原发性输尿管癌的影像学特点及诊断价值

目的　探讨原发性输尿管癌的影像学特点及诊断价值。方法　对 2 4例原发性输尿管癌的超声、静脉尿路造影 (IVP)、逆行造影及CT检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果　病变显示率为 :B超 45 .8% ( 11/ 2 4) ,IVP 3 7.5 % ( 9/ 2 4) ,RP 88.8% ( 16/ 18) ,CT 62 .5 % ( 10 / 16)。结论　B超检查利于筛选病例 ;肾盂造影是了解肾功能并显示肿瘤的基本检查方法 ;逆行造影对肿瘤的显示和诊断价值最高 ;病变区CT扫描对于定性诊断、了解周围侵犯程度也具有重要价值。     

颈动脉体瘤影像学表现分析

目的 探讨颈动脉体瘤影像学表现及诊断价值.方法 33例颈动脉体瘤均经手术病理证实,均行X线平片及超声检查,其中28例经血管造影、20例行CT、16例行MRI和10例行MRA检查.回顾性分析颈动脉体瘤的各种影像学表现,评价其临床价值.结果 各种检查均可显示肿瘤部位及其形态,颈动脉体瘤的B型超声特点为中等偏低实质回声,＞3 cm的肿瘤可见管道结构,但肿瘤上缘观察欠清,2例行彩色多普勒超声显示瘤内网状血管.CT增强显示为富血管肿瘤,其中1例肿瘤均匀强化,颈内、外动脉密度与瘤体等同难以分辨.MRI的特点为瘤内见流空的血管影像,明确显示颈内、外动脉分离.MRA能良好显示肿瘤与颈总动脉及其分叉的关系.血管造影可明确显示供血动脉.结论 B超、CT和MRI对颈动脉体瘤的诊断各具一定的特征性.     

阴道斜隔综合征的影像学诊断价值

目的分析阴道斜隔综合征的影像学表现,探讨影像学检查在阴道斜隔综合征诊断中的价值。资料与方法8例阴道斜隔综合征患者,于术前作了多种影像学检查,包括子宫输卵管造影、隔后腔造影、静脉肾盂造影、盆腔超声成像、泌尿生殖系CT及MRI。将影像学表现与手术结果进行对比分析。结果5例行子宫输卵管造影,其中1例显示双子宫,4例显示单角子宫;4例作了隔后腔造影,显示腔隙为梭形3例,不规则形1例;7例作了盆腔超声成像,3例报告双子宫,3例报告子宫旁肿块,1例疑盆腔异位肾;2例作了盆腔CT,均显示双子宫畸形并一侧宫颈扩张;4例作了盆腔MRI,均显示双子宫畸形并一侧子宫腔及隔后腔积液或积血;8例经静脉肾盂造影、肾脏超声成像、MRI或CT检查提示一侧肾缺如;8例经手术或阴道镜证实阴道斜隔及隔后腔的存在。结论阴道斜隔综合征的诊断关键在于提高对本病的认识。MRI在显示本病畸形解剖方面优于其他影像学方法,对本病的诊断有重要的价值。     

甲状腺癌的影像学诊断进展

目前甲状腺癌主要的影像学诊断方法是电子计算机体层摄影(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)及超声(US)等。这些检查方法既有各自独特的优势,也有相应不足。CT对甲状腺癌内钙化的发现明显优于MRI,对肿瘤侵犯相邻结构的显示MRI优于CT;超声检查由于其操作简单、价格适宜,已成为诊断原发性甲状腺癌的首选指标;MRI诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性较高,同时MRS还可以在分子水平上反映病变。本文将甲状腺癌影像学诊断进展情况综述如下。     

肾癌诊断的比较影像学分析

目的:评价各种影像学检查方法对肾癌的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的肾癌119例,将各种影像诊断结果进行比较分析.结果:静脉肾盂造影能间接显示肿瘤占位征象,诊断价值有限;超声具有一定的诊断价值,且操作简单、价格低廉;CT和MRI能直接显示肿瘤内部结构及其周围情况,诊断价值最高;DSA可直接显示肿瘤血管,对区别良、恶性病变有很高价值.结论:超声应作为首选检查;CT和MRI两者之一应列为肾癌的常规检查项目;DSA作为创伤性检查一般很少单独用于诊断,只在栓塞治疗前使用.     

