耐氟喹诺酮淋病奈瑟菌基因突变研究

目的:研究淋病奈瑟菌的DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变与淋病奈瑟菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系。方法:收集临床分离淋病奈瑟菌30株,用E试验法检测其对6种抗菌药的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并用Nitrocefin纸片检测β内酰胺酶,PCR扩增22株淋病奈瑟菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果:大观霉素、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、四环素、青霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为0、3.3%、3.3%、33.3%、66.7%和100%。β内酰胺酶检出率为17株(56.7%)。22株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌(MIC≥4mg/L)均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单(或双)位点突变。结论:淋病奈瑟菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星分别有较高的耐药率。gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起重要作用。     

环丙沙星高耐淋病奈瑟球菌基因分析

目的了解淋病奈瑟球菌DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系。方法收集2002年9月-2003年8月临床分离淋病奈瑟球菌48株，用琼脂稀释法检测8种抗菌药物对其的MIC，并用Nitrocefin纸片检测B内酰胺酶，PCR检测37株环丙沙星高耐淋病奈瑟球菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因并进行DNA测序分析。结果细菌对青霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、四环素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和大观霉素耐药率分别为60．4％、0％、0％、0％、70．8％、50％、95．8％和0％。其中环丙沙星高耐菌株37袜（MIC≥4mg／I。），占77．1％。48株淋病奈瑟球菌中B内酰胺酶阳性有18株，阳性率37．5％。对37株环丙沙星高耐菌株进行gyrA和parCPCR检测均阳性，10株PCR产物（分别为gyrA基因和parC基因）进行DNA测序，均发现成单或双位点突变，突变率为90％。结论青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星已不能作为治疗淋病的常规用药。gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起着重要作用。     

粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序，分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示，9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA83位发生有意义突变TCG（Ser）→TTG（Leu），宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变，5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC80位发生有意义突变AGC（Ser）→ATc（Ile）。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重，福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物，靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一，gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生，parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星不敏感。     

大肠埃希菌临床菌株对氟喹诺酮类的耐药机制

DNA旋转酶编码基因（gyrA和gyrB）和拓扑异构酶编码基因（parC和parE）的染色体突变、多重药物外排泵AcrAB表达水平升高以及存在质粒介导aCC（6’）-Ib-cr和各种qnr基因等耐药机制均可导致氟喹诺酮类药物对大肠埃希菌的MIC升高。已有报道环丙沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药大肠埃希菌临床菌株的MIC高,并有很大差异。作者等对153株流行病学信息已知的菌株中选择78株代表不同氟喹诺酮类药物MIC范围的菌株,进行上述各种喹诺酮类药物耐药基因测序,发现：①所有氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株（58株）均存在gyrA突变;     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序,分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示,9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA 83位发生有意义突变TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu),宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变,5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC 80位发生有意义突变AGC(Ser)→ATC(Ile)。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重,福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物,靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一,gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生,parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星不敏感。     

高水平耐环丙沙星淋病奈瑟菌gyrA和parC基因突变研究

国外对以环丙沙星为代表的喹诺酮类药物的耐药菌株研究发现，淋病奈瑟菌（淋菌）除了在低水平耐药株的基因突变位点较为稳定外，在不同国家和地区，高水平耐药株突变位点和突变方式差异巨大，研究各个地区的耐药基因突变情况，可以设计针对本地区的耐药基因探针和采用其他方法，对本地区耐药菌株作出快速诊断。而我国在这方面的研究特别是从基因水平上的研究较少。因此针对环丙沙星原始靶位是细菌的DNA螺旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ，我们从编码两种酶的gyrA、parC基因变异着手，研究高水平耐环丙沙星淋菌的耐药机理。     

铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制的研究

目的研究30株铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法用PCR及测序法研究拓扑异构酶Ⅱ和Ⅳ的gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因;同时用琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的MIC和加入羰基氢氯苯腙(CCCP)后的MIC,以确定存在外排机制。结果菌株中23株(76.7%)有gyrA突变,主要为Thr-83→Ile,第87位突变3株;10株(33.3%)parC基因突变,其中5株为Ser-87→Leu,3株第91位突变;gyrB和parE突变较少见。CCCP能显著降低环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的MIC。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性日趋严重,两类拓扑异构酶基因突变和外排泵机制是铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类耐药机制的研究

目的检测鼠伤寒沙门菌（STM）对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性及耐药机制的分析。方法收集2004年7月1日-10月31日武汉地区4所大型医院的门诊腹泻病人的粪便进行分离培养出鼠伤寒沙门菌33株。琼脂稀释法测其对喹诺酮类药物的MIC，并抽提此菌的基因组DNA，用PCR方法检测喹诺酮类抗菌药作用于鼠伤寒沙门菌的靶位点：Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶，即DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ上的基因片段（gyrA，gyrB，parC，parE）突变情况。结果33株鼠伤寒沙门菌中有24株对环丙沙星产生了很强的耐药性（MIC值4～16mg／L），耐药率达72．7％。24株耐药株中gyrA和parC的突变比较常见，其中gyrA位点都存在突变点，且双重突变占92％，并协同parC的点突变造成高水平的耐药；gyrB和parE的突变很少见，本研究中有少数高水平耐药株的parE和gyrB位点发现可疑的碱基插入。结论研究结果表明武汉地区社区内鼠伤寒沙门菌感染对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性严重，其主要机制是喹诺酮类耐药决定区（QRDR）的基因突变，特别是多个位点同时突变导致高水平耐药。     

gyrA和parC介导的铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药机制研究

目的了解十堰地区耐氟喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌(PA)的药敏情况及gyrA和parC基因突变情况。方法用Vitek32对110株PA进行鉴定和药敏检测,对临床常用抗生素的药敏情况进行分析,琼脂稀释法测定60株耐环丙沙星(CIP)的PA对CIP的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),限制性长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)检测耐CIP的PAgyrA和parC基因突变情况。结果耐药菌株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率最高(68.3%)。在60株耐CIP的PA中有42株(70.0%)耐药菌株发生gyrA基因的83位点突变,密码子发生ACC→ATC改变,编码83位氨基酸的碱基发生突变Thr→Ile(ACC→ATC),有38株(63.3%)耐药菌株发生parC基因87位点突变Ser→Leu(TCG→TTG),同时发生两种突变的共36株(60.0%)。结论耐氟喹诺酮类PA对临床常用抗生素的敏感性降低,并呈多重耐药,药物作用靶位gyrA和parC的基因突变为其耐氟喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.