肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的诊断及外科治疗

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1996年1月至2007年10月收治的8例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌无特征性临床表现.术前AFP均为阴性;B超和CT的诊断正确率分别为75%(6/8)、87.5%(7/8).8例病人均行手术切除,7例行肝肿瘤不规则切除术,1例行左半肝切除术.术后病人恢复良好.8例均获得随访,除1例囊腺癌术后3年死于肿瘤复发转移外,其余均生存良好.结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌主要依靠影像学和病理诊断,手术切除可以获得满意的疗效.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的诊治体会

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的诊断与治疗.方法回顾性分析本院2004年1月至2013年10月收治的5例肝内胆管囊腺瘤、囊腺癌临床资料.结果 5例均行手术治疗,其中1例行右半肝切除术,3例行不规则肝切除术,5例均痊愈出院.术后1例失访,4例随访,其中1例囊腺癌术后11个月死于肿瘤复发转移,3例囊腺瘤现存活.结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的治疗以外科手术切除为主,加强对肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的认识,提高疾病诊断率对于指导治疗和改善预后至关重要.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤再次手术临床分析

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤再次手术的诊治特点。方法回顾性分析总结我院4例肝内胆管囊腺瘤根治性切除术后再次手术的诊治特点。结果肝内胆管囊腺瘤再次手术2例腹胀2例无明显症状,B超、CT、MRI可发现肝内占位难以确诊,再次手术均行根治性切除术,术后病理提示:囊腺瘤复发1例,囊腺癌1例,原发性肝癌1例,肝恶性纤维细胞瘤1例,术后均无明显并发症,随访2例死亡,生存时间为7个月与21个月,1例囊腺瘤痊愈至今未复发,1例肝内胆管囊腺癌随访18个月健在。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤术后再发肝占位性质难以术前确诊,首选手术治疗,严格术前评估能够获得较好的治疗效果。     

误诊为肝包虫病的肝内胆管囊腺瘤一例

肝内胆管囊腺瘤是一种比较罕见的肝内囊性病变,具有一定的恶变倾向及较高的复发率。该病多发于中年女性,早期不易察觉,缺少特异性临床表现及实验室检查结果,易造成误诊。本文报道了1例误诊为肝包虫病的肝内胆管囊腺瘤病例。患者女性,38岁,有牧区生活史,影像学检查提示肝包虫病。患者行肿物完整切除术,术中发现肿物囊泡不同于传统肝包虫囊泡,术后病理诊断为肝内胆管囊腺瘤。     

肝内胆管囊腺癌7例诊治分析

目的总结肝内胆管囊腺癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院2000年4月至2013年7月期间收治的7例肝内胆管囊腺癌患者的临床资料。结果 7例患者均经实验室检查和影像学检查初步诊断为肝脏占位,但确诊依据的是术后病理学检查。5例行根治性手术切除,其中4例行半肝切除术(非浸润型),随访期间均存活,1例行囊壁完整切除术(浸润型)者于术后18个月死亡;1例行囊壁大部分切除术(浸润型),于术后12个月死亡;1例行彩超引导下的肝脏穿刺囊内积液引流、细针穿刺活检术(浸润型),于术后7个月死亡。结论肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像学表现多为肝脏囊性病变,但确诊仍需病理学检查。肝内胆管囊腺癌局限于囊内者,通过行完整切除即可获得较满意的临床疗效;而癌细胞向囊壁外肝组织浸润生长者的预后差,生存时间短。     