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现与病理对照分析

目的探讨周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现及病理基础。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的周围型肝内胆管细胞癌25例,所有病例均行B超检查;21例行CT平扫和增强扫描;11例行MRI检查;9例行DSA检查。结果B超显示病灶15例为低回声,10例为略强或强回声,均匀或不均匀;CT平扫病灶均为低密度,边界不清,MRI表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI呈较高信号伴中心低信号,动态CT及MRI检查病灶多表现为渐进性的向心性强化;病灶局部肝包膜可有回缩,周围肝内胆管可有轻度扩张和结石;选择性动脉造影呈乏血管肿瘤改变,超选择性动脉造影显示动脉期肿瘤血管纤细、呈绒球状改变,实质期肿瘤染色明显,轮廓不清;病理表现镜下为低分化或未分化腺癌,血管分布稀少,癌巢之间为大量纤维结缔组织。结论周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现有一定的特征性。     

踝关节扭伤后假性动脉瘤形成一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨踝关节扭伤后假性动脉瘤形成(pseudoaneurysm following ankle sprain,PAFAS)的影像学表现,推测其可能的发病原因。资料与方法搜集1例经手术证实的具有完整临床及影像学资料的PAFAS病例,并结合11篇文献资料分析。结果平片及CT平扫能显示踝关节软组织肿胀、邻近骨质吸收及骨赘形成;MRI平扫T2WI见洋葱样分层软组织肿胀伴粗大搏动伪影,MRI增强扫描显示显著强化瘤腔鸟嘴样突起与供血动脉相连。超声可显示瘤腔紊乱血流及附壁血栓。血管造影检查可显示动脉瘤染色、供血动脉及侧支血管。12例PAFAS中,5例由胫前动脉供血,6例由腓动脉供血,1例同时由胫前动脉和腓动脉供血。结论 PAFAS的影像学检查首选超声,CT、MRI增强扫描或血管成像检查可做出定性诊断,金标准仍然是动脉血管造影检查。PAFAS可能与解剖学基础、机械力作用、炎症介质损伤及踝关节活动频度大等因素有关。     

胆囊癌的影像学诊断

目的：通过对32例胆囊癌病例CT、与MRI表现的分析，探讨胆囊癌诊断价值和鉴别诊断，提高胆囊癌影像诊断水平。材料与方法：本文收集经病理证实的32例胆囊癌病例，均做CT检查，其中10例行B超检查，12例行MRI检查，分析其影像表现。结果：胆囊癌女性多见，男女之比为1：1．9．好发于50岁以上患者。临床表现为上腹痛并肩背痛，黄疽及腹部肿块。影像表现：（1）胆囊区肿块，密度不均，胆囊腔缩小或消失。（2）胆囊壁增厚，呈局限或弥漫性不规则增厚；（3）胆囊腔内软组织块影；（4）合并胆结石；（5）肝内外胆管扩张；（6）肝脏直接受侵犯；（7）累及胰和十二指肠；（8）肝脏转移，侵犯腹壁。和并腹水。结论：本组胆囊癌并发结石，低于国外报道，与国内文献报道相近。CT与MRI诊断正确率略高于B超检查。CT与MRI对胆囊痛的诊断价值（1）对软组织分辨率高，可较清晰显示胆囊的原发病变和肿瘤扩散范围；（2）造影增强扫描可显示胆囊壁真正的厚度，而肿瘤所致增厚的胆囊壁密度高于正常胆囊壁及肝脏。本组一例早癌具有该征象，认为该征极有利于胆囊癌的早期诊断。胆囊癌需与慢性胆囊炎，胆囊息肉及肝癌相鉴别．     

原发性胆囊癌的影像诊断评价

目的：观察分析37例原发性胆囊癌影像诊断的价值和限度。材料与方法：37例原发性胆囊癌术前曾经传统X线、CT及超声检查。33例经手术病理证实，4例经影像及临床证实。结果：传统X线因不能直接显示胆囊癌表现。其诊断价值不大，而运用CT和超声检查胆囊癌的诊断检出率大为提高。结论：CT和超声检查两者联合应用，可使原发性胆囊癌术前诊断水平明显提高。     

视网膜母细胞瘤的CT与MRI诊断

目的:探讨CT与MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法:16例视网膜母细胞瘤,11例行CT检查,4例行MRI检查,1例同时行CT和MRI检查。回顾性分析其影像学征像。结果:视网膜母细胞瘤的CT征象主要表现为眼环后份或以后份为主的软组织肿块,伴有斑点及斑块状钙化,钙化显示率达92.9%(13/14)。MRI主要表现为眼环内软组织信号肿块,部分病例肿块内可见更低信号影,钙化显示率仅40%(2/5),但MRI对肿瘤侵犯周围结构较敏感。结论:CT与MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值,以CT较具优势,肿块内钙化可以认为是视网膜母细胞瘤定性诊断依据。影像学检查对于临床确定治疗方案和判断预后具有重要临床价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.