骨形态发生蛋白-4在体内外诱导成年大鼠脑神经干细胞向胆碱能细胞分化的效应

目的了解骨形态发生蛋白4(BMP4)是否具有诱导成年大鼠脑神经干细胞(NSCs)向胆碱能细胞分化的效应。方法将从两月龄大鼠脑海马、纹状体等区域分离的细胞培养于含EGF、bFGF的DMEM/F12培养液中,在光镜下观察细胞的形态特征,并行Nestin细胞化学染色,24h后换成含有BMP4的培养液,培养8d时,行ChAT间接免疫荧光染色,在光镜下观察细胞形态的变化,并行FITC标记的流式细胞术检测NSCs分化。以脑立体定位术给成年大鼠右侧海马齿状回内注射BMP4或生理盐水0.5μL;14d后取大鼠脑组织切片,行ChAT免疫组织化学染色;以图像分析仪测量ChAT阳性细胞总面积。结果分离出的大鼠脑海马、纹状体等区的细胞约48%为Nestin阳性的NSCs。培养8d时,光镜下见加BMP4组约34%的细胞呈神经元形态特征;间接免疫荧光染色见呈较强绿色荧光的ChAT阳性细胞较多;FITC标记流式细胞术检测到16%的细胞呈ChAT阳性。而未加BMP4组呈ChAT阳性的细胞约7%,明显少于加BMP4组,且荧光较弱。给大鼠海马齿状回区脑组织中注射BMP4后14d时,可见该区细胞出现较高的胆碱能表达。结论 BMP4可在体外培养及体内注射条件下诱导大鼠脑神经干细胞向胆碱能细胞分化。     

骨形态发生蛋白4对大鼠脑神经干细胞的胆碱能诱导分化效应

观察了骨形态发生蛋白4(BMP4)对原代分离培养的大鼠脑神经干细胞(NSC)的胆碱能诱导分化效应.将从2个月龄大鼠脑海马、纹状体等区域分离的细胞培养于含EGF和bFGF的DMEM/F12培养液中, 在光镜下观察细胞的形态特征, 并行神经巢蛋白(nestin)细胞化学染色.24h后, 改换成含有BMP4的培养液, 继续培养7或8天.在光镜下观察细胞的形态变化, 并行胆碱乙酰转移酶(choline acetyltransferase, ChAT)和nestin双标免疫细胞化学染色.结果表明, 加BMP4继续培养7或8天后,光镜下见有34%的培养细胞具有神经元的形态特征.用免疫细胞化学染色可见ChAT阳性的细胞与nestin阳性的细胞共存,其中ChAT阳性细胞占28%, nestin阳性细胞占38%.总之, 在培养液中加入BMP4, 可以诱导NSC分化成具有胆碱能特性的细胞.     

胰岛素基因增强结合蛋白1基因修饰的神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元分化的实验研究

目的 探讨大鼠胰岛素基因增强结合蛋白1(Islet-1)基因是否有诱导神经干细胞(NSCs)向胆碱能运动神经元分化的能力.方法 用Islet-1基因重组逆转录病毒载体转导NSCs后,用免疫荧光组织化学染色方法检测Islet-1在NSCs内的表达;体内、体外实验观察导入Islet-1基因的NSCs向乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)阳性细胞分化的情况.结果 在体外分化实验中观察到,转导Islet-1基因的NSCs向胆碱能运动神经元分化的细胞数明显多于对照组;体内移植实验发现,导入Islet-1基因的NSCs在体内可以向ChAT阳性细胞分化.结论 Islet-1基因有诱导NSCs向胆碱能运动神经元分化的能力.     

