脑电双频指数监测对老年慢性贫血患者术后谵妄发生率的影响

目的 探讨BIS监测对老年慢性贫血患者腹部手术术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)发生率的影响. 方法 180例择期行全身麻醉手术患者,按随机数字表法分为两组(每组90例):BIS监测组及对照组,对照组采用常规麻醉,BIS监测组维持BIS值于40～60.记录患者入室后(T0)、诱导后(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)、切皮(T4)、术中1h(T5)及手术结束(T6)各时间点的血流动力学指标.观察记录患者麻醉期间丙泊酚用量、手术时间、拔管时间、清醒时间,及POD发生情况. 结果 BIS监测组谵妄总发生率17.8％,低于对照组的31.1％(P＜0.05);其中,BIS监测组谵妄第1天发生率13.3％,明显低于对照组的28.9％(P＜0.05),第2天发生率5.6％,低于对照组的14.4％(P＜0.05);BIS监测组谵妄持续时间明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).BIS监测组术后清醒拔管时间[(26±8) min]及住院时间[(11.5±2.3)d]显著短于对照组[(41±12) min、(12.6±4.4)d](P＜0.05). 结论 BIS监测下麻醉可降低老年合并慢性贫血患者POD发生率,减少谵妄持续时间.     

Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol is associated with a lower rate of postoperative delirium in comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients

Study objectivePostoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication of anesthesia. The incidence of POD in elderly patients ranges from 37% to 53%, and POD increases the morbidity and mortality of elderly patients. However, the effects of anesthetics on POD are not well known. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of POD resulting from propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia.DesignDouble-blind prospective study.SettingOperating room and postoperative recovery area.PatientsThirty patients in the sevoflurane anesthesia group and 29 in the propofol anesthesia group.MeasurementsStatistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 for Windows 7 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash). Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact test and Student t test.Main ResultsThe incidence of POD in the propofol anesthesia (6.9%) was significantly less than that observed in the sevoflurane anesthesia (26.7%; 038).ConclusionIn comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia, propofol anesthesia is associated with a lower incidence of POD in elderly patients.     

超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全麻在高龄患者髋关节置换术的临床应用

目的观察超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全麻在老年髋关节置换术的临床应用效果。方法择期行单侧髋关节置换术的老年患者80例,男35例,女45例,年龄65~85岁,随机均分为全麻组(G组)和腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全麻组(N组)。G组行全凭静脉麻醉,N组在超声引导下实施腰丛、骶丛神经阻滞后行无肌松静脉麻醉,两组均采用喉罩通气。术中两组均维持BIS 45~55,记录术中舒芬太尼用量、术后拔管时间、下床活动时间和出院时间;记录术后2、4、8、24h疼痛VAS评分及术后24h静脉自控镇痛(PCA)药物用量,并记录术后30d死亡率,对术后认知功能障碍(POCD)和术后谵妄(POD)情况和术后心血管和肺部并发症进行评估。结果术后30d两组患者均无死亡。N组患者术中舒芬太尼的使用量、PCA药物用量明显少于,术后拔管时间、下床活动时间和出院时间均明显短于G组(P0.05);术后2、4、8和24h时N组VAS评分明显低于G组(P0.05);G组1例患者术后出现严重肺部感染,术后N组POCD、POD发生率明显低于G组(P0.05)。结论与全麻比较,超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全麻应用于老年髋关节置换术,减少了术中阿片类药物的用量,术后早期镇痛效果更好,明显缩短了下床活动时间和出院时间,且降低了老年患者POCD和POD的发生率。     

