706例外科住院患儿营养风险筛查及其临床意义

目的：探讨外科住院患儿的营养风险及其与临床结局的相关性,为临床营养管理提供科学依据。方法：应用营养状况和生长风险筛查工具（STRONG）对706例外科住院患儿进行营养风险筛查,同时记录住院期间患儿营养支持情况、感染性并发症发生率、住院时间、术后住院时间以及住院总费用等资料进行分析。结果：706例外科住院患儿中,有11.5%存在高度营养风险,46.0%为中度营养风险,42.5%为低度营养风险;先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄、肠梗阻、先天性心脏病患儿居高度营养风险发生率前3位;婴儿高度营养风险的发生率明显高于其他年龄段患儿（P<0.01）;81例高度营养风险患儿中有52例（64.2%）接受了肠外营养支持;高度营养风险患儿住院期间较低度营养风险患儿更容易出现体重丢失（P<0.05）,其感染性并发症、住院时间、术后住院时间以及住院总费用均明显高于中、低度营养风险患儿（均P<0.01）。结论：外科住院患儿存在中、高度营养风险;营养风险评分对患儿临床结局存在影响;目前外科住院患儿的营养支持仍不规范,需推广住院儿童营养风险筛查并进行规范的营养支持。     

住院患儿营养风险筛查及营养评估

目的 调查住院患儿的营养风险及营养不良发生情况,为临床进行营养支持提供依据.方法 采用STRONGkids营养风险筛查工具对651例住院患儿进行营养风险筛查,并通过体格测量评估儿童营养状况,同时记录住院期间患儿的诊断、住院时间等资料并进行分析.结果 651例住院患儿中,7.07％(46例)存在高度营养风险,80.95％(527例)存在中度营养风险,11.98％(78例)为低度营养风险.营养不良检出率是22.58％,其中中度营养不良111例(17.05％),重度营养不良36例(5.53％).先天性心脏病、慢性肝病、慢性肾病为存在高度营养风险疾病前3位(x2=21.43,P＜0.01);根据营养评价的结果显示患有先天性心脏病、慢性肾病的患儿发生重度营养不良的比例远高于其他疾病(x2=16.53,P＜0.05).高度营养风险患儿住院期间较低度营养风险患儿更容易出现体质量丢失(P＜0.05),其住院时间明显长于中、低度营养风险患儿(P＜0.05).结论 住院患儿营养不良发生率高,营养风险不同导致临床结局不同;STRONGkids评分法评估住院儿童的营养风险,能早期发现住院期间营养不良以及有恶化可能的患者,有利于及时给予全面的营养评估以及早期合理的营养治疗,改善临床结局.     

危重患儿营养评估及营养风险筛查工具的临床应用

目的调查住院危重患儿的营养状况,探讨营养风险筛查工具在危重患儿营养风险评估中的价值。方法收集2017年11月至2018年4月入住儿童重症监护病房的211例危重患儿的临床资料,对患儿入院、出院时的营养状况进行评估,运用STRONGkids和PYMS两种营养风险筛查工具进行营养风险筛查。结果 211例患儿中,入院时营养不良检出68例（32.2%）,其中中、重度营养不良各检出34例。通过STRONGkids和PYMS分别筛查出154例（73.0%）、165例（78.2%）存在中度或高度营养风险。以年龄别体重Z评分法为金标准,对两种营养风险筛查工具的效能进行评价,显示STRONGkids的ROC曲线下面积为0.822,PYMS为0.759,两者用于筛查营养不良均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,但两者临床效能比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。STRONGkids和PYMS筛查营养不良的最佳界值点均为3分,其灵敏度分别为92.1%、76.2%。入院时中、高营养风险患儿临床预后较低营养风险患儿差（分别P=0.014、0.001）。入院时重度营养不良患儿的预后较营养正常患儿差（P=0.0009）。结论危重患儿营养不良及营养风险检出率较高;患儿营养状态和营养风险与预后相关。STRONGkids和PYMS对危重患儿营养风险筛查均有临床应用价值,临床效能类似,但STRONGkids灵敏度更高。     

利用STAMP对恶性肿瘤儿童进行营养风险评估及临床结局相关性分析

目的 利用儿科营养不良评估筛查工具(STAMP)筛查恶性肿瘤儿童的营养风险,探讨营养风险与临床结局之间相关性.方法 采用STAMP对146例肿瘤患儿进行营养风险筛查,并分析营养风险与肿瘤治疗结局的关联性.结果 66例(45.2％)存在高度营养风险,77例(52.8％)存在中度营养风险,3例(2.0％)存在低度(无)营养...     

