腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉分支损伤的危险性因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床出血的原因.方法对从2000年9月到2001年3月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的617例中1例患者中,随机选取其中91例进行前瞻性分析,并对617例发生胆囊床出血的病例进行回顾性分析.结果多普勒超声检查均发现有1根肝中静脉的重要分支从胆囊床后面通过,该血管离胆囊床的最近距离点(C点)到胆囊的平均距离为(5.0±4.6)mm,其中15.4%(14例)肝中静脉是直接和胆囊床相贴,11.0%(10例)和胆囊床的距离在1mm以内,C点的内径为(3.2±1.1)mm;约有34.7%(31例)C点位于胆囊纵轴左侧,位于右侧的有39例(42.9%),正好落在胆囊纵轴上的有21例(23.1%).C点肝静脉的流速为(9.9±3.3)cm/s.结论肝中静脉最靠近胆囊点,较多会出现在胆囊纵轴的右侧.建议在术前,尤其是在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前进行常规的多普勒超声检查,以明确肝中静脉和胆囊床的关系,高度重视肝中静脉和胆囊床直接相贴的病例.     

Role of preoperative color doppler ultrasound scan in the evaluation of the risk of injury of major branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the separation of the gallbladder from the liver bed may sometimes cause severe hemorrhages. One reason for severe hemorrhages may be injury to the major branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV), which may be too close or adherent to the gallbladder. In our institutional experience of 798 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, no major hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed has been encountered. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between the major branches of the MHV and the gallbladder bed in our patients. We measured the distance of the closest branches of the MHV from the gallbladder bed by color Doppler ultrasound scan. The mean and the median distances of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder was found to be 17.4 +/- 6.2 mm and 17.7 mm, respectively (range, 6-29.1 mm). In conclusion, the distance of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder bed in our patient population seems to allow for a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of the risk of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Although hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of main reasons for conversion to open cholecystectomy, the cause of this life-threatening complication is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasound was used to examine the cause of venous hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 4 patients postoperatively and to examine the anatomic relationship between the gallbladder bed and branches of the middle hepatic vein in 50 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Injury to a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adjacent to the gallbladder bed was diagnosed in all 4 patients. One patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy while the bleeding in 2 patients was immediately controlled by direct pressure with the gallbladder. The branch of the middle hepatic vein was completely adherent to the gallbladder bed in 5 of the 50 volunteers, and in 1 the diameter of the branch was as large as 3.5 mm. In 3 volunteers branches 3.0 to 3.8 mm in diameter traversed as close as 1.0 mm from the gallbladder bed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large branches of the middle hepatic vein close to the gallbladder bed are at risk of hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be identified preoperatively with ultrasound.     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.     

血吸虫性肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除92例临床分析

目的探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年10月～2011年10月我院92例血吸虫性肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除88例,中转开腹4例,平均手术时间40 min,术中出血40～200 ml。术后胆囊床积液6例,腹水6例。术后肝功能出现肝酶谱改变和低蛋白血症,经积极治疗,全组均治愈出院。结论掌握好腹腔镜手术操作要点、手术指征及围手术期处理原则,血吸虫性肝硬化并胆结石患者行LC是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前彩色超声定位肝中静脉的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)术前彩色多普勒超声波检查在避免术中损伤胆囊床肝中静脉致大出血的临床意义。方法:2003年1月~2005年1月行LC的1 100例患者术前均经彩色多普勒超声波检查,常规对胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝的解剖关系进行分析。结果:对于术前经彩色多普勒超声波检查明确的肝中静脉直接和胆囊床相贴的非萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的102例患者,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层直接进行剥离;而慢性萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的24例患者,采用胆囊粘膜切除,或者直接开腹手术切除,未发生因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而大出血。结论:术前常规彩色多普勒超声波检查,明确胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝位置关系,对于肝中静脉与胆囊床相贴的病例,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层剥离,或采用胆囊粘膜切除,或直接开腹手术切除,可以避免因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而导致大出血。     