不同麻醉方法用于胸科手术患者的效果

目的探讨胸科手术不同麻醉方法的效果。方法择期拟行胸科手术患者90例,性别不限,年龄18～65岁,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,将患者分为2组(n=45):静吸复合全麻组(Ⅰ组)和全麻联合硬膜外麻醉组(Ⅱ组)。Ⅰ组麻醉诱导后,吸入七氟醚,持续输注丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组先采取硬膜外麻醉,麻醉平面稳定后全麻诱导,吸入七氟醚维持麻醉。于术前30 min时、术中10 min时、术后10 min时记录患者的SBP、MAP、DBP、HR、SpO2。术毕记录患者气管导管拔管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间及完全清醒时间,并记录气管导管拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)及20 min(T4)的RSS镇静评分。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中及术后10 min时SBP、MAP、DBP和HR降低,自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间及完全清醒时间显著缩短,T1-4时RSS镇静评分明显升高(P0.05)。结论全麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于胸科手术的效果优于静吸复合麻醉。     

妇科手术病人不同麻醉方法绩效的比较

目的 比较妇科手术病人单纯全麻和硬膜外复合全麻的绩效.方法 择期妇科手术病人30例,年龄18～64岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15):单纯全麻组(G组)和硬膜外复合全麻组(EG组).EG组硬膜外注射2%利多卡因试验剂量3 ml.两组静脉注射地塞米松、氟哌利多、芬太尼、异丙酚和琥珀酰胆碱麻醉诱导,气管插管后机械通气.G组吸入七氟醚及间断静脉注射芬太尼维持麻醉;EG组吸入七氟醚及间断硬膜外注射利多卡因和丁卡因维持麻醉;两组静脉注射维库溴铵维持肌松.术毕入PACU,G组采用病人自控静脉镇痛;EG组采用病人自控硬膜外镇痛.记录苏醒时间、拔管时间和PACU停留时间;记录七氟醚、芬太尼、肌松药和血管活性药物用量;于术后6、24、48 h时记录静息状态和活动状态的VAS评分以及镇痛泵实际按压次数和有效按压次数;记录术后不良反应的发生情况;计算麻醉有关费用.结果 与G组比较,EG组拔管时间和PACU停留时间缩短,七氟醚和芬太尼用量减少,术后6 h时实际按压次数和有效按压次数减少(P＜0.05或0.01),苏醒时间、各时点镇痛效果、不良反应发生率和麻醉总费用差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与单纯全麻相比,妇科手术病人硬膜外复合全麻麻醉药物用量少,术后早期镇痛效果好,且麻醉总费用相当.     

Immediate Extubation after Aortic Valve Surgery Using High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia

Abstract Purpose: Fast-track anesthesia has gained widespread use in cardiac centers around the world. No study has focused on immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery. This study examines the feasibility and hemodynamic stability of immediate extubation after simple or combined aortic valve surgery using thoracic epidural anesthesia. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing aortic valve surgery with an ejection fraction of more than 30% were included in this prospective audit. After insertion of a high thoracic epidural catheter, induction with fentanyl 2 to 4 microg/kg, administration of propofol 1 to 2 mg/kg, and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index (target, 50). Perioperative analgesia was provided by high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) (bupivacaine 0.125% 6-14 mL/h). Hemodynamic data were compared by Friedman test. P <.05 was considered to show a significant difference. Data are presented as median (25th-75th percentile). Results: Patients underwent simple aortic valve surgery (n = 17) or combined aortic valve surgery (n = 13) with additional coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 8), replacement of the ascending aorta (Bentall procedure) (n = 4), and repair of open foramen ovale (n = 1). All 30 patients were extubated within 15 minutes after surgery at 36.5 degrees C (36.4 degrees C-36.6 degrees C). There was no need for reintubation. Pain scores were low immediately after surgery and 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery at 0 (0-3.5), 0 (0-2), 0 (0-2), and 0 (0-2), respectively. During and up to 6 hours after surgery, there was no significant hemodynamic change due to TEA. Fifteen of 30 patients needed temporary pacemaker activation. There were no complications related to TEA. Conclusions: Immediate extubation is feasible after aortic valve surgery with high thoracic epidural analgesia and maintenance of hemodynamic stability throughout surgery. Immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery is a promising new path in cardiac anesthesia.     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年胸科手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年患者行胸科手术时全麻苏醒期躁动(emergence agitation,EA)的影响.方法 择期行胸科手术的老年患者40例,ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级.其中男23例,女17例,年龄65岁～78岁,均为食道癌和肺癌患者.将40例患者用完全随机法分为两组(每组20例),分别给予全麻复合硬膜外麻醉(A组)...     

