK(ATP)-mediated reduction of infarct size was not undermined by RRNYRRNY-related opening of sarcolemmal Cx43 channels. Our results demonstrate that GSK3β transfers cytoprotective signaling through mitochondrial Cx43 onto mitoK(ATP) channels and that Cx43 functions as a channel in mitochondria, being an attractive target for drug treatment against cardiomyocyte injury.     

Hypoxia signaling controls postnatal changes in cardiac mitochondrial morphology and function

Fetal cardiomyocyte adaptation to low levels of oxygen in utero is incompletely understood, and is of interest as hypoxia tolerance is lost after birth, leading to vulnerability of adult cardiomyocytes. It is known that cardiac mitochondrial morphology, number and function change significantly following birth, although the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological stimuli are undefined.Here we show that the decrease in cardiomyocyte HIF-signaling in cardiomyocytes immediately after birth acts as a physiological switch driving mitochondrial fusion and increased postnatal mitochondrial biogenesis. We also investigated mechanisms of ATP generation in embryonic cardiac mitochondria. We found that embryonic cardiac cardiomyocytes rely on both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle to generate ATP, and that the balance between these two metabolic pathways in the heart is controlled around birth by the reduction in HIF signaling. We therefore propose that the increase in ambient oxygen encountered by the neonate at birth acts as a key physiological stimulus to cardiac mitochondrial adaptation.     

激活Notch1通路减轻高温高湿条件下H9C2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的明确Notch1通路在高温高湿条件下H9C2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(Hypoxia/Reoxygenation,H/R)损伤中的作用及其潜在机制。方法常规培养H9C2心肌细胞并将其分6组即对照组;H/R组;高温高湿组;高温高湿+H/R组;高温高湿+Jagged1(Notch1激动剂)+H/R组;高温高湿+溶剂+H/R组。TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,荧光探针JC-1检测线粒体膜电位,ATP检测试剂盒检测ATP含量,Western blot检测Notch1细胞内段(Notch1 intracellular domain,Notch1 ICD)、Hairy和分裂增强子(Hairy and enhancer of split,Hes1)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubuleassociated protein1 light chain 3,LC3)和p62的蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,急性损伤H/R后,细胞凋亡增加(P0.05),线粒体膜电位降低(P0.05),ATP含量减少(P0.05),Notch1 ICD、Hes1、LC3-II/I(p62相应降低)表达升高(P0.05),而慢性损伤高温高湿后,细胞凋亡增加(P0.05),线粒体膜电位降低(P0.05),ATP含量减少(P0.05),Notch1 ICD、Hes1、LC3-II/I表达降低(p62相应升高)(P0.05);和H/R组或高温高湿组对比,高温高湿+H/R组中细胞凋亡进一步增加(P0.05),线粒体膜电位和ATP含量进一步降低(P0.05),Notch1ICD、Hes1、LC3-II/I表达进一步降低(p62进一步升高)(P0.05);和高温高湿+H/R组对比,加入Notch1激动剂Jagged1后,细胞凋亡减少(P0.05),线粒体膜电位和ATP含量增高(P0.05),Notch1 ICD、Hes1、LC3-II/I表达升高(p62相应降低)(P0.05)。结论激活Notch1通路通过促进自噬从而缓解高温高湿条件下H9C2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤。     

α-Enolase plays a catalytically independent role in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction

Backgroundα-Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme with “second jobs” beyond its catalytic activity. However, its possible contribution to cardiac dysfunction remains to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the role of α-enolase in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiomyopathy as well as the underlying mechanisms.Experimental approachesThe expression of α-enolase was detected in rat hearts and primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes with or without Dox administration. An adenovirus carrying short-hairpin interfering RNA targeting α-enolase was constructed and transduced specifically into the heart by intramyocardial injection. Heart function, cell apoptosis and mitochondrial function were measured following Dox administration. In addition, by using gain- and loss-of-function approaches to regulate α-enolase expression in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, we investigated the role of endogenous, wide type and catalytically inactive mutant α-enolase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ATP generation. Furthermore, the involvement of α-enolase in AMPK phosphorylation was also studied.Key resultsThe mRNA and protein expression of cardiac α-enolase was significantly upregulated by Dox. Genetic silencing of α-enolase in rat hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes attenuated Dox-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In contrast, overexpression of wide-type or catalytically inactive α-enolase in cardiomyocytes mimicked the detrimental role of Dox in inducing apoptosis and ATP reduction. AMPK dephosphorylation was further demonstrated to be involved in the proapoptotic and ATP-depriving effects of α-enolase.ConclusionOur findings provided the evidence that α-enolase has a catalytically independent role in inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be at least partially contributed to the inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation.     