星形胶质细胞条件培养液促进新生大鼠海马神经干细胞分化

目的探讨星形胶质细胞条件培养液(ACM)对神经干细胞(NSCs)体外分化的影响。方法行新生大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的纯化培养后收集ACM,将新生大鼠海马NSCs单克隆培养后行nestin免疫细胞荧光染色,诱导分化5d后行神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、半乳糖脑苷脂(GALC)免疫细胞荧光染色;将单克隆培养的NSCs分为对照组和实验组,对照组为单纯NSCs培养液,实验组根据NSCs培养液与ACM比的不同分3组:A组(2:1),B组(1:1),C组(1:2)。各组培养1周,采用NSE免疫细胞荧光检测方法标记神经元并计数和统计学分析。结果纯化的星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白抗体标记阳性率为96.5%;单克隆培养的海马NSCs呈nestin阳性,诱导后呈NSE、GFAP和GALC阳性表达。ACM培养的海马NSCs各组分化为神经元的比例明显高于对照组(<0.01),其中A组的比例最高。结论ACM可以促进新生大鼠海马NSCs向神经元分化。     

切割穹窿海马伞海马提取液和银杏叶提取物联合诱导海马NSCs向胆碱能神经元的分化

为探讨切割穹窿海马伞海马提取液和银杏叶提取物(extract of ginkgo bilobo,EGb)在海马NSCs向胆碱能神经元定向分化中的作用,分别制备大鼠穹窿海马伞切割侧和正常侧海马提取液;将从鼠胚海马中分离扩增的NSCs球分成4组,应用不同的培养液促其分化:(1)联合组:含切割侧海马提取液和银杏内酯的DMEM/F12培养基;(2)提取液组:含切割侧海马提取液的DMEM/F12培养基;(3)EGb组:含银杏内酯的DMEM/F12培养基;(4)对照组:含正常侧海马提取液的DMEM/F12培养基。培养14d后行ChAT免疫荧光检测,计算ChAT阳性神经元的分化率,图像处理细胞面积和周长。结果显示联合组各项指标均明显优于其它各组(P<0.01);提取液组、EGb组各项指标也均优于对照组(P<0.05);细胞面积提取液组优于EGb组(P<0.05),细胞周长EGb组优于提取液组(P<0.05),两组ChAT阳性神经元分化率无明显差异(P>0.05)。上述提示切割穹窿海马伞的海马提取液和EGb联合应用可诱导海马NSCs分化为更多、更为成熟的胆碱能神经元。     

新生大鼠海马神经干细胞的分离培养及分化研究

研究新生大鼠海马区脑组织中神经干细胞体外培养方法,为治疗神经系统疾病寻找合适的细胞来源。取新生SD大鼠的海马区脑组织,采用accutase结合机械分离法获取神经干细胞,在含有B－27、碱性成纤维生长因子和表皮生长因子的DMEM／F12无血清培养液中培养;Accutase酶消化后传代培养,取第3代细胞行抗巢蛋白免疫荧光染色鉴定并以含10％胎牛血清培养液诱导分化,神经元特异烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫荧光染色检测NSCs向神经元及胶质细胞分化的能力。分离的新生大鼠海马区脑组织中细胞,在无血清培养液中形成大量的神经球,部分神经球出现融合及贴壁分化现象,细胞呈典型NSCs 形态。经巢蛋白染色鉴定,大部分为阳性细胞。神经细胞球经含有胎牛血清培养液培养后,可分化为神经元特异烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达阳性的细胞。从新生大鼠海马组织分离培养的NSCs具有自我更新和增殖能力,在含胎牛血清培养液中具有向神经元和神经胶质细胞分化的潜能。     

神经生长因子诱导神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元的分化

为了探讨神经生长因子(NGF)是否具有诱导神经干细胞(NSCs)向胆碱能神经元分化的能力,利用无血清培养技术从胎鼠脑内获得神经干细胞,传代纯化后利用免疫细胞化学技术,观察不同剂量NGF作用后神经干细胞向胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)阳性细胞分化的情况。结果发现:50、100、200ng/ml NGF组ChAT阳性细胞数明显比对照组增加,且以100ng/ml组最为明显;各NGF组,分化的细胞状态较好,且突起明显比对照组增粗增长,以200ng/ml组最为明显。此结果证明NGF具有诱导NSCs向胆碱能神经元分化的趋势,且能促进分化细胞突起的生长。     