丙泊酚与七氟醚麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用效果的对照研究

目的:对比分析丙泊酚与七氟醚麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用效果。方法:回顾分析2009年2月至2012年3月为62例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料,随机分为实验组与对照组。对照组采用瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚联合麻醉,观察组采用瑞芬太尼与七氟醚联合麻醉,对比分析两组患者应用效果。结果:实验组患者于气管插管后1 min、建立人工气腹前及建立人工气腹后5 min舒张压、收缩压及心率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者在自主呼吸恢复、睁眼、拔管及定向力恢复用时等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:丙泊酚与七氟醚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果均较显著,但七氟醚麻醉可降低CO2气腹对患者产生的影响,能更平稳地维持患者的生命体征。     

Delirium do despertar após anestesia com sevoflurano em adultos: estudo observacional prospectivo

Background and objectivesEmergence delirium after general anesthesia with sevoflurane has not been frequently reported in adults compared to children. This study aimed to determine the incidence of emergence delirium in adult patients who had anesthesia with sevoflurane as the volatile agent and the probable risk factors associated with its occurrence.Design and methodsA prospective observational study was conducted in adult patients who had non‐neurological procedures and no existing neurological or psychiatric conditions, under general anesthesia. Demographic data such as age, gender, ethnicity and clinical data including ASA physical status, surgical status, intubation attempts, duration of surgery, intraoperative hypotension, drugs used, postoperative pain, rescue analgesia and presence of catheters were recorded. Emergence delirium intensity was measured using the Nursing Delirium Scale (NuDESC).ResultsThe incidence of emergence delirium was 11.8%. The factors significantly associated with emergence delirium included elderly age (>65) (p = 0.04), emergency surgery (p = 0.04), African ethnicity (p = 0.01), longer duration of surgery (p = 0.007) and number of intubation attempts (p = 0.001). Factors such as gender, alcohol and illicit drug use, and surgical specialty did not influence the occurrence of emergence delirium.ConclusionsThe incidence of emergence delirium in adults after general anesthesia using sevoflurane is significant and has not been adequately reported. Modifiable risk factors need to be addressed to further reduce its incidence.     

Narcotrend监测在预防老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除手术后早期认知功能障碍的作用

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨Narcotrend(NT)监测指导下的精确麻醉深度控制在预防老年患者全身麻醉下腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后早期认知功能障碍的作用。方法〓选择ASAⅡ-Ⅲ级拟在静吸复合麻醉下行择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的老年患者60例,随机分为对照组和NT组,每组30例,比较两组患者麻醉药物的用量、苏醒时间以及术后早期认知功能障碍的发生率。结果〓与对照组比较,NT组麻醉药用量显著减少,患者苏醒时间显著缩短(P<0.05);两组患者术后认知功能障碍的发生率在术后第1天差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后第7天差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 老年患者在全身麻醉手术期间使用Narcotrend监测,有利于精确控制麻醉深度,从而减少麻醉药用量,缩短苏醒时间,而且可以减少术后早期认知功能障碍的发生率。     

Comparison of anesthetic maintenance and recovery with propofol versus sevoflurane combined with remifentanil in craniotomy for supratentorial neoplasm

