神经干细胞超顺磁性氧化铁标记及体内外MRI示踪

目的使用超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)纳米粒子对神经干细胞进行体外标记,并在体外及活体移植后对标记细胞进行MRI示踪。方法实验动物包括13只SD大鼠。联合应用SPIO及多聚左旋赖氨酸(PLL)通过受体介导的内吞作用标记神经干细胞,对标记细胞分别进行普鲁士蓝染色、电子显微镜观察、体外MRI示踪及活体移植后体内MRI示踪。体外1.5T及4.7TMR扫描对象分为5组,分别为5×105个标记后培养1d的细胞、5×105个相同时期未标记的细胞、提取标记细胞后的含铁培养基、相应的无铁培养基及蒸馏水。扫描序列包括轴面T1WI、T2WI及T2WI,并在4.7TMR仪上测量标记细胞的弛豫率R2及R2的变化。结果(1)该方法标记神经干细胞的有效率为100%,普鲁士蓝染色证实了每个标记细胞胞质内有多少不等的蓝染铁颗粒。(2)体外1.5T及4.7TMRI显示,标记细胞同未标记细胞相比,T1WI信号强度平均上升分别为20.53%及24.06%,T2WI信号强度平均下降分别为40.78%及50.66%,T2WI信号强度平均下降46.57%及53.70%。1.5TMRI上标记细胞的信号改变在T2WI与T2WI之间差异无统计学意义(F=3.06,P>0.05),而T2WI及T2WI与T1WI之间差异均有统计学意义(F=6.5,P<0.05)。(3)4.7TMRI测量未标记细胞和标记细胞的T2分别为516ms及77ms,其弛豫率R2分别为1.94s-1及12.98s-1;T2分别为109ms及22.9ms,其弛豫率R2分别为9.17s-1及43.67s-1。(4)标记细胞活体移植1周后行1.5TMR检查,见移植部位在T2WI及T2WI上呈显著低信号,而对照侧未见低信号。结论该方法标记神经干细胞简单高效,标记细胞弛豫率R2及R2明显提高,并能采用1.5TMRI对标记细胞进行活体内外示踪研究。     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记猪骨髓间充质干细胞的体外MR成像研究

目的 明确超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)粒子体外标记猪骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法、经MR成像的特征及可成像的最低标记细胞量.方法 分离、纯化、培养猪MSCs,体外进行不同种类SPIO标记,对标记细胞行普鲁士蓝染色及荧光显微镜观察;测量并绘制未标记细胞和标记细胞的MTT生长曲线;选取不同的细胞量组进行标记后MR成像,测量不同扫描序列标记细胞管的信号强度改变,并进行统计学分析.结果 该方法标记MSCs的有效率为100%,普鲁士蓝染色见细胞浆内有多少不等的蓝染铁颗粒;SPIO标记的MSCs在T2WI尤其是FFE(T2*WI)序列信号明显降低;在25 μg Fe/ml培养液标记浓度下,MR成像的最低细胞量为1×105;在不同种类SPIO标记下,2#、3#USPIO与Feridex在T2WI及T2*WI上有统计学差异,而1#USPIO与Feridex在T2WI及T2*WI上无明显统计学差异;Feridex标记MSCs在T2WI及T2*WI上与T1WI之间均有统计学意义. 结论该方法可以简便标记MSCs并且在适当浓度下对MSCs的生物学活性没有影响,MR T2WI和T2*WI序列可敏感显像磁性标记的干细胞.     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外MR成像研究

目的: 探讨不同浓度超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)颗粒标记鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的标记率和对细胞活力的影响,以及MR成像显示磁标记干细胞的可行性.材料和方法: 将不同浓度的SPIO-PLL复合物与培养基混合,行普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁和检测细胞活力.应用1.5T MR仪,以T1WI和T2WI行磁标记干细胞成像.结果: SPIO可有效标记MSCs,标记后的铁颗粒位于细胞质内.SPIO标记的MSCs可引起T2WI信号降低,50、100、150较25μg Fe /ml的信号强度降低明显.结论: SPIO可以简便标记MSCs,并在适当浓度下对细胞活力没有影响,此技术为干细胞移植的MR活体内示踪奠定基础.     

