Will international human rights subsume medical ethics? Intersections in the UNESCO Universal Bioethics Declaration

The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is currently drafting a Universal Bioethics Declaration ("the declaration"). The content and even the name of the declaration has yet to be finalized, but it is expected to range widely over human and non-human bioethics. It appears likely to include many articles directly related to medical ethics. The declaration may well evolve, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, into a component of international customary law, or be the precursor to an International Convention on Bioethics. This article discusses whether this process will facilitate bioethics and, in particular, medical ethics, being subsumed by the normative system of international human rights.     

五种中华医学会系列杂志论著中统计方法的应用现况

目的了解在５种中华医学会系列杂志发表的论著中统计方法使用率、存在的问题以及近十年来的进展。方法系统分析了１９９５年和１９８５年发表在以临床科研为主的５种医学期刊中的９５４篇和６４０篇论著。结果１９９５年发表的论著较１９８５年有显著进步,文章中统计分析的使用率从４０％上升到６０％（χ２＝６０．９,Ｐ＜０．００１）;使用了更多较复杂的统计分析方法;正确应用统计方法的比例从２２％上升到４６％（χ２＝４５．３,Ｐ＜０．００１）。在２年中ｔ检验和联列表分析均为最常用的统计分析方法。最常见的问题是文章中仅有Ｐ值而所用统计方法不明、用ｔ检验代替方差分析进行多组间的比较。结论我国医学论著中使用统计分析方法的比例较１０年前明显提高,１９９５年统计方法应用率与国外期刊类似,但在统计分析的应用中存在不少问题有待进一步改进。     

医学伦理学与生命伦理学研究和教育实践的回顾与展望——庆祝中国医学伦理学与生命伦理学研究30周年

在庆祝中国医学伦理学与生命伦理学研究30周年之际,回顾并展望广东省医学伦理学研究中心、广州医学院医学伦理学和生命伦理学的发展历程,其主要经验是：提高认识,把医学伦理学作为重点课程、学科来建设;建立研究机构进行专题研究与学术交流,举办骨干培训班;关注热点问题,开展生命伦理学研究。     

Current situation on the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials in 5 leading Chinese medical journals

Objective： The Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials （CONSORT） statement has already proved to be an efficient standard for reporting quality of randomized controlled trials （RCTs）. However, most of the Chinese medical journals have not endorsed the CONSORT statement. The current situation about the reporting quality of RCTs in Chinese medical journals is still unclear. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the reporting quality of RCTs on papers published in 5 leading Chinese medical journals. Methods： We evaluated 232 original RCT papers using a reporting quality scale based on CONSORT statement from 2001 to 2006 in 5 Chinese medical journals （Journal type 1） without adoption of CONSORT and Chinese Journal of Evidence-based Medicine （Journal type 2） which adopted CONSORT in 2004. We measured the inclusion of 26 items for the reporting quality scale and 6 core items of each RCT report, gave score to each item and calculated the total score obtained in each report and the proportion of reports including individual items. The reporting quality of RCT trials from 2001 to 2003 （pre-adoption period） was compared with that from 2004 to 2006 （post-adoption period）. Results： The average reporting quality of RCTs was moderate （mean score, 15.18）, and the mean score of the 6 core items was low （mean score, 1.09） in 5 leading journals. The difference in the total score and the score of the 6 core items between pre-adoption period （2001-2003） and post-adoption period （2004-2006） was statistically significant （P=0.003; P=0.000）. Interaction between journal type and period was not significant （F=0.76; P=0.383）. We concluded that the change tendency of reporting quality between Journal type 1 and 2 was not different. But as to the core items of sequence concealment and intention-to-treat analysis, the increases were greater for Journal type 2 when evaluated against Journal type 1 （P=0.038; P=0.016）. Conclusion： The reporting quality of RCT trials in 5 leading Chinese medical journals is improving. However, the lack of important items in RCT trials remains a serious problem. We recommend the endorsement of the Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials statement in Chinese medical journals and the continuing education on evidence-based medicine in China.     