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of propofol versus sevoflurane associated with remifentanil on the maintenance of anesthesia and on recovery in patients undergoing elective supratentorial craniotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective randomized trial enrolling 90 patients scheduled for excision of a brain neoplasm. All received an infusion of remifentanil at a dose of 0.5 microg x Kg(-1) x min(-1) until tracheal intubation and then 0.25 microg x Kg(-1) x min(-1) during surgery. Induction was achieved with propofol and anesthesia was maintained with either sevoflurane at a maximum alveolar concentration of 0.4 (45 patients) or propofol by target controlled infusion at a concentration of 2.5 microg x mL(-1) (45 patients, group P). Variables assessed were hemodynamic stability during anesthesia and times and quality of recovery from anesthesia (eye opening, initiation of spontaneous ventilation, extubation, cough reflex, and temporal and spacial orientation 3 minutes after extubation. During the first 24 hours after surgery, pain intensity was evaluated on a verbal visual analog scale (VAS) and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was recorded. RESULTS: Times until eye opening upon request and until extubation were significantly shorter in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group: 3.7 (SD, 1.2) minutes vs 5 (3.1) minutes, respectively, for eye opening and 6.6 (1.2) minutes vs 8.1 (3.3) minutes for extubation (P<0.01). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in the sevoflurane group (40% vs 13%, respectively, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Combining remifentanil with propofol or with sevoflurane provides satisfactory anesthesia during elective supratentorial craniotomy to remove a brain neoplasm. Hemodynamic stability is appropriate and recovery from anesthesia is rapid.     

Recovery characteristics of propofol anesthesia in pediatric outpatients; comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia

We compared recovery characteristics of propofol anesthesia with those of sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric outpatients. One hundred and four children, 3 months to 6 years of age, ASA physical status 1 or 2, were randomly assigned to following four groups; sevoflurane (group S), propofol (group P), sevoflurane with premedication (group MS), or propofol with premedication (group MP). Midazolam 0.5 mg.kg-1 and famotidine 1 mg.kg-1 were administered orally 30 min before the induction in the MS and MP group. Recovery from anesthesia, agitation, and postoperative pain were evaluated. The time intervals from the end of surgery to extubation and to discharge from the hospital were recorded. The incidence of vomiting and use of analgesic drugs were also checked. The emergence from anesthesia was slower with propofol anesthesia than with sevoflurane anesthesia, but the time to discharge from the hospital was not significantly different among the four groups. Incidence of agitation was higher in S group compared with P group, but there were no differences between MS and MP. Postoperative pain was similar among the four groups. There were no differences in the incidence of vomiting. Propofol anesthesia provided slower emergence and less agitation compared with sevoflurane anesthesia.     

A comparison of remifentanil and sufentanil as adjuvants during sevoflurane anesthesia with epidural analgesia for upper abdominal surgery: effects on postoperative recovery and respiratory function

We compared the recovery profile and postoperative SpO(2) after the administration of general anesthesia with either sevoflurane-remifentanil or sevoflurane-sufentanil in 30 healthy patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. They were randomly allocated to receive general anesthesia with sevoflurane and small doses of either remifentanil (n = 15) or sufentanil (n = 15), followed by postoperative epidural analgesia. The median sevoflurane minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-hour was 2.3 (1.2-6.3) in group Remifentanil and 2.6 (1.4-5.2) in group Sufentanil (P: = 0.39), while the median consumption of remifentanil was 1.3 mg (0.7-3.4 mg) and sufentanil 0.09 mg (0.05-0.6 mg). Tracheal extubation required 10 min (6-18 min) with remifentanil and 14 min (8-24 min) with sufentanil (P: = 0.05); however, no differences in time to discharge from the recovery area were reported (24 min [12-75 min] with remifentanil and 30 min [12-135 min] with sufentanil; P: = 0. 35). From the first to seventh hour after surgery, SpO(2) was decreased more in the sufentanil than in the remifentanil group (P: = 0.001), and seven patients in the sufentanil group showed at least one episode with SpO(2) < or = 90% for more than 1 min (P: = 0.006) (median: 1 episode; range: 0-17 episodes; P: = 0.003). When added to sevoflurane, remifentanil is as effective as sufentanil during the intraoperative period, but provides shorter time to tracheal extubation and fewer effects on postoperative SpO(2) in the first 7 h after surgery. Implications: In this double-blinded study, we evaluated the effects of adding small infusions of either remifentanil or sufentanil to sevoflurane in combination with postoperative epidural analgesia for upper abdominal surgery. We demonstrated that remifentanil is as effective as sufentanil during the intraoperative period, but that it provides shorter time to extubation and fewer effects on postoperative SpO(2) in the first 7 h after surgery.     