Positive inotropic effects by uridine triphosphate (UTP) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) via P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors on cardiomyocytes and release of UTP in man during myocardial infarction

The aim of this study was to examine a possible role for extracellular pyrimidines as inotropic factors for the heart. First, nucleotide plasma levels were measured to evaluate whether UTP is released in patients with coronary heart disease. Then, inotropic effects of pyrimidines were examined in isolated mouse cardiomyocytes. Finally, expression of pyrimidine-selective receptors (a subgroup of the P2 receptors) was studied in human and mouse heart, using real time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Venous plasma levels of UTP were increased (57%) in patients with myocardial infarction. In electrically stimulated cardiomyocytes the stable P2Y(2/4) agonist UTPgammaS increased contraction by 52%, similar to beta1-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol (65%). The P2Y6-agonist UDPbetaS also increased cardiomyocyte contraction (35%), an effect abolished by the P2Y6-blocker MRS2578. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 inhibited both the UDPbetaS and the UTPgammaS-induced inotropic effect, indicating an IP3-mediated effect via P2Y6 receptors. The P2Y14 agonist UDP-glucose was without effect. Quantification of mRNA with real time polymerase chain reaction revealed P2Y2 as the most abundant pyrimidine receptor expressed in cardiomyocytes from man. Presence of P2Y6 receptor mRNA was detected in both species and confirmed at protein level with Western blot and immunohistochemistry in man. In conclusion, UTP levels are increased in humans during myocardial infarction, giving the first evidence for UTP release in man. UTP is a cardiac inotropic factor most likely by activation of P2Y2 receptors in man. For the first time we demonstrate inotropic effects of UDP, mediated by P2Y6 receptors via an IP3-dependent pathway. Thus, the extracellular pyrimidines (UTP and UDP) could be important inotropic factors involved in the development of cardiac disease.     

Regulation of intracellular calcium by extracellular nucleotides in pig tracheal submucosal gland cells

The mechanisms by which extracellular nucleotides (ATP and UTP) regulate intracellular Ca2+ in cultured pig tracheal gland cells were studied. The calcium response induced by ATP or UTP was composed of a peak response and a steady plateau. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the peak response of the cells to both ATP and UTP was smaller, and no subsequent plateau was observed. After treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, the peak response to UTP was significantly smaller and no plateau was seen even in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, but pertussis toxin did not change the effect of ATP. Pretreatment with U107, a phospholipase C inhibitor, almost abolished the calcium response to both ATP and UTP. Immunocytochemistry showed that in these cells, the IP3 receptor was localized in the cytoplasm (including the endoplasmic reticulum) of the cells. Our results indicate that both release of calcium from the intracellular store and Ca2+ influx across the cell membrane contribute to the mobilization of [Ca2+]i upon stimulation with nucleotides, that ATP and UTP regulate intracellular Ca2+ predominantly via the G protein-phospholipase C-IP3 pathway, and that ATP and UTP may act via distinct subtypes of P2Y receptors.     

Cardiomyocyte resistance to doxorubicin mediated by A(3) adenosine receptor

Recently, we reported that the activation of A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)R) in newborn cultured cardiomyocytes by highly selective agonist Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide) induces protection against the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to further characterize the cardioprotective action of A(3)R activation by revealing the structural changes in cardiomyocytes elicited upon exposure to DOX. Morphological observations (ultrastructural and immunocytochemical) indicate that after DOX treatment, the cardiomyocytes undergo destructive alterations, and protective action of A(3)R is not connected with its anti-apoptotic activity. A(3)R activation appeared to prevent destructive alterations of cardiomyocyte mitochondria and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. In DOX-treated cardiomyocytes, appearance of disorganized desmin and contractile filaments was related to detrimental alterations in the mitochondrial structure, in particular their position and transmembrane potential. In intact cardiomyocytes, diazoxide, a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel opener, induced an increase in ATP synthesis within 15 min of application. Similar effect was obtained by activation of adenosine A(1)R. However, A(3)R agonist Cl-IB-MECA did not affect ATP synthesis. Neither A(1)R agonist CCPA (2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine) nor diazoxide protected cardiomyocytes from the detrimental effects of DOX. Thus, the opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels does not seem to be effective during the slow development of anthracycline cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that DOX increases the activity of lysosomes, which may contribute to cell injury in an "oncotic" manner and also demonstrate the proinflammatory potency of the drug. Furthermore, the decreased acidification of cytoplasm upon activation of A(3)R may attenuate the ongoing inflammatory response. The present study identifies a novel role for A(3)R selective agonist Cl-IB-MECA and suggests its importance in regulating cardiac cellular function.     