Hydrodissection with adrenaline–lidocaine–saline solution in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Aim This investigation examined the effects of a solution injected to the gallbladder bed on operative time, bleeding, incidence of gallbladder perforation, and postoperative pain.Methods One hundred sixty-four consecutive patients with cholelithiasis were randomized into two clinically comparable groups. In group 1 (84 patients), 40 ml of saline–adrenaline–lidocaine solution was injected between the gallbladder and liver. In group 2 (80 patients), laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed without hydrodissection. The time taken to dissect the gallbladder from the liver, bleeding from the liver bed, incidence of gallbladder perforation and spillage of bile and stones, duration of operation, amount of gas used for the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, conversion to open cholecystectomy, postoperative pain and pain localization were recorded.Results The mean dissection time, amount of gas used, incidence of gallbladder perforation, spillage of stones, and liver bed bleeding were not significantly different between the groups. There also was no significant difference between the groups regarding postoperative pain and pain localization.Conclusion Hydrodissection did not reduce time to dissect the gallbladder from the liver or risk of gallbladder perforation. Similarly, adrenaline and lidocaine injection between the gallbladder and the liver did not effect bleeding from the dissection area and did not alter postoperative pain or pain localization.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支损伤的预防及处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中手术区域的出血是困扰外科医生的一个重要问题.除了胆囊动脉破裂之外,由胆囊床引发的出血也是LC术中常见的出血原因之一,而其中位于胆囊床后方肝中静脉属支的破裂所导致的胆囊床出血则更是术中非常棘手的问题,这不仅会使原本简单的手术复杂化,模糊手术区域的解剖结构,还往往可导致严重的手术并发症,是构成Lc术中转开腹的主要因素之一.本文就肝中静脉属支的局部解剖、损伤后的处理及损伤的预防进行综述.     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的风险评估

目的：总结肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术可能存在的风险。方法：对我院自2000年3月至2006年10月完成的53例肝硬化患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析并对术中遇到的困难进行分类。结果：53例患者均安全完成手术,无一例死亡。1例因胆囊三角出血中转开腹。71.1%的病例有网膜和肝脏与胆囊的广泛粘连,43.3%的病例因肝脏牵引困难而在右上腹增加了戳孔,使用多叶拉钩牵开肝脏。20.3%的病例因胆囊三角暴露困难而采取了逆行胆囊切除术。18.9%的病例因胆囊床剥离困难或肝门、胆囊三角解剖困难而采用了不同类型的胆囊次全切除术。平均手术时间较普通人群延长28min。平均住院时间较普通人群延长1d。结论：肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术存在粘连和新生血管生成、肝脏牵引较为困难、胆囊三角暴露不充分、处理胆囊床风险较高、肝门结构分辨和分离困难等5类问题。但同时也有开腹手术不具备的优势。     

A difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy that requires conversion to open procedure can be predicted by preoperative ultrasonography.

A prospective study was conducted from March 1999 to April 2000 that included 73 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for uncomplicated gallstone disease. The study was conducted at one surgical unit in the Department of Surgery and Department of Radio-diagnosis and one surgical unit in the Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College and the associated Lok Nayak Hospital, which is the largest referral hospital in northern India and is located in the capital of India. A preoperative ultrasound was performed just prior to surgery, and 4 ultrasonographic parameters were analyzed. namely gallbladder wall thickness, contracted gallbladder, impaction of gallstones at the neck of the gallbladder, and common bile duct stones. The surgical findings were objectively graded as difficult or easy laparoscopic cholecystectomy according to 5 operative parameters, namely total time taken for the surgery, time taken to dissect gallbladder bed, spillage of stones, tear of gallbladder during dissection, and conversion to the open procedure. Of the 73 cases, 17 (23.3%) were conversions to the open procedure. Of the 21 (28.76%) cases predicted to be difficult, 17 (23.3%) were technically difficult, of which 13 (17.8%) were converted to the open procedure. Of the 52 (71.23%) cases predicted to be easy on ultrasonography, only 7 (9.38%) were found to be difficult on surgery, of which only 4 (5.48%) had to be converted to the open procedure. Based on our results, we conclude that preoperative ultrasonography is of great value in selecting patients preoperatively for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and minimizing complications and conversion to the open procedure.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的防范及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对我院2008年1月至2010年1月期间27例行LC时肝中静脉及其属支损伤破裂出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 27例患者均在腹腔镜下止血成功,其中17例通过腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血,6例通过腹腔镜下钛夹钳夹止血,4例通过腹腔镜下缝扎止血。3种止血方法中以腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血法的手术时间最短、术中出血量最少,分别为(90.26±12.46)min和(240.32±80.15)ml,但3种止血方法的手术时间及术中出血量之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉及其属支的损伤。采取正确的止血措施或止血困难时及时中转开腹,对安全完成手术至关重要。     