老年患者七氟醚复合麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉效果的比较

目的 比较老年患者七氟醚复合麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉的效果.方法 择期行腹部手术的老年患者60例,年龄65～80岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=30):七氟醚复合麻醉组(S组)和异丙酚复合麻醉组(P组).麻醉诱导:舒芬太尼初始效应室靶浓度为0.25 ng/ml,异丙酚初始血浆靶浓度为2.0 μg/ml,患者意识消失时,静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气.麻醉维持:S组吸入七氟醚,呼气末浓度1.0%～2.0%,P组靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～4 μg/ml,两组均靶控输注舒芬太尼,效应室靶浓度0.15 ng/ml,静脉输注罗库溴铵0.15 mg·kg-1·h-1.两组均维持脑电双频谱指数40～60,平均动脉压、心率波动不超过基础值的30%.记录围术期血管活性药物使用情况、苏醒时间、拔管时间和清醒时间.结果 与P组比较,S组乌拉地尔使用率降低,苏醒时间、拔管时间和清醒时间缩短(P<0.05或0.01).结论 与异丙酚复合舒芬太尼麻醉比较,老年患者七氟醚复合舒芬太尼麻醉时血液动力学更加平稳,麻醉恢复较快,更适于老年患者.     

Immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery using high thoracic epidural analgesia or opioid-based analgesia

OBJECTIVE: Fast-track anesthesia has gained widespread use in cardiac centers around the world. No study has been published focusing on immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery. This study examines the feasibility and hemodynamic stability of immediate extubation after simple or combined aortic valve surgery using either thoracic epidural analgesia or opioid-based analgesia. DESIGN: Prospective audit, pilot study. SETTING: Single-institution university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (N = 45). INTERVENTIONS: Forty-five patients undergoing aortic valve surgery with an ejection fraction of more than 30% were included in this prospective audit. Induction of anesthesia was done using fentanyl, 2 to 4 mug/kg, propofol, 1 to 2 mg/kg, and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium; anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index (BIS [BIS target: 50]). Perioperative analgesia was provided by high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA group, bupivacaine 0.125%, 6 to 14 mL/h) or fentanyl, up to 10 microg/kg, followed by patient-controlled analgesia with morphine (OPIOID group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Success of extubation within 30 minutes after surgery was recorded. Hemodynamic data during surgery were compared by using an analysis of variance test; p < 0.05 was considered as showing a significant difference. Data presented as median (25th-75th percentile). In the TEA group, patients underwent simple aortic valve replacement (N = 21) or combined aortic valve surgery (N = 14), with additional coronary artery bypass grafting (N = 10) and replacement of the ascending aorta (Bentall, N = 4). In the OPIOID group, patients underwent simple aortic valve replacement (N = 5) or combined aortic valve surgery (N = 5), with additional aortocoronary bypass grafting (N = 2), replacement of the ascending aorta (Bentall, N = 2), and reconstruction of the mitral valve (N = 1). All 45 patients were extubated within 15 minutes after surgery. There was no need for reintubation; pain scores were lower in the TEA group than in the OPIOID group immediately after surgery and at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after surgery. For the TEA group and OPIOID group, the pain scores were 0 (0-2), 0 (0-2), 0 (0-1.5), and 0 (0-0) and 5 (4-5.75), 4 (3-4.5), 4 (3.25-4), and 1 (0-2.5), respectively. During and up to 6 hours after surgery, there was no significant hemodynamic difference between the TEA and OPIOID groups. Eighteen of 45 patients needed temporary pacemaker activation. There were no epidural hematoma or neurologic complications related to TEA. CONCLUSION: Immediate extubation is feasible after aortic valve surgery using either high thoracic epidural analgesia or opioid-based analgesia; both techniques maintain hemodynamic stability throughout surgery. TEA provides superior pain control.     