肝内胆管囊腺癌17例临床分析

目的 分析肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床特点及治疗,探讨影响预后的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2007年9月共17例经手术病理证实为肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床资料,并进行随访.对预后的影响采用Cox回归分析和Kaplan-Meier分析.结果 17例中男4例,女13例,平均年龄为49.3岁.患者以上腹痛为主要临床表现,仅2例患者CA19-9异常,2例CEA异常,17例患者AFP均正常.17例中行根治性手术7例,肿瘤完全切除联合取瘤栓术7例,姑息性手术3例.病理提示胆管囊腺癌10例,胆管囊腺瘤局部癌变2例,乳头状胆管囊腺癌2例,黏液性乳头状胆管囊腺癌2例;1例为肝内胆管囊腺癌与肝细胞癌双结节混合性癌.17例中肿瘤高分化7例,中分化3例,低分化7例.手术方式(β=-0.692,P=0.01)、肿瘤分化程度(β=-2.041,P=0.007)对预后影响有统计学意义.结论 肝内胆管囊腺癌以成年女性多见.血清CA19-9对诊断无帮助.肝内胆管囊腺癌的胆总管癌栓并不预示临床预后差,行根治性手术或根治性切除联合取栓术均能有较好的预后.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤17例诊治分析

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤的诊断和治疗。 方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的17例肝内胆管囊腺瘤病人的临床资料。 结果 主要临床表现为上腹部不适或疼痛。2例曾误诊为肝囊肿行开窗引流术。6例病人CA19-9升高,1例甲胎蛋白（AFP）轻度升高,癌胚抗原（CEA）水平均正常。7例术前影像学检查确诊。均行根治性肝切除手术。病理结果显示肝内胆管囊腺瘤14例,胆管囊腺瘤恶变3例。术后随访8~60个月无复发。 结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤术前难以确诊,易恶变,根治性肝切除手术疗效满意。     

持续性Pringle法肝门阻断对原发性肝癌患者预后的影响

目的持续性Pringle法肝门阻断常用于肝部分切除手术中减少术中出血。本研究旨在评估原发性肝癌患者进行肝部分切除术中持续性Pringle法肝门阻断对其预后的影响。方法选择2012年1月至2014年12月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院行根治性肝切除的肝癌患者,共250例获得完整随访资料纳入研究。根据肝切除术中是否行肝门阻断患者被分为未阻断组(100例)和阻断组(150例),持续性Pringle法肝门阻断组又根据阻断时间进一步分为阻断时间15分钟组(104例)和阻断时间15分钟组(46例)。近期预后根据术后实验室检查指标和术后并发症评估,远期预后根据总生存率和无瘤生存率评估。结果研究显示,肝门阻断组和未阻断组之间术后并发症未见明显差异。阻断组ALT和AST水平明显高于未阻断组且恢复较慢。阻断组和未阻断组之间总生存率(P=0.185)和无病生存率(P=0.086)未见明显差异,并且阻断组15分钟和≤15分钟组总生存率(P=0.454)和无病生存率(P=0.559)未见明显差异。结论持续性肝门阻断会延长术后肝功能恢复时间,但没有增加肿瘤复发和减少生存时间的风险。     

肝内胆管囊性肿瘤2例诊治分析

目的提高对肝内胆管囊性肿瘤的认识。方法对经根治性手术切除并由病理学确诊的2例肝内胆管囊性肿瘤患者(囊腺瘤和囊腺癌各1例)的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果术前CT、B超发现肝内囊性包块,但未获得肝内胆管囊性肿瘤的诊断。根治性切除术后,采用B超、CA19-9和CEA随访9月和15月,均无复发。结论肝内胆管囊性肿瘤术前诊断非常困难,CT、B超或ERCP检查对诊断有一定帮助。确诊必须依靠病理学检查。根治性切除是首选的治疗方法。根治性切除后,患者预后良好。     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌16例临床诊治分析

目的 总结肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的临床特点,提高临床诊治水平.方法 回顾性总结分析解放军总医院2008年12月-2013年12月诊治的16例肝内胆管囊腺肿瘤,分析其临床表现、影像学特点、治疗结果及预后情况.结果 肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌好发于中年女性,无典型的临床表现,影像学检查是诊断和鉴别诊断的重要手段.手术是治疗的唯一方法,手术方式与肿瘤所处的位置有关,预后与肿瘤的完整切除密切相关.结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌属于少见的肝内肿瘤,好发于中年女性,影像学检查是术前诊断主要依据.肿瘤的完整切除是良好预后的关键.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.