UTP but not ATP causes hypertrophic growth in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

Addition of ATP to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes has been reported to inhibit hypertrophic growth responses, even though G(q)-coupled receptors are activated. In the current study, we investigated hypertrophic responses to activation of G(q)-coupled-purinergic receptors on cardiomyocytes using UTP as an alternative agonist to ATP. UTP (100 microM) activated phospholipase C via G(q) similarly to ATP, and responses to the two agonists were not additive. Similarly, UTP and ATP both induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), while having little effect on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. However, addition of UTP (100 microM) to cardiomyocytes caused hypertrophic growth indicated by increased protein content without DNA synthesis. ATP (100 microM) caused no increase in protein. We conclude that activation of purinergic receptors on neonatal cardiomyocytes initiates hypertrophic signaling pathways, but that prolonged exposure to ATP, but not UTP, has growth-inhibitory effects.     

Phospholipase C and cAMP-dependent positive inotropic effects of ATP in mouse cardiomyocytes via P2Y11-like receptors

ATP is released as a cotransmitter together with catecholamines from sympathetic nerves. In the heart ATP has been shown to cause a pronounced positive inotropic effect and may also act in synergy with beta-adrenergic agonists to augment cardiomyocyte contractility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inotropic effects mediated by purinergic P2 receptors using isolated mouse cardiomyocytes. Stable adenine nucleotide analogs were used and the agonist rank order for adenine nucleotide stimulation of the mouse cardiomyocytes was AR-C67085>ATPgammaS>2-MeSATP>2-MeSADP=0, that fits the agonist profile of the P2Y11 receptor. ATPgammaS induced a positive inotropic response in single mouse cardiomyocytes. The response was similar to that for the beta1 receptor agonist isoproterenol. The most potent response was obtained using AR-C67085, a P2Y11 receptor agonist. This agonist also potentiated contractions in isolated trabecular preparations. The adenylyl cyclase blocker (SQ22563) and phospholipase C (PLC) blocker (U73122) demonstrated that both pathways were required for the inotropic response of AR-C67085. A cAMP enzyme immunoassay confirmed that AR-C67085 increased cAMP in the cardiomyocytes. These findings are in agreement with the P2Y11 receptor, coupled both to activation of IP3 and cAMP, being a major receptor for ATP induced inotropy. Analyzing cardiomyocytes from desmin deficient mice, Des-/-, with a congenital cardiomyopathy, we found a lower sensitivity to AR-C67085, suggesting a down-regulation of P2Y11 receptor function in heart failure. The prominent action of the P2Y11 receptor in controling cardiomyocyte contractility and possible alterations in its function during cardiomyopathy may suggest this receptor as a potential therapeutic target. It is possible that agonists for the P2Y11 receptor could be used to improve cardiac output in patients with circulatory shock and that P2Y11 receptor antagonist could be beneficial in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).     

一氧化氮在乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧—复氧预处理延迟保护效应中的作用

探讨缺氧—复氧损伤对乳鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮释放和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响以及一氧化氮在心肌细胞延迟缺氧预处理中的作用。在培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧预处理的模型上，测定缺氧—复氧损伤对乳鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮释放和一氧化氮合酶活性，观察延迟缺氧预处理以及N-硝基-L-精氨酸、L广精氨酸、硝普钠对心肌细胞延迟缺氧预处理的影响。结果发现，缺氧—复氧后乳鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮释放增加，一氧化氮合酶活性升高。延迟缺氧预处理可以减少缺氧一复氧对心肌细胞的损伤。非选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-广精氨酸可以阻断延迟缺氧预处理的心肌保护作用，L广精氨酸不能模拟延迟缺氧预处理，硝普钠可以模拟延迟缺氧预处理。结果提示，一氧化氮可以诱导心肌细胞的延迟缺氧预处理。     

OPA1在缺氧心肌细胞凋亡中的保护作用

目的：探讨线粒体融合蛋白OPA1在缺氧环境下心肌细胞凋亡中的保护作用。方法：利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)在体外下调OPA1表达后,用流式检测对缺氧环境下心肌细胞凋亡的影响;用Western blot检测对缺氧环境下心肌细胞线粒体细胞色素c释放及Caspase-3与Caspase-9活性的影响;用流式分析对缺氧环境下心肌细胞活性氧ROS产生的影响。结果：下调OPA1可明显加重缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡;下调OPA1可诱导线粒体细胞色素c释放并同时激活Caspase-3与Caspase-9的活性;下调OPA1可诱导心肌细胞中ROS产生。     