The impact of gallbladder aspiration during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective randomized study was to investigate the effect of gallbladder aspiration during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the operative and postoperative course of patients. METHODS: Between August 2005 and February 2007, 160 consecutive patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were randomized into 2 clinically comparable groups. Gallbladders were aspirated before dissection in group A (aspiration, n = 80), and they were not aspirated in group C (control, n = 80). Patients' characteristics and general operative outcomes were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean dissection time (P = .45), amount of gas used (P = .49), and liver bed bleeding (P = .30) were not significantly different between group A and group C. Similarly, there were no differences between the groups regarding gallbladder perforation (P = .12), spillage of gallstones into the abdominal cavity (P = 1.00), or wound infection (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that routine gallbladder aspiration is unnecessary in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

A case of double cystic duct with cholecystolithiasis treated by laparoscopy

A case of cholecystolithiasis with double cystic duct treated successfully by laparoscopic surgery is reported. The patient was a 50-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. On admission, extracorporeal ultrasonography (US) revealed a hyperechoic area accompanied by an obscure acoustic shadow in the gallbladder. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed two cystic ducts that led separately from the same cluster of the gallbladder. After preoperative examination around the biliary tree, we determined that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the treatment of choice. Intraoperative color Doppler US was useful for distinguishing the cystic duct from vessels. An ultrasound aspirator (UA) was also extraordinarily useful for skeltonizing the cystic ducts and the cystic artery. The postoperative course was not eventful. Our findings suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, using an UA, is indicated in patients with an anomalous arrangement of the biliary system, since the use of the UA provides a clear delineation of the anatomy of Calot's triangle.     

The porcelain gallbladder-laparoscopic approach

A long time porcelain gallbladder was considered a relative contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, because of a high incidence of gallbladder cancer. From 12,000 patients underwent cholecystectomy in First Surgical Clinic of Iasi, 5 (0.04%) patients had porcelain gallbladder. All patients underwent ultrasound examen. Patients with porcelain gallbladder were classified as Type I to II according to preoperative ultrasound findings: three cases with porcelain gallbladder type I and two cases with porcelain gallbladder type II (in one case we found associated gallbladder carcinoma). We describe a three cases with porcelain gallbladder type I (complete calcification of gallbladder wall) treated by laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was difficult because of adhesions and problems with grasping the thick gallbladder wall, but the postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathologic result of the specimen established the diagnosis of porcelain gallbladder type I and no cancer in the calcified wall of the gallbladder. We conclude based on cases presented and the literature review, although there is a high conversion rate, that patients with a type I porcelain gallbladder should be considered for laparoscopic cholecystectomy using a preoperative selection based on the ultrasound findings.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管并发症的防治

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中避免胆道损伤的有效方法。方法 :回顾性分析 1 996～ 2 0 0 2年行腹腔镜胆囊切除的临床资料。其中胆道损伤 9例 ,包括胆总管横断 2例 ,胆总管电灼伤 1例 ,胆总管夹闭 2例 ,胆囊管残端漏 1例 ,胆囊床损伤或胆囊迷走胆管损伤 3例。胆总管损伤患者均行一期手术 ;胆囊床损伤或胆囊迷走胆管损伤的患者行穿刺抽液或置管引流治愈。结果 :本组患者 1例因发生胆肠吻合口狭窄而再次手术 ,其它患者恢复顺利。结论 :严格规范的操作 ,胆囊三角良好的显露 ,辨清肝总管、胆总管和胆囊管之间的关系 ,正确处理胆囊床和胆囊管是避免肝外胆管损伤和预防胆漏的关键。     