Ultra-fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective audit comparing opioid-based anesthesia vs thoracic epiduralbased anesthesia

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of immediate extubation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) using opioid based analgesia or high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and compare postoperative analgesia with continuous TEA vs patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB were included in this prospective audit. After induction of anesthesia using fentanyl 2 to 5 microg.kg(-1), propofol 1 to 2 mg.kg(-1) and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium, anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index monitoring. Perioperative analgesia was provided by TEA (n = 63) at the T3/T4 interspace or T4/T5 interspace using bupivacaine 0.125% 8 to 14 mL.hr(-1) and repetitive boluses of bupivacaine 0.25% during surgery. In patients who were fully anticoagulated or refused TEA, perioperative analgesia was achieved by i.v. fentanyl boluses (up to 15 microg.kg(-1)) and remifentanil 0.1 to 0.2 microg.kg(-1).min(-1), followed by morphine PCA after surgery (n = 37). Maintenance of body temperature was achieved by a heated operating room and forced-air warming blankets. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were extubated within 25 min after surgery (PCA, n = 33; TEA, n = 62). Five patients were not extubated immediately because their core temperature was lower than 35 degrees C. One patient was re-intubated because of agitation (TEA group); one was re-intubated because of severe pain and morphine-induced respiratory depression (PCA group). Pain scores were low after surgery, with pain scores in the TEA group being significantly lower immediately, at six hours, 24 hr and 48 hr after surgery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Immediate extubation is possible after OPCAB using either opioid-based analgesia or TEA. TEA provides significantly lower pain scores after surgery in comparison to morphine PCA.     

TIVA mit Propofol/Remifentanil oder balancierte Anästhesie mit Sevofluran/Fentanyl bei laparoskopischen Operationen

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the differences between TIVA with propofol/remifentanil (P/R) and balanced anaesthesia with sevoflurane/fentanyl (S/F) in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Emphasis was put on haemodynamic reaction, recovery profile, postoperative side effects and patient satisfaction. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive either total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol/remifentanil or anaesthesia with sevoflurane/fentanyl. After premedication (midazolam) and induction of anesthesia (propofol, atracurium) in both groups, either 1 microgram/kg fentanyl (S/F) or 1 microgram/kg remifentanil (P/R) was injected. Anaesthesia was maintained with 0.5 microgram/kg/min remifentanil (reduced to 50% after 5 min) and 0.06 microgram/kg/min propofol (P/R) or 1.7 vol % sevoflurane (S/F). Both groups were mechanically ventilated with 30% oxygen in air. The administration of sevoflurane and the infusion of the anaesthetics were adjusted to maintain a surgical depth of anaesthesia. For postoperative analgesia 1 g paracetamol was administered rectally prior to surgery. After recovery 20 mg/kg metamizol was given intravenously. At the end of surgery the anaesthetics were discontinued and haemodynamics, early emergence from anaesthesia, pain level, frequency of analgesic demand, incidence of PONV, shivering and patient satisfaction were assessed. Parameters were recorded for 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Recovery time after propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia was significantly shorter than after administration of sevoflurane and fentanyl (spontaneous ventilation 4.1 vs. 6.3 min, extubation 4.3 vs. 9.3 min, eye opening 4.4 vs 8.2 min, stating name 5.3 vs. 13.2 min, stating date of birth 5.4 vs. 13.3 min). There were no significant differences between the groups in shivering, pain score, analgesic demand and PONV. The S/F group responded to tracheal intubation with significantly higher blood pressure than the P/R group. During maintenance of anaesthesia heart rate in patients with S/F was significantly higher (P/R:HR max +16/-10; S/F:HR max +24/-0.). Measured on a scale (S/F 62%). CONCLUSION: Compared with patients given balanced anaesthesia with sevoflurane and fentanyl, TIVA with propofol and remifentanil proved to be particularly suited for gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Its major advantages are haemodynamic stability, significantly shorter times of emergence, and the exceptional acceptance by the patients.     