生命伦理学是爱的伦理

探讨爱在生命伦理中的重要性，生命伦理学是一种对生命的爱。生命伦理学是一种爱的伦理。通过这三个部分来讨论：爱是生命伦理学产生的基础、存在的核心和发展的动力。在宽容生命伦理环境下，爱能指导具体伦理选择；在发展医疗行善过程中，爱能推动生命伦理学的建设。     

重视学科建设是学科发展的关键——山东大学发展医学伦理学学科的经验和体会

在庆祝中国医学伦理学暨生命伦理学研究30周年之际,回顾医学伦理学学科在山东大学发展的历程,认为重视学科建设是学科发展的关键。具体应做到：始终把医学伦理教学视为该学科的基本使命;始终认为医学伦理的科学研究是学科发展的基础;始终坚信人才培养为学科发展注入不竭生命力;始终坚持学术交流,为学科发展开阔视野、扩大影响。     

UNESCO Global Ethics Observatory: database on ethics related legislation and guidelines

The Database on Ethics Related Legislation and Guidelines was launched in March 2007 as the fourth database of the UNESCO Global Ethics Observatory system of databases in ethics of science and technology. The database offers a collection of legal instruments searchable by region, country, bioethical themes, legal categories and applicability to specific articles of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and International Declaration on Human Genetic Data. This paper discusses the background and rationale for the database and its role as a consultative and comparative resource hub for the study of ethics related legal instruments across the world, with the purpose of informing and inspiring relevant stakeholders on the implementation of the principles contained within the UNESCO declarations on bioethics.     

Clinical bioethics integration, sustainability, and accountability: the Hub and Spokes Strategy

The "lone" clinical bioethicist working in a large, multisite hospital faces considerable challenges. While attempting to build ethics capacity and sustain a demanding range of responsibilities, he or she must also achieve an acceptable level of integration, sustainability, and accountability within a complex organisational structure. In an effort to address such inherent demands and to create a platform towards better evaluation and effectiveness, the Clinical Ethics Group at the Joint Centre for Bioethics at the University of Toronto is implementing the Hub and Spokes Strategy at seven hospitals. The goal of the Hub and Spokes Strategy is to foster an ethical climate and strengthen ethics capacity broadly throughout healthcare settings as well as create models in clinical bioethics that are excellent and effective.     

生物医学伦理学：困境与出路

中国生命伦理学（医学伦理学）学科分裂的现状既不符合本学科发展的实际,也不利于本学科的进一步发展,更不利于国家课程体系的科学构建,同时,也会造成学术资源的浪费。造成本学科尴尬处境的原因既有国际的根源也有国内的因素。化解困境的现实方法就是在“生物医学伦理学”的框架下,医学伦理学与生命伦理学实现完全的无歧视的统合。在这个体系下,生物医学伦理学、现代生命伦理学和现代医学伦理学是三个外延完全重合的概念。这样,本学科的历史与现实、传统与现代、东方与西方可以实现完美的对接。统合就成为生命伦理学与医学伦理学的共同出路。     

Research output of Australian general practice: a comparison with medicine, surgery and public health

OBJECTIVES: To compare the productivity of Australian general practice in terms of research publications with the productivity of other medical disciplines. DESIGN: A survey of Australian general practice, medicine, surgery and public health publications carried out by manual searching of specific journals and an electronic search of the US National Library of Medicine's "PubMed" database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of original research publications by Australian general practitioners, physicians, surgeons and public health physicians during 1999; the relative publication rate of Australian general practice, medicine, surgery and public health over the period 1990-1999. RESULTS: Of original research articles published in 1999, GPs authored 65% (17/26) in Australian Family Physician and 3% (3/90) in the Medical Journal of Australia; physicians published 4% and 37%, respectively. The electronic search identified 54 research articles relating to Australian general practice published in 1999 in 21 different journals, only two of which were primary care journals. Over the period 1990-1999, there was a publication rate of one general practice [discipline] article per 1000 GPs in practice per year. Corresponding rates for medicine, surgery and public health were 105/1000, 61/1000 and 148/1000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable disparity between the level of research output of general practice and that of the disciplines of medicine, surgery and public health. If we are to have effective general practice research, we urgently need to develop research skills, a supportive infrastructure and a culture that nurtures research.     

