家族性高胆固醇血症黄色瘤的家系遗传分析

目的:检测中国汉族家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hyper-cholesterolemia,FH)家系低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因突变,探讨FH发病的分子机制。方法:采用PCR扩增结合核苷酸序列分析检测1例临床诊断为FH纯合子患者及其家系成员LDLR基因启动子和全部18个外显子片段,结果与GenBank公布的该基因正常序列对比找出突变,同时检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因Q3500R突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症。结果:该患者LDLR基因第12外显子的第1747位和1773位碱基发生替换,前者导致H583Y突变,而后者未发现氨基酸改变。同时未检测出患者及其核心家系成员apoB100Q3500R突变。结论:FH是一常染色体显性遗传性疾病,为基因突变导致LDLR缺陷所致的遗传性疾病。检测相关基因突变对临床干预和遗传指导有参考价值。     

遗传性因子Ⅴ缺乏症的基因研究

研究了一个遗传性凝血因子V（FV）缺乏症重型患者的基因缺陷，方法：采用RT－CPR及PCR技术，对先证者FV cDNA序列全长和基因组DNA中第11和第13外显子的序列进行了PCR扩增，PCR产物回收纯化后直接测序，结果：对先证者FV基因组DNA的部分序列的PCR扩增，经DNA测序，发现有两个基因突变位点，其中2863G→A为中性多态性位点，另一个3366C→G为突变，对先证者FV cDNA序列全长进行分段扩增均未见目的条带，结论：推测先证者FV缺乏可能为FV基因某种新的突变导致mRNA不稳定或转录调控异常所致。     

羊水细胞低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变分析在家族性高胆固醇血症产前诊断中应用

目的探讨羊水细胞低密度脂蛋白受体（low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR）基因突变分析在家族性高胆固醇血症（familial hypercholesterolemia,FH）产前诊断中的应用价值。方法 3例曾生育FH重症患儿并再次妊娠的妇女及其核心家系成员,提取其外周血基因组DNA,筛查LDLR基因突变;于妊娠16～20周在超声引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术抽取羊水,提取胎儿脱落细胞DNA,分别对家系存在的LDLR基因突变进行检测,判断胎儿是否为重症FH。结果 3个家系均符合FH诊断,并分别在LDLR基因检测到2个互不相同的杂合突变位点;胎儿LDLR基因核苷酸序列分析证实,1号家系胎儿仅携带该家系1个突变位点判断为杂合（轻症）,2号家系胎儿携带该家系2个突变位点判断为复合杂合（重症）,3号家系胎儿未检到该家系的突变位点推测为正常个体。结论 FH孕妇羊水脱落细胞LDLR基因分析安全有效,可尽早发现FH纯合子患儿。     

?1例家族性高胆固醇血症患者的apoB100基因型分析

目的对1例临床确诊为家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)、具有典型FH表型特征的患者进行载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因分析,探讨患者发病机制,分析基因型与临床表型间的关系。方法常规血脂测定,提取患者及其父母基因组DNA,扩增apoB100基因第26号外显子蛋白编码3500区域及LDLR基因全部18个外显子,对扩增目的片段进行核苷酸测序,结果与GenBank比对分析。结果患者血清TC 16.8 mmol/L,LDL-C 13.1 mmol/L,apoB100基因第26外显子10707位核苷酸C改变为T,导致apoB100基因3500位上精氨酸被色氨酸置换,为R3500W杂合突变;LDLR基因中第13外显子1879位核苷酸G改变为A,导致丙氨酸被苏氨酸置换,为A606T杂合突变。患者父亲存在与患者一致的apoB100基因R3500W杂合突变,母亲存在与患者一致的LDLR基因A606T杂合突变。结论患者的2个突变基因分别遗传自父母,基因突变导致患者同时发生apoB100缺陷症(FDB)及FH,是FDB/FH双基因复合杂合子,患者有严重的FH表型,临床确诊为纯合FH。     