沙库巴曲缬沙坦对缺氧心肌细胞线粒体动力系统和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 验证沙库巴曲缬沙坦(S/V)能否通过调节线粒体动力系统改善缺氧大鼠胚胎心肌细胞(H9c2)凋亡水平,发挥心脏保护作用。方法 培养H9c2心肌细胞,建立糖氧剥夺模型(OGD),将细胞分为对照组、造模组、药物组。对照组正常培养心肌细胞,造模组采用OGD建模,药物组采用OGD建模后加用S/V 20μmol/L干预处理,每组重复5遍。采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及活性氧(ROS),JC-1检测线粒体膜电位,蛋白质免疫印迹法(WB)检测线粒体融合蛋白1(Mfn1)、线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2)、动力相关蛋白1(Drp1)、线粒体分裂蛋白1(Fis1)、细胞色素C(CytC)、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2关联X蛋白(Bax)及含半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Caspase-3)表达情况。采用GraphPad Prism 8统计软件进行数据分析,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果 H9c2心肌细胞建立OGD模型,经S/V处理后,光镜下心肌细胞形态学明显改善;流式细胞技术分析结果显示S/V明显降低细胞内ROS水平,抑制心肌细胞凋亡(P＜0.05);荧光显微镜分析结果显示S/V明显改善线粒体膜电位水平(P＜0.05);WB结果显示S/V可明显提升Mfn2、Mfn1、Bcl2蛋白表达水平,降低Drp1、Fis1、CytC、Bax及Caspase-3蛋白表达水平(P＜0.05)。结论 S/V可能通过促进线粒体融合、抑制线粒体分裂调节线粒体稳态,减少ROS生成,减轻心肌细胞凋亡。     

Overexpression of hexokinase protects hypoxic and diabetic cardiomyocytes by increasing ATP generation

Cardiac glucose metabolism is critical to hypoxic cardiac function and hypoxia is known to stimulate glucose metabolism. This increases generation of ATP when mitochondrial respiration is inhibited. In diabetes, cardiac glucose metabolism declines and this may contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. The first step in committing glucose to metabolism is glucose phosphorylation catalyzed by hexokinase. But the potential role of hexokinase in the hypoxic or diabetic heart is uncertain. This study is designed to assess the ability of hexokinase and elevated ATP to protect cardiomyocyte contractility from hypoxia and diabetes. We used cardiomyocytes from the transgenic mouse Mh, which has cardiac specific expression of yeast hexokinase, to investigate the importance of glucose phosphorylation in the myocyte response to hypoxia and diabetes. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from FVB control and Mh hearts to assess the effects of 2h of hypoxia on myocyte contractility and ATP conent. The protective effect of hexokinase on diabetes was assessed in myocytes from the OVE26 Type I diabetic mouse and in OVE26Mh diabetic mice that carry the hexokinase gene. Overexpression of hexokinase had no effect during aerobic culture, but during hypoxia, hexokinase improved ATP content by 44% and this restored contractility almost to normal levels. In myocytes from diabetic mice, tested under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions, the hexokinase gene significantly improved ATP content and this significantly improved contractility. These results demonstrate that elevating hexokinase activity can be beneficial to hypoxic or diabetic cardiomyocytes secondary to improving myocyte ATP levels.     

下调NAD（P）H氧化酶4加重缺氧复氧心肌细胞损伤：线粒体SIRT3信号的关键作用

目的明确内源性NAD（P）H氧化酶4（Nox4）在心肌细胞缺氧／复氧（H／R）损伤中的作用并探讨其可能的机制。方法：以H,C2心肌细胞系为研究对象,建立H／R模型,将细胞分为对照组、NC-siRNA组、Nox4-siRNA组、H／R组、H／R＋NC-siRNA组和H／R＋Nox4-siRNA组。采用RNAi方法下调Nox4的表达,MTT比色法测定相对存活率、荧光素酶化学发光法测量ATP水平,MitoSOX荧光探针检测线粒体ROS,比色法测定NAD＋／NADH的比值,Western blot法测定Nox4和SIRT3表达水平。结果：与对照组相比,H／R组H。c,心肌细胞中Nox4蛋白的水平明显增加（P〈0．05）,相对存活率、ATP的水平明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,而线粒体ROS生成明显增加（P〈0．01）,同时NAD＋／NADH的比值明显增加、SIRT3表达量明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。与H／R组相比,H／R＋Nox4-siRNA组Nox4蛋白水平显著降低（P〈0．05）,相对存活率、ATP的水平进一步降低、线粒体ROS生成进一步增加（P〈0．05）,同时,NAD＋／NADH的比值明显降低（P〈0．01）、SIRT3蛋白水平进一步降低（P〈0．05）。结论：下调Nox4可加重H／R诱导的心肌细胞损伤和氧化应激,抑制线粒体能量生成,其心肌细胞保护机制可能是通过上调NAD＋／NADH的比值,增加SIRT3的表达而发挥作用。     