广东省疾病预防控制中心2000～2003年科技论文的统计分析

目的 通过对广东省疫病预防控制中心2000～2003年科技论文的发表数量、发表杂志、学科分类等进行统计分析，了解广东省疚病预防控制中心的科研能力、科技发展水平。方法 收集广东省疾病预防控制中心档案室提供的2000～2003年中心科技人员发表在全国公开刊物上的论文，对论文刊登的杂志分布、学科分类、人均发表数量、个人发表数量进行统计分析，有关数据用SPSS10．0软件包进行统计学处理。结果 2000年共发表论文120篇，人均论文数0．44，发表2篇以上论文的作者18人；2001年共发表论文122篇，人均论文数0．56，发表2篇以上论文的作者23人；2002年共发表论文105篇，人均论文数0．48，发表2篇以上论文的作者17人；2003年共发表论文184篇，人均论文数0．81，发表2篇以上论文的作者42人。结论 从论文的杂志分布、人均论文数、发表2篇以上论文的作者来看，本中心科技论文的数量正在增多，质量正在提高，影响正在扩大。这些情况反映了本中心在2000～2003年间科研水平有了较大的发展。     

中国生命伦理学与道德哲学的现代转向

生命伦理学是理解道德哲学的一个窗口,抑或可以说是反观理论伦理学的一个路径。从生命伦理学领域可以窥视到当代伦理学或道德哲学理论与实践正在发生的转变。无疑,中国的生命伦理学自觉或不自觉地成为这种转向的先驱者。     

《中国医学伦理学》2010年度载文及作者分析

采用文献计量学的方法,对《中国医学伦理学》2010年度共6期期刊的载文和作者进行统计和分析,发现2010年该杂志栽文量大,信息量大,栏目设置灵活,内容丰富,发文时滞短,传递信息新颖可靠,能及时报道领域内学科研究成果.该杂志刊载的论文质量高,在学术领域内权威性强、影响广泛,是医学伦理学、生命伦理学领域内各层次科研人员发表新学说、新动态、交流信息和经验的重要平台.     

Authorship policies of bioethics journals

Inappropriate authorship is a common problem in biomedical research and may be becoming one in bioethics, due to the increase in multiple authorship. This paper investigates the authorship policies of bioethics journals to determine whether they provide adequate guidance for researchers who submit articles for publication, which can help deter inappropriate authorship. It was found that 63.3% of bioethics journals provide no guidance on authorship; 36.7% provide guidance on which contributions merit authorship, 23.3% provide guidance on which contributions do not merit authorship, 23.3% require authors to take responsibility for their contributions or for the article as a whole, 20% provide guidance on which contributions merit an acknowledgement but not authorship, 6.7% require authors to describe their contributions, and only 3.3% distinguish between authorship in empirical and conceptual research. To provide authors with effective guidance and promote integrity in bioethics research, bioethics journals should adopt authorship policies that address several important topics, such as the qualifications for authorship, describing authorship contributions, taking responsibility for the research and the difference between authorship in empirical and conceptual research.     

医学伦理学发展溯源——写在新中国医学伦理研究30周年前夕之一

医学伦理思想的萌芽最早可追溯至公元前15世纪或者更早。本学科发展至今先后呈现出三种理论形态并各具特点。第一个阶段是前医学伦理学时期，可称为古典医德学，德性论和义务论的特征非常明显。第二个阶段是传统医学伦理学发展阶段，作为一种相对成熟的理论体系，呈现出细致化、规范化、专业化、人性化和法制化的特点。第三个阶段可称为国际医学伦理学发展，以生命伦理学的产生、发展和不断壮大为其显著特征。     