家族性高胆固醇血症患者二例的LDLR基因复合杂合新突变分析

目的 探讨2例临床确诊的湖北籍FH患者的LDLR基因突变状况,为FH的基因诊断提供依据.方法 收集2例临床确诊的FH患者及其父母血脂检测指标等临床资料,通过PCR扩增LDLR基因的1～18个外显子和内含子区域,再将扩增产物进行正、反双向核苷酸序列分析,并与GenBank中LDLR基因的正常序列对比找出突变后,结合FH先证者的临床表型证实致病突变的类型.结果 氧化酶法测定1号、2号FH先证者血浆TC,分别为12.79、11.98 mmol/L;经核苷酸序列分析,其ApoB100基因涵盖的3 500～3 531区域均未见突变;LDLR基因均为复合杂合突变,1号FH先证者LDLR基因第4外显子的665位碱基G>T为杂合错义突变,且该突变为新的点突变,第9内含子的1 358+32位碱基C>T突变也为新的点突变,并均由其父母遗传.2号先证者第9外显子1 257位碱基C>A突变导致终止密码子提前出现,但其核苷酸改变与比利时报道的C>G不同,第13外显子检测到1 879位碱基G>A杂合错义突变,且分别来源于其父母.结论 2例FH先证者均存在LDLR基因复合杂合突变,1号FH先证者的第4外显子665位碱基G>T和第9内含子1 358+32位碱基C>T、2号FH先证者的第9外显子1 257位碱基C>A突变均为新突变,这可能是导致FH的分子机制.

Abstract：

Objective To determine LDLR gene mutation in 2 clinically diagnosed FH patients from Hubei province and provide basis for gene diagnosis of FH.Methods Clinical data of 2 FH patients and their parents were collected.The promoter region and exon 1 to exon 18 region of LDLR gene were amplified through PCR and the amplified products were analyzed by forward and reverse DNA sequencing.The mutations were identified after comparison with LDLR gene sequence in GenBank.The pathogenic gene mutations were confirmed according to both genotype and phenotype of FH probands.Results The levels of plasma TC of two probands were 12.79 and 11.98 mmol/L.respectively.No gene mutations were detected in region 3 500 to 3 531 of ApoB100. The mutations of LDLR gene were compound heterozygous mutations. The novel mutation 665G > T detected in the exon 4 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene was heterozygous missense mutation. The novel mutation 1 358 +32C > T was detected in the exon 9 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene.The mutations 665G > T ( paternal origin) and 1 358 + 32C > T ( maternal origin) were inherited from the parents. A novel mutation 1 257 C > A was detected in the exon 9 of No. 2 proband's LDLR gene, resulting the presence of a premature termination codon, which was different from 1 257 C > G reported in Belgium.Another heterozygous missense mutation 1 879 G > A was detected in exon 13. They were derived from paternal origin and maternal origin, respectively. Conclusions There are three novel gene mutations:665G >T, 1 358 +32C > T, 1 257C > A found in two probands with compound heterozygous mutations in LDLR respectively. They maybe play a potential role in FH pathogensis.     

变性高效液相色谱技术在家族性高胆固醇血症低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变检测中的应用

目的 以变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)，分析检测家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)一汉族家系成员的低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因突变，以明确诊断。方法 收集临床诊断为家族性高胆固醇血症的汉族一个家系共37名成员，其中30人为一级和二级亲属，7名为亲属配偶作为对照，提取基因组DNA，聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法扩增LDLR基因包含启动子和全部基因编码区(1-18外显子)及临近的内含子序列共21个片段，琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定产物。采用DHPLC技术检测了LDLR基因，对洗脱曲线异常者进行核苷酸序列分析。结果 该家系中发现4处变异，其中1处经核苷酸序列测定明确了突变的性质为第3内含子的剪接突变，并在此家系5名成员中得到证实，而对照组中未检出。结论 成功地建立了以DHPLC筛查LDLR基因点突变的方法及技术参数，该方法简便，结果稳定，可作为大样本筛查突变位点的一种便捷可靠手段。     