Doppler demonstration of cystic vein dilatation secondary to portal vein thrombosis

Summary High-resolution duplex ultrasound was used to demonstrate vascular dilatation in the gallbladder wall in eight patients with portal vein thrombosis. Gallbladder thickening, combined with a higher incidence of gallstone disease in patients with chronic hepatic disease can be misinterpreted as acute cholecystitis. The Doppler is helpful in detecting the vascular cause of the gallbladder wall thickening thus helping to reduce the frequency of inappropriate cholecystectomy.     

Significance of preoperative ultrasound measurement of gallbladder wall thickness

Evaluation of patients with signs and symptoms of biliary tract disease usually includes ultrasound assessment of the gallbladder. Does measurement of the thickness of the gallbladder wall yield any significant information to the clinical surgeon? The records of all my patients undergoing cholecystectomy since 1990 were reviewed. The entire series consists of 401 consecutive patients, in whom 388 procedures were completed laparoscopically, with 14 patients requiring conversion to an open cholecystectomy. Each patient's preoperative evaluation included a gallbladder ultrasound, which included measurement of the diameter of the gallbladder wall. The entire series of cholecystectomies was evaluated according to the ultrasound measured diameter of the gallbladder wall. A thin gallbladder wall was less than 3 mm in diameter. A thick gallbladder wall was 3 mm or greater in diameter. Of the 401 consecutive patients who underwent cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder disease, 86 (21.5%) were removed laparoscopically for acalculous disease. Eleven per cent of patients with acalculous cholecystitis had acute cholecystitis and 89 per cent had chronic cholecystitis. Every patient with either a thin or thick gallbladder wall with acalculous cholecystitis had a successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three-hundred fifteen patients had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for calculous cholecystitis. In patients with calculous cholecystitis, 28.3 per cent had acute cholecystitis and 71.7 per cent had chronic cholecystitis. The gallbladder wall was found to be greater than 3 mm in 38 per cent of patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and greater than 3 mm in 41 per cent of patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis. One-hundred, forty-two patients, out of a series total of 401, had a gallbladder wall thickness greater than 3 mm by preoperative sonography and 14 of these patients (10%) required conversion to an open cholecystectomy. A preoperative gallbladder ultrasound evaluation for symptomatic cholecystitis, which documents a thick gallbladder wall (> or =3 mm) with calculi, is a clinical warning for the laparoscopic surgeon of the potential for a difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure which may require conversion to an open cholecystectomy procedure.     

肝硬化合并胆道疾患的胆囊切除：附40例报告

目的总结肝硬化胆囊切除的危险性及经验教训。方法对40例肝硬化胆囊切除手术患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果38例完成了胆囊切除手术。术中胆囊床破裂大出血4例，胆囊床广泛渗血11例；此15例应用带蒂大网膜填塞胆囊床止血术成功，术后未再出血。术中出血量平均400mL，最多1例〉10000mL。6例术后出现腹水。无胆道损伤。无死亡病例。平均住院15d。结论术中出血和胆道损伤是肝硬化胆囊切除的主要危险；带蒂大网膜填塞胆囊床止血法是较好的止血方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术血管损伤的原因探讨(附33584例报道)

目的　了解我国目前腹腔镜胆囊切除术血管损伤并发症的概况。　方法　利用中文生物医学数据库 ,对近年正式发表的论文进行统计 ,分析其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术血管损伤例数 ,血管损伤的部位 ,损伤原因。　结果　在 335 84例腹腔镜胆囊切除术资料中 ,共有 86例 (0 .2 6 % )并发血管损伤 ,其中胆囊动脉出血 4 7例 ,胆囊床出血、渗血 2 4例 ,穿刺孔出血 6例 ,肝静脉出血 2例 ,肝动脉出血 1例 ,其他及不明原因出血 6例。除 5例死亡外 ,其余患者均经治疗痊愈。　结论　血管损伤是LC致命的技术性并发症之一 ,是导致LC中转及术后再剖腹手术的重要原因。