Survey of "instructions to authors" of Indian medical journals for reporting of ethics and authorship criteria

This study looked at information on ethics reporting and authorship in the "instructions to authors" section of Indian medical journals. Instructions to authors in 59 Indian medical journals were examined for guidance on ethics reporting and authorship. Guidance regarding ethics was mentioned in 43 (72.8%) journals; assent from minors was mentioned in 9 (15.2%) journals; approval from an animal ethics committee was mentioned in 10 (16.9%) journals; authorship criteria were mentioned in 38 (64.5%) journals. Authorship criteria according to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors were mentioned in 35 (59.3%) journals. Guidance regarding contributors' details was mentioned in 30 (50.8%) journals. These findings suggest that many editors of Indian medical journals must upgrade their instructions to authors to include ethical requirements.     

历史视野中医学伦理学研究述论——对《中国医学伦理学》杂志相关文章的分析

《中国医学伦理学》创刊以来,共刊发对传统历史文化、中国传统医学科学与医学伦理学关系研究文章150余篇。研究领域主要集中在传统医学科学和医学伦理学、传统文化和医学伦理学、近现代医学伦理学和中西医学伦理学的比较等几个方面。统计研究表明,传统医学伦理学研究取得了很大的进展。实现医学伦理学本土化、构建中国医学伦理学体系已经成为学界的共识。     

The Top 100 Articles in the Medical Informatics: a Bibliometric Analysis

The number of citations that a research paper receives can be used as a measure of its scientific impact. The objective of this study was to identify and to examine the characteristics of top 100 cited articles in the field of Medical Informatics based on data acquired from the Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WOS) in October, 2016. The data was collected using two procedures: first we included articles published in the 24 journals listed in the “Medical Informatics” category; second, we retrieved articles using the key words: “informatics”, “medical informatics”, “bi?omedical informatics”, ”clinical informatics” and “health informatics”. After removing duplicate records, articles were ranked by the number of citations they received. When the 100 top cited articles had been identified, we collected the following information for each record: all WOS database citations, year of publication, journal, author names, authors’ affiliation, country of origin and topics indexed for each record. Citations for the top 100 articles ranged from 346 to 7875, and citations per year ranged from 11.12 to 525. The majority of articles were published in the 2000s (n=43) and 1990s (n=38). Articles were published across 10 journals, most commonly Statistics in medicine (n=71) and Medical decision making (n=28). The articles had an average of 2.47 authors. Statistics and biostatistics modeling was the most common topic (n=71), followed by artificial intelligence (n=12), and medical errors (n=3), other topics included data mining, diagnosis, bioinformatics, information retrieval, and medical imaging. Our bibliometric analysis illustrated a historical perspective on the progress of scientific research on Medical Informatics. Moreover, the findings of the current study provide an insight on the frequency of citations for top cited articles published in Medical Informatics as well as quality of the works, journals, and the trends steering Medical Informatics.     

医学期刊论文作者署名状况及问题思考

目的调查研究医学期刊论文作者署名问题。方法选择《中国煤炭工业医学杂志》、《首都医科大学学报》、《中国健康心理学杂志》、《中国综合临床》、《全科医学临床与教育》和《中国医院统计》6种刊物2010年发表的3 156篇学术论著的9 429名署名作者进行研究;并对≥4名作者的988篇学术论文中的2 468名署名作者中进行问卷调查。结果每篇论文署名作者1～16名不等,平均3名作者;省级以上基金项目1 030项,署名865项,占84%;≥4名作者的学术论文的2 468名署名作者符合作者资格者1 086名,占44%;532名署名第一作者符合作者资格者475名,占89%;43名通讯作者符合作者资格者38名,占88%;532张收回问卷有53张问卷的署名作者均不具备作者资格,占6%。结论作者的《著作权法》和学术道德伦理意识不强,不重视署名问题;作者、志谢对象、著作权、著作权人、署名权、署名资格等基本概念模糊;作者署名功能异化,署名具有很大的随意性。