住院儿童应用改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具的临床评价

目的应用改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具调查住院儿童营养不良风险的发生状况,评估该筛查工具的临床有效性,为临床进行营养评估和合理营养支持提供依据。方法选择2014年8月至2015年9月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院的住院患儿为调查对象,对其进行改良的儿科营养不良风险筛查工具调查,进一步探讨营养不良风险与临床结局的关系。结果 2632例住院患儿中总营养不良风险发生率为53.2%。住院患儿年龄越小,营养不良风险发生率越高(χ~2=59.89,P0.05);不同病种患儿营养不良风险发生率差异存在统计学意义(χ~2=425.12,P0.05),其中消化系统(70.1%)及血液恶性肿瘤(86.7%)患儿营养不良风险发生率高于其他疾病组。在无营养支持的情况下,存在营养不良风险的患儿住院天数明显延长(Z=-9.293,P0.05),且疾病转归差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.937,P0.05),住院期间并发症发生率有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.203,P0.05)。结论改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具能有效地筛查出住院患儿发生营养不良的风险,有较好的临床预测性。     

儿科营养筛查-评估工具在消化科患儿中的应用

目的 应用儿科营养筛查-评估工具对小儿消化营养科住院儿童营养状况进行分析,了解营养不良风险发生率以及不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异,为合理营养干预提供依据。方法 利用中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会儿科学组开发的儿科营养筛查-评估工具——“儿科营养筛查”APP对上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿消化营养科2018年3月至2020年10月入院的患儿进行营养筛查,并对存在营养不良风险的患儿进行营养评估,分析不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异。结果 共入选624例患儿,男368例,女256例,0～1岁组(不含1岁)158例,1～3岁组95例,>3岁组371例。营养筛查结果表明营养不良风险的发生率为56.25%,0～1岁组营养不良风险最高(89.24%)。按疾病进行分组,短肠综合征患儿营养不良风险最高(90.05%),其次为急性胰腺炎(88.89%)和慢性腹泻(75.00%)。对比无营养不良风险组,营养不良风险组住院天数明显延长,住院费用增加,感染发生率更高,总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、维生素D水平明显降低(P均<0.05)。营养评估提示中度营养不良和重度营养不良的发生率分别为3...     

营养支持对高营养风险患儿临床结局的影响

目的探讨营养支持对有高营养风险患儿临床结局的影响。方法应用改良的儿科营养不良筛查评分法(STAMP),对连续入院的1 296例患儿进行营养风险筛查评分,并分析营养支持对临床结局的影响。结果 1 296例住院患儿中,379例STAMP评分≥4分,高营养风险检出率为29.24%。304例患儿纳入进一步分析,其中85例(27.96%)有营养支持。营养支持患儿中,37例肠外营养支持(PN),23例肠内营养支持(EN),25例PN和EN联合应用;EN、PN、PN和EN联合应用比较,人均和日均营养支持费用的差异有统计学意义(P均0.001);EN的人均和日均费用均为最低。与无营养支持患儿比较,营养支持患儿感染发生率有所降低,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.095);无营养支持患儿抗感染治疗费用高于有营养支持患儿,抗生素治疗费用也明显高于有营养支持患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.001)。无营养支持、EN、PN、PN+EN四组间住院费用差异有统计学意义(P=0.003),而四组间住院时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.213)。结论改良的STAMP评分作为儿科患者营养风险筛查工具简单实用;不同的营养支持方式费用存在差异;营养支持可有效改善临床结局,特别是减少感染和降低抗感染治疗费用。     

儿童结核性脑膜炎营养因素与临床结局的关系分析

目的:明确结核性脑膜炎（TBM）患儿营养风险状况与临床结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2020年12月在四川大学华西第二医院儿科住院的112例TBM患儿临床症状和实验室检查结果等资料,应用营养风险筛查评估量表进行营养风险筛查和评估,根据评分将患儿分为营养风险组和非营养风险组,采用 t检验、秩和检...     

手足口病患儿营养评估及营养干预研究

目的评价分析手足口病患儿的营养风险,探索合理可行的营养干预方案。方法采用定点连续抽样方法,收集桂林地区3所医院中手足口病患儿;采用询问调查、体格测量并结合临床诊断,采用儿童营养不良筛查工具（STAMP评分）进行营养风险评估与管理,以STAMP评分≥4分为存在高度营养风险。对存在高营养风险患儿实施营养干预和管理后再进行营养风险评估。结果共有192例手足口病患儿入选,存在高营养风险的发生率为68.75%（132/192）。有高营养风险的手足口病患儿住院时间延长,住院费用明显增加。对有高营养风险患儿进行营养支持治疗或营养健康教育,高营养风险发生率从入院时的68.75%下降至出院时的36.98%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,接受营养干预的手足口病患儿临床结局改善显著,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论手足口病发病和预后与患儿营养状况密切相关,应及早进行营养风险评估、干预和管理。     

临床营养风险筛查在儿科中的应用

营养不良是社会中普遍存在的问题,尤其是在发展中国家。住院儿童的营养不良则更为普遍,且往往会伴随严重的后果,例如会使患儿的感染率和病死率增加,使其住院时间延长,从而导致额外的医疗费用。随着营养筛查工具的发展,其在成人的营养问题方面起了越来越大的作用。近几年某些营养筛查工具渐渐在儿科展开应用,但是依然缺乏公认的营养风险筛查工具。该文的目的为比较几种在儿科中常用的营养风险筛查工具在临床中的应用及存在的不足。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.