单链构象多态性技术在家族性高胆固醇血症患者低密度脂蛋白受体基因13外显子点突变筛查中的应用

目的 探讨单链构象多态性(SSCP)技术在家族性高胆固醇血症患者低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因13外显子点突变筛查上的应用价值.方法 以16例临床诊断为家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)患者为研究对象,提取外周血DNA,扩增LDLR基因第13号外显子片段,组合最优条件进行SSCP电泳并银染.对异常条带进行DNA序列测定确定其突变性质和位置.结果 优化SSCP电泳条件为:不含甘油8%凝胶,在10℃条件下电泳;含5%甘油的8%凝胶,在常温条件下电泳(交联度均为49:1).凝胶厚度均不超过0.4 mm,电泳电压为5 V/cm,在此条件下进行SSCP电泳均可以得到满意电泳图谱.对发现的异常条带,结合DNA测序证实有4例患者LDLR基因第13外显子分别发生A606T,D601N,Y601D,或G636V错义突变,同时均存在1959碱基C→T同义突变.另外4例患者13外显子仅存在1959碱基C→T同义突变.结论 通过优化各种条件进行的PCR-SSCP银染方法,是高胆固醇血症病LDLR基因13外显子点突变初步筛查的有效手段.     

一个纯合家族性高胆固醇血症家系低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变的检测

目的 检测家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholestero-lemia,FH)患者低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)的基因突变.方法 提取家系中,临床通过典型特征和血脂检测诊断为家族性高胆固醇血症患者的基因组DNA,首先检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因R3500Q突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症(Familial defective apoB100,FDB).然后用降落聚合酶链反应(TOUCH-DOWN PCR)扩增该基因的启动子和全部18个外显子,再用单链构象多态性(SSCP)方法分析PCR产物,并对电泳结果异常者进行DNA测序分析.用ANTHEPROT 5.0软件对突变LDLR进行二级结构分析,然后对突变LDLR进行SWISS MODEL在线三级结构预测.结果 通过SSCP和DNA测序发现该家系患者13号外显子存在A606T的纯合突变,采用ANTHEPROT5.0软件的GORⅠ法对突变型和野生型蛋白质进行二级结构分析,可见突变蛋白的突变区域部分螺旋结构被转角结构和无规卷曲取代,其二级结构发生了改变.突变LDLR三级结构预测未发现主链结构的变化.结论 结果表明.LDLR基因A606T的突变可能是此高胆固醇血症家系的致病原因所在.     

MN血型GYPA基因测序方法的建立及应用于汉族人群检测

目的建立适合检测中国汉族人群MN血型GYPA基因的测序技术,用于中国汉族人群MN血型基因的分子遗传背景及遗传多态性的研究。方法根据GenBank的NG-007470基因参照序列,自行设计GYPA基因第1—7外显子共7对引物,以随机选取的55份中国汉族人群标本的DNA为检材,探索最佳反应体系与PCR扩增条件,同时扩增GYPA的第1—7外显子,含括了GYPA基因的全长外显子序列。使用PrismTM ABI3730XL DNA测序仪进行碱基序列分析,以Oligo分析软件分析碱基序列。检测结果的可靠性通过血型血清学、PCR-SSP基因分型方法进行验证。结果应用该方法可以在同一扩增条件下同时扩增GYPA基因的全部外显子,同步检测到GYPA基因共7个外显子的碱基序列,55份标本的基因测序结果与血清学、PCR-SSP基因分型结果完全一致。结论本研究的GYPA基因测序方法准确、可靠,适用于中国汉族人群的GYPA基因测序。     

家族性高胆固醇血症家系低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变分析

目的:对1例临床确诊为纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)先证者及其3代家系成员进行基因检测和系谱分析,探讨其发病机制.方法:先证者家中收集该家系3代共10例血标本及临床资料.对其家系成员进行血脂测定,酚氯仿法提取患儿及家系成员基因组DNA并鉴定,应用多聚酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析结合DNA直接测序方法,检测其低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)基因的全部18个外显子和启动子及载脂蛋白B(ApoB100)26外显子,核苷酸序列分析结果与GeneBank比对寻找突变.结果:(1)先证者右锁骨下动脉起始,双侧颈总动脉分叉处,中段内一中膜轻度增厚,左房轻度增大,二尖瓣、三尖瓣及主动脉瓣轻度返流,冠脉血流储备减低;(2)该家系排除ApoB100基因26外显子3500附近位点突变;(3)核苷酸序列分析证实先证者LDL-R基因第13外显子发生D601Y纯合突变,为1864位G→T碱基置换,导致天冬氨酸改变为酪氨酸,先证者父亲和母亲LDL-R基因第13外显子均发生D601Y杂合突变.结论:该先证者LDL-R基因存在D601Y纯合突变,其父母LDL-R基因存在D601Y杂合突变,可能为该家系中FH的致病突变.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.