低浓度超顺磁性氧化铁标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞的体外磁共振成像研究

目的:以浓度为25μg Fe/ml的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPIO)体外标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),并探讨1.5 T核磁共振仪成像的特征和成像所需最低标记细胞浓度,以及在标记后1 d、1周、2周、3周、4周的信号变化特征。方法:分离、纯化、培养兔BMSCs并以25μg Fe/ml的SPIO培养液浓度标记,对标记后不同时间的细胞行普鲁士蓝染色和台盼蓝拒染后显微镜观察,并进行MR成像,测量不同序列下不同浓度标记细胞管的信号强度,以确定扫描敏感序列及成像所需最低标记细胞浓度;再测量不同细胞浓度不同时相信号强度,来观察信号强度随时间变化的规律,并进行统计学分析。结果:浓度为25μg Fe/ml的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子标记BMSCs的有效率接近100%,普鲁士蓝染色见细胞浆内有大小不等的蓝染铁颗粒,且在标记后4周内细胞仍具有活力,标记后的BMSCs在T2WI、尤其是GRE(T2*WI)序列信号明显降低;并且细胞浓度越高信号降低越明显,GRE序列MR成像的最低细胞浓度为5×104/ml。当标记细胞浓度为5×104/ml时,信号在T2*WI序列的降低2周后失去统计学意义;而在细胞浓度为5×105/ml时,标记3周后,信号在T2*WI序列的降低才失去统计学意义。结论:25μg/ml铁浓度标记干细胞不仅标记效率高,而且对细胞生长及增殖活力无明显影响,标记后MR信号改变与干细胞数目及标记时间相关。     

胎鼠神经干细胞超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记移植后MRI研究

目的:探讨超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒(SPIO)标记神经干细胞的方法,以及标记细胞正常大鼠脑内移植后MR成像的方法学研究。方法:多聚左旋赖氨酸介导的SPIO标记胎鼠神经干细胞,进行台盼兰染色和普鲁士兰染色分别检测标记细胞的存活率和标记率。选取SD大鼠15只,简单随机法分为3组:第1组于大鼠右侧尾状核移植未标记的NSCs,第2组于大鼠右侧尾状核移植标记的NSCs,第3组右侧尾状核移植游离的SPIO颗粒,移植后第1、4、8周进行MRI。8周后处死大鼠,行组织切片普鲁士兰染色。结果:体外标记的神经干细胞普鲁士兰染色发现铁颗粒聚集于细胞浆内,标记率为100%;标记细胞与未标记细胞的台盼兰染色结果无显著差异。移植后MRI,第1组注射点未见低信号影;第2组注射点T2WI及GRE序列均可见类圆形低信号影;第3组大鼠注射后1周注射点可见低信号影,4周后低信号影变淡且边缘变模糊,8周后低信号影T2WI已不明显。与T2WI序列比较,GRE序列显示标记细胞更清晰,但显示范围较扩散。脑组织切片的普鲁士兰染色显示,第1组大鼠脑组织切片未见异常蓝染细胞,第2组注射点可见蓝染细胞,第3组注射点可见稍许散在蓝色颗粒状物质。结论:多聚左旋赖氨酸介导下SPIO可用于标记神经干细胞,标记细胞移植后MRI可以无创性观察移植神经干细胞的位置及分布情况。     

MRI体外定量测定SPIO标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞

目的 测定MRI监测SPIO标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞(r-MSC)的最低SPIO浓度,寻找MRI体外定量测定SPIO标记r-MSC的方法.方法 分离、培养r-MSC,不同浓度SPIO标记r-MSC 24 h后采用3.0 T MRI T2*W-GRE、T1W-GRE、T2W-PROPELLER序列扫描标本.结果 3种序列中,T2 * W-GRE序列体外监测SPIO标记干细胞的能力最佳,1×105/ml、1 × 106/ml细胞浓度下,T2 *W-GRE序列测定的平均MR信号衰减率(△SI)与SPIO浓度之间具有强相关.结论 适宜细胞浓度下,T2 * W-GRE序列可用于定量近似预测SPIO标记浓度.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的钆-荧光双标记及MRI体外示踪的研究