雷米芬太尼与丙泊酚复合麻醉应用于腹腔镜胃肠穿孔修补术的临床研究

目的:探讨雷米芬太尼与丙泊酚复合麻醉在腹腔镜胃肠穿孔修补术的应用价值。方法:随机将2010年1月至2011年6月74例腹腔镜胃肠穿孔修补术患者分为两组,实验组术中予以雷米芬太尼、丙泊酚复合麻醉,对照组予以芬太尼麻醉。对比分析两组患者麻醉前、插管后即刻、插管后5 min、手术开始后10 min、拔管后即刻的平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)与心率(heart rate,HR)变化、术后麻醉恢复情况,以及术后呼吸恢复时间、意识恢复时间、拔管时间等。结果:插管后即刻、插管后5 min、手术开始后10 min,实验组MAP、HR均小于对照组(P<0.05);术后呼吸恢复时间、意识恢复时间、拔管时间均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胃肠穿孔修补术中应用雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉在阻断手术刺激、维持循环稳定方面优于芬太尼,值得推广应用。     

Routine immediate extubation after cardiac operation: a review of our first 100 patients.

BACKGROUND: Early extubation after cardiac operation is an important aspect of fast-track cardiac anesthesia. Immediate extubation is an extension of this concept. We describe a technique that allows immediate extubation in the majority of patients. METHODS: To allow rapid emergence, anesthesia was modified from a high-dose opioid technique to intravenous propofol anesthesia supplemented with sevoflurane. Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass was used with routine intermittent antegrade and retrograde tepid blood cardioplegia. High thoracic epidural analgesia was used to facilitate immediate extubation in the majority of patients. Contraindications to immediate extubation were prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (>2.5 hours), hemodynamic instability, uncontrolled bleeding, morbid obesity, severe pulmonary hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, or if the operation was emergent. RESULTS: Of 109 consecutive patients, 100 were immediately extubated (92%). No patient required reintubation within the first 24 hours after operation. One patient required reintubation 3 days after operation for sputum retention, and 2 patients required reoperation. There was no mortality and the incidence of perioperative morbidity was low. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate extubation after cardiac operation can be safely achieved and is possible in a majority of patients.     

Quality of recovery from two types of general anesthesia for ambulatory dental surgery in children: a double-blind, randomized trial

Background:  Pediatric dental procedures are increasingly performed under general anesthesia because of the inability to cooperate, situational anxiety, or other behavioral problems. Volatile anesthetics have been associated with emergence delirium in children, whereas the use of propofol for anesthetic maintenance has been shown to reduce the incidence of emergence delirium after other types of surgeries. The aim of this study is to compare a sevoflurane-based anesthetic with a propofol-based technique as it relates to the incidence of emergence delirium and the quality of recovery after pediatric dental surgery, in patients who present with risk factors for perioperative behavioral issues.
Methods:  We prospectively collected data of 179 pediatric patients scheduled for ambulatory dental surgery using a double-blind and randomized trial design. Subjects were anesthetized following standardized protocols for either a sevoflurane- or a propofol-based technique. The incidence of emergency delirium, as measured by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), number of nursing interventions in the recovery room, time to discharge readiness, and parental satisfaction.
Results:  We found no difference in the incidence of emergence delirium after both types of anesthesia. However, use of sevoflurane significantly increased both the risk of PONV and the number of postoperative nursing interventions. Discharge criteria were met about 10 min earlier in patients anesthetized with sevoflurane. Parental satisfaction was equally high with both anesthesia regimens.
Conclusions:  A propofol-based anesthetic technique did not lead to a lower incidence of emergence delirium after dental surgery in children but did result in significantly less PONV and fewer postoperative nursing interventions.