生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱导基因153在慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡中的表达

目的研究慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞发生凋亡的情况,探讨生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱导基因(CHOP/GADD153)蛋白表达变化与心肌细胞凋亡的关系。方法将体外培养的心肌细胞置于95%N_2/5%CO_2混合气体培养箱内进行慢性缺氧处理,随机将心肌细胞分为对照组及缺氧6、12、24、48、72 h组。采用流式细胞术及DNA梯度技术检测心肌细胞凋亡情况.RT-PCR检测CHOP/GAD153 mRNA水平变化,western blot检测细胞凋亡过程中CHOP/GADD153蛋白表达变化。结果缺氧6 h组心肌细胞出现典型的凋亡特征;与对照组比较,缺氧12、24、48、72 h组心肌细胞凋亡数量明显增多(P<0.05):CHOP/GADD153 mRNA和蛋白表达水平也明显增加(P<0.05)。结论慢性缺氧可诱导心肌细胞发生凋亡,CHOP/GADD153可能参与了慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡的信号传导通路。     

17beta-estradiol reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro via activation of phospho-inositide-3 kinase/Akt signaling

Female gender and estrogen-replacement therapy in postmenopausal women are associated with improved heart failure survival, and physiological replacement of 17beta-estradiol (E2) reduces infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms of E2 effects on cardiomyocyte survival in vivo and in vitro. Ovariectomized female mice were treated with placebo or physiological E2 replacement, followed by coronary artery ligation (placebo-MI or E2-MI) or sham operation (sham) and hearts were harvested 6, 24, and 72 hours later. After MI, E2 replacement significantly increased activation of the prosurvival kinase, Akt, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase 3 activation. In vitro, E2 at 1 or 10 nmol/L caused a rapid 2.7-fold increase in Akt phosphorylation and a decrease in apoptosis as measured by TUNEL staining, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The E2-mediated reduction in apoptosis was reversed by an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182,780, and by phospho-inositide-3 kinase inhibitors, LY294002 and Wortmannin. Overexpression of a dominant negative-Akt construct also blocked E2-mediated reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These data show that E2 reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro by ER- and phospho-inositide-3 kinase-Akt-dependent pathways and support the relevance of these pathways in the observed estrogen-mediated reduction in myocardial injury.     

Effects of menadione and its derivative on cultured cardiomyocytes with mitochondrial disorders

Mitochondrial disorder is characteristic of many myocardial injuries such as endotoxemia, shock, acidosis, ischemia/reperfusion, and others. The goal of possible therapy is to increase ATP production. Derivatives of vitamins K may be a potent electron carrier between various mitochondrial electron-donating and electron-accepting enzyme complexes. We aimed to test the possibility that menadione or its water-soluble derivative AK-135, the newly synthesized analogues of vitamin K1--N-derivatives of 2-methyl-3-aminomethyl 1.4-naphthoquinone, would reduce cardiomyocyte damage after hypoxia or mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition in culture. Menadione, and more effectively, AK-135, restored the electron flow in defective respiratory chain (hypoxia or rotenone) systems. As was shown in this study, 3 microM of AK-135 restored ATP production after blockade of electron flow through mitochondrial complex I with 5 microM rotenone up to 13.18+/-1.56 vs. 3.21+/-1.12 nmol/mg protein in cells treated with rotenone only. In cultures pretreated with 4 microM dicumarol (DT-diaphorase inhibitor), the protective effect of AK-135 and menadione was abolished completely (1.67+/-1.43 and 2.97+/-0.57 nmol/mg protein, respectively). Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation caused an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Here we have demonstrated restoration of calcium oscillations and cardiomyocyte contractility by menadione and its derivative after blockade of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase with rotenone, and decrease of Ca(2+) overloading during hypoxia.