转化生长因子β1对缺氧诱导的神经干细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:观察转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF-β1)对缺氧诱导的神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)损伤是否具有保护作用。方法:取新生1 d的大鼠大脑皮质,进行NSCs的分离、培养、传代、诱导分化和鉴定。以三气培养箱(94%N2、5%CO2、1%O2)制备NSCs的缺氧损伤模型。取传代细胞,随机分为4组:正常对照组、三气缺氧组、溶剂对照组、生长因子组。各组细胞在相应时间点用Hoechst33258进行荧光染色,镜下观察、拍照,计算Hoechst染色阳性细胞率,评估三气培养对NSCs的损伤情况以及TGF-β1对这种损伤的保护作用。结果:在未诱导分化前,传代培养的细胞呈Nestin免疫反应阳性;用胎牛血清(fetal bovie serum,FBS)诱导分化后则分别呈Ⅲ型β-微管蛋白(typeⅢbeta tubulin,Ⅲβ-tubulin)和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acid protein,GFAP)免疫反应阳性,表明分离到的细胞是神经干细胞。Hoechst33258染色显示,凋亡细胞呈强亮蓝色荧光;正常细胞弥漫均匀着色,无强荧光。与正常对照组相比,三气缺氧组的凋亡阳性细胞显著增多(P0.05)。与三气缺氧组或溶剂对照组相比,生长因子组的Hoechst33258染色凋亡阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.05),但仍明显多于正常对照组(P0.05)。结论:TGF-β1能够显著减少三气培养法所诱导的NSCs的凋亡,提示TGF-β1对NSCs的缺氧损伤具有重要的保护作用。为深入研究TGF-β1在NSCs的相关临床应用中的潜在价值提供理论基础和实验依据。     

胎鼠脊髓神经干细胞与颌下腺颗粒曲管细胞联合培养的研究

目的研究颌下腺颗粒曲管细胞(GCT细胞)对脊髓神经干细胞(NSCs)增殖分化的影响。方法取胎鼠脊髓NSCs原代和传代培养,取成年雌、雄大鼠GCT细胞原代和传代培养,实验分为3组:NSCs和GCT细胞联合培养组;雌、雄大鼠GCT细胞培养上清液与NSCs培养液混合后培养NSCs;NSCs培养液组为对照组;免疫荧光细胞化学方法进行细胞鉴定,MTT法对比各组NSCs增殖活力。结果NSCs与GCT细胞联合培养7 d后Nestin阳性神经球数多于单独培养,雄性大鼠GCT细胞混合培养液组NSCs增殖活力最强,对照组NSC最弱,雌性混合培养液组介于两者之间。鉴定细胞球Nestin阳性,各组均有少量贴壁分化细胞。结论大鼠GCT细胞分泌物促进NSCs增殖,抑制分化,雄性大鼠GCT细胞作用比雌性大鼠显著。     

大鼠脂肪源性干细胞的分离培养及鉴定

背景：脂肪源性干细胞在体外易于培养,增殖快,具有多向分化潜能。 目的：构建一种体外分离培养SD大鼠脂肪源性干细胞的方法,并对其部分生物学特性与表型进行分析。 方法：切取SD大鼠腹股沟脂肪垫,应用胶原酶Ⅰ消化,分离大鼠脂肪源性干细胞,进行体外培养、传代,倒置显微镜观察细胞的生长增殖及形态变化,诱导成骨、成脂,分别行碱性磷酸酶、茜素红、von Kossa染色及油红O染色,绘制生长曲线及用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标记。 结果与结论：体外培养的脂肪源性干细胞呈梭形,增殖活跃,传代后形态均一,多次传代后细胞仍保持较强增殖能力,生长曲线呈“S”型。成骨诱导实验组碱性磷酸酶、茜素红、von Kossa染色阳性;成脂诱导实验组油红O染色阳性;对照组均为阴性。细胞CD29,CD44,CD105表达阳性,CD31,CD45表达阴性。提示SD大鼠腹股沟脂肪垫分离的脂肪源性干细胞在体外易于分离培养和传代扩增,特定条件下可诱导分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞,并表达间充质干细胞相关的表型。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.