目的 应用多聚胺载体,对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)进行钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)及荧光双标记,探讨MSCs MR磁性标记及体外示踪的可行性.方法 以聚乙烯亚胺-罗丹明复合物(JetPEI-FluoR)为载体,制备Gd-DTPA双标记示踪剂,培养分离SD大鼠骨髓MSCs,以此示踪剂体外标记间MSCs.对标记后细胞行生物学性状检测及电镜、荧光镜观察.应用1.5 T MR仪,对标记的干细胞进行sE T1 WI及T2 WI及混合(mixed)回波序列的T1测量,标记细胞正常传代后进行MR检查,观察标记的持久性.标记细胞、未标记细胞的T1 WI信号强度、T1之间的比较使用t检验,台盼蓝拒染率采用两因素重复资料方差分析,不同浓度示踪下细胞吸光度比较采用单因素方差分析.结果双标记示踪剂标记5×105个MSCs,标记成功了4.25×105个,荧光镜下标记率为85%,电镜下钆(Gd)颗粒主要位于胞质内高尔基体周围.双标记示踪剂孵育3、6、12、24 h内标记细胞的台盼蓝拒染率分别为(96.55±2.90)%、(94.17±2.56)%、(97.16±3.12)%、(94.23±2.67)%,相应的未标记细胞的拒染率分别为(95.86±2.67)%、(92.04±2.21)%、(93.38±3.64)%、(92.12±2.53)%,24 h内标记细胞与未标记细胞拒染率差异无统学意义(F=4.523,P＞0.05).细胞增殖实验中,在2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0、30.0、40.0 μl不同浓度示踪剂时,标记细胞的吸光度分别为(0.1884±0.0151)、(0.1878±0.0190)、(0.1741±0.0160)、(0.1135±0.0215)、(0.1079±0.0145)、(0.0811±0.0079),未标记细胞为(0.1940±0.0116),Gd-DTPA 30.0 μl以下标记细胞与未标记细胞吸光度差异无统计学意义(q'=0.2225～0.9458,P＞0.05).标记后细胞凋亡指数为5.08%,对照组未标记细胞为3.86%.未标记细胞T1 WI平均信号强度及T1分别为240.3±24.7、(2457±56)ms,而标记细胞为336.2±20.7、(1102±64)ms,两者间差异有统计学意义(t值分别为12.656、17.889,P值均＜0.01),T1 WI可监测到最低密度为5×103个标记细胞.标记细胞正常传代后,MRI体外可持续显示至第4代标记细胞.结论应用多聚胺载体对大鼠间充质干细胞进行Gd-DTPA及荧光双标记,安全有效,MRI能示踪体外双标记的干细胞.     

为什么部分肝脏局灶病变在超顺磁氧化铁增强T1WI上呈现高信号

目的:探讨肝脏病变在SPIO增强扫描T1WI上呈现高信号的机制.方法:肝脏局灶病变39例(56个病灶),其中33个恶性病灶(肝细胞癌10个、转移瘤21个、胆管细胞癌2个)和良性病灶23个(海绵状血管瘤9个,肝囊肿14个).平扫序列包括SE T1WI、FSPGR T1WI及FSE T2WI.SPIO(菲立磁)增强扫描序列包括FSE T2WI、SE T1WI(TE值分别为8 ms、20 ms)和 FSPGR T1WI(TE值分别为1.5 ms、4.2 ms).分析不同序列图像上病灶及肝实质的的信号变化.结果:在SPIO增强T1WI上,随着TE的延长,肝实质信号降低,肝内局灶病变信号相对增高.在SPIO增强长TE T1WI上,大部分恶性病灶及全部血管瘤呈相对高信号.结论:在SPIO增强T1WI上,SPIO对肝实质的T2*效应可能是部分局灶病变呈高信号的主要原因.     

GFP转基因胎鼠神经干细胞的体外磁标记及MRI

目的 探讨超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒(superparamagnetic iron oxide, SPIO)标记绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)转基因胎鼠神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs)后对其生物学特性的影响及标记后MR成像效果.方法 采用多聚赖氨酸PLL(0.75 μg/ml)介导SPIO(25 μg Fe/ml)的方法标记GFP转基因胎鼠NSCs,用普鲁士蓝染色观察标记后NSCs内铁,比较标记和未标记NSCs的GFP表达、活力、增殖、凋亡及多向分化能力,并对标记的NSCs行MRI.结果 普鲁士蓝染色示标记NSCs胞质内见大量蓝色颗粒.标记与未标记细胞的活力、增殖、凋亡及多向分化能力经单因素方差分析后均显示2组细胞间无统计学差异(P值均＞0.05).MRI示1×105个/0.5 ml细胞管在T2*WI中可见明显低信号改变.结论 用PLL介导SPIO标记GFP转基因胎鼠NSCs是一种可行、安全、有效的细胞内标记方法.1.5T MR仪能够在体外观察到标记后的细胞,以T2*WI序列最为敏感.     

诱导后大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞超顺磁化氧化铁颗粒-多聚左旋赖氨酸体外标记后生物活性研究

目的 比较超顺磁化氧化铁颗粒-多聚左旋赖氨酸(SPIO-PLL)标记与未标记诱导后大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞的生物活性,探讨两者MRI成像表现.方法 分离培养大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(BMSC),经二期方案诱导成胰岛素分泌细胞,SPIO-PLL标记细胞,普鲁士蓝染色显示细胞内铁;放射免疫分析法测定标记及未标记细胞的胰岛素分泌情况;同时采用临床应用型1.5 T MR仪对两组细胞群进行T1WI、T2WI、T2*WI 3个序列成像.结果 普鲁士蓝染色显示标记细胞蓝色铁颗粒位于细胞内.标记后的细胞能分泌胰岛素,经统计学分析分泌量与未标记细胞无显著性差异.标记后的细胞在以T2*WI序列信号降低最明显,信号强度变化率最大.结论 SPIO-PLL可以有效标记诱导后大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞,且对其生物学活性无明显影响,临床应用型1.5 T MR仪可对标记细胞群进